Lifestyle disorders Flashcards
What are the big issues related to lifestyle disorders?
The big issues are physical inactivity and unhealthy eating.
What are the risk factors linked to tobacco?
Tobacco is a risk factor for many problems, including many of the leading causes of death. Mortality is 3x greater for smokers.
Why did people start smoking?
Many people started smoking due to glamorous ads showing that smoking is “sexy”. They continue smoking in order to take the nicotine “hit”.
What is the current epidemiology of smoking?
The rate of smoking has come down but it’s still a significant problem. The highest level of education has the lowest level of smoking. The rate in developing countries is going up, mostly because ads were not banned, so culture did not change.
What damage does smoking cause to ciliated cells?
Smoking causes damage to ciliated cells, which results in an inability to get rid of inhaled chemicals due to the decreased mucociliary rate.
What is in a cigarette and why do people smoke?
People smoke to get a nicotine intake, which is absorbed almost instantaneously – it takes 7 seconds to get in the brain. A cigarette contains over 7000 chemicals with more than 70 known carcinogens.
What organ systems are affected by smoking?
Smoking affects the entire body including the brain, heart, lungs, teeth, skin, ability to heal, reproduction, bladder, etc. It can cause peripheral vascular disease, stroke, coronary heart disease (risk is 2x-3x higher when smoking), and 13 kinds of cancer.
What is the health impact of second-hand smoking?
Second-hand smoking can lead to stroke, lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. It increases lung cancer and heart disease risks significantly.
What is third-hand smoke and why is it dangerous?
Third-hand smoke is the exhaled/evaporated smoke that settles on objects such as carpets and cushions. It poses a danger for young kids.
What disease are e-cigarettes associated with?
E-cigarettes are associated with EVALI.
What is the relationship between smoking and mortality?
Mortality is 3x greater for smokers. The younger you start smoking the more risk of death you have – it will kill up to 70% of smokers.
How does smoking affect the rate of FEV?
FEV keeps decreasing as one continues smoking. If they stop smoking, the decline stops (but they will never recover from the deficit).
What are the effects of smoking on skin, eyes, and mouth?
Smoking affects the blood flow to skin, eyes, gums (more likely to have problems). It causes vasoconstriction in the periphery causing a decrease in peripheral blood flow – which can cause wrinkles, cataracts, and impairs taste.
What is the risk of death from COVID-19 for smokers?
The death rate from COVID-19 is 1.8x higher in smokers than non-smokers.
Why do people continue to smoke? What happens when they stop?
People continue to smoke because they are addicted to nicotine. It has both physical and psychological effects such as restlessness, increased appetite, depression, poor concentration, irritation/anger, lightheaded chesty cough, shakes/seats, insomnia, body aches, anxiety.
What is the impact of smoking on fertility and sexual function?
Smoking is linked to fertility problems and sexual dysfunction.
What is the effect of smoking on the risk of developing cancer?
Smoking is linked to 13 kinds of cancer including lung, bladder, mouth, esophagus, larynx, pharynx, stomach, colon, leukemia, cervix, breast, kidney, and pancreas. One-third of cancer deaths are due to smoking.
What is the effect of smoking on cardiovascular health?
Smoking can cause peripheral vascular disease and stroke. The risk of coronary heart disease is 2x-3x higher when smoking.
What is the effect of smoking on the respiratory system?
Smoking damages the ciliated cells, impairing the ability to get rid of inhaled chemicals due to the decreased mucociliary rate. It also increases the risk of bronchitis and emphysema.
What is the effect of second-hand smoke on children? What was done to counter this?
Children can die from many problems caused by second-hand smoke. It’s now illegal to smoke or vape with anyone under 16 in a car.
What percentage of the population has an alcohol use disorder?
10%
How does ethanol affect the brain?
It lowers excitation (decreases glutamate) and increases inhibition (increases GABA). It also causes neurodegeneration, which can lead to neuroinflammation and inhibition of neural stem cells.
What are the cardiovascular effects of ethanol?
Arrhythmias, hypertension, stroke, and cardiomyopathy.
What is the progression of alcohol-induced liver injury?
Inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis.
What are the functions of the liver that can be affected by alcohol?
Regulation of blood glucose, metabolism of amino acids, control of lipid absorption and transport, metabolism of hormones, synthesis of proteins, and excretion of bilirubin
What is the consequence of cirrhosis?
Impaired liver function, which is irreversible. It can lead to portal hypertension, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), and hepatic encephalopathy (brain damage due to liver damage).
What is the cause of 90% of chronic pancreatitis cases?
Alcoholism
What is the process of ethanol metabolism?
ADH converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, and ALDH converts acetaldehyde to acetic acid, which is quickly removed. This primarily occurs in the liver, but some metabolism also happens in the brain to get rid of acetaldehyde.
What is the structure of the liver?
- The liver is the 2nd largest organ with the greatest regenerative ability.
- It has a dual blood supply from the portal vein and the hepatic artery.
- It contains hepatocytes (metabolic cells), Kupffer cells (phagocytes that can cause inflammation), and Stellate cells (which become myofibroblasts with injury and make collagen/activate Kupffer cell).
- It does not have a basement membrane to permit extensive exchange.
How does alcohol cause fatty liver?
Alcohol increases lipid synthesis and decreases lipid utilization, leading to fatty liver and increased inflammation. Inflammation is caused by altered endothelium (which increases intestinal permeability), activating stellate cells, which in turn activate Kupffer cells.
What is the progression of alcoholic liver disease?
- The progression is from fatty liver (Steatosis), which can reverse if you stop drinking,
- to Hepatitis, which can also reverse if you stop drinking,
- to Cirrhosis, which is irreversible and impairs liver function.
What are the consequences of impaired liver function?
Consequences include edema and ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen), problems in blood coagulation, and hepatic encephalopathy (brain damage due to liver damage).
What is the pathology induced by alcohol?
Alcohol-induced pathology includes
- oxidative stress,
- barrier integrity disruption,
- decreased anabolic signaling,
- inflammation,
- increased catabolic process,
- fibrosis caused by fibroblast activation,
- acetaldehydes adduct-formation,
- mitochondrial dysfunction, and
- cell membrane perturbations.
What is the role of the liver in regulating blood glucose?
The liver regulates blood glucose through gluconeogenesis, glycogen formation, glycogenolysis, and insulin metabolism.
How does alcohol affect the pancreas?
Alcoholism causes 90% of chronic pancreatitis. Stellate cells in the pancreas are activated by cytokines released from injured acinar cells.
What is the role of the liver in metabolizing amino acids?
The liver metabolizes amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.
How does the liver control the absorption and transport of lipids?
The liver controls the absorption and transport of lipids by producing cholesterol, which is used to make bile salts and lipoproteins.
What is the role of the liver in hormone metabolism?
The liver metabolizes various hormones including insulin, thyroxin, androgens, and estrogens.
What proteins does the liver synthesize?
: The liver synthesizes various proteins including albumin, coagulation factors, complement, specific binding protein, and C-reactive protein.
How does the liver excrete bilirubin?
The liver excretes bilirubin, a derivative of hemoglobin, by complexing it with albumin and transporting it to the liver where it can be recycled back to circulation or broken down for excretion.
What are the consequences of not having normal liver function?
Consequences of not having normal liver function include edema and ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen), problems in blood coagulation, and hepatic encephalopathy (brain damage due to liver damage).
How does alcohol cause liver disease?
Alcohol is a significant cause of liver disease. It increases lipid synthesis and decreases lipid utilization, leading to fatty liver and increased inflammation.
Is there the same amount of ethanol in all drink types?
All drink types contain the same amount of ethanol, leading to equal risk/consequences.
What class of carcinogen is ethanol?
Ethanol is a class 1 carcinogen.
How many types of cancer does ethanol cause?
Ethanol causes 7 types of cancer.
What are the types of cancer caused by ethanol?
The cancers caused by ethanol include mouth and upper throat, larynx, esophagus, breast, liver, and bowel.
How does ethanol affect the central nervous system (CNS)?
Ethanol is a CNS depressant and affects all regions of the brain, including the frontal cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, sensory motor cortex, etc.
What is the progression of effects from sobriety to death due to ethanol?
The progression is from sobriety to emotional instability, confusion, stupor, coma, and then death.
What are the potential effects of ethanol on drug interactions?
Ethanol can have potential drug-drug interactions.
What are the symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
: Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can have behavioural, emotional, coordination, memory, and impulse control/judgement issues.
Is there a safe level of alcohol consumption?
No level of alcohol is safe.
What was Canada’s action regarding labeling ethanol as a carcinogen?
Canada was the first place to put a label saying ethanol is a carcinogen on bottles, but they had to remove them soon after.
how does asbestos exposure effect lung cancer risk?
Exposure to asbestos greatly increases the risk of lung cancer, so if those people that are exposed also smoke, the risk is amplified. (90x more likely to die from lung cancer when smoking and exposed to asbestos)
Is there a safe level of smoking?
There is no safe level of smoking, risk simply increases with amount of exposure.
But the earlier you stop the better since the more you delay the damage.
how does side-stream smoke compare to mainstream smoke?
Side-stream smoke contains many chemicals and carcinogens and some are more concentrated (2-100x) smoke than in the mainstream.
what is a common vape additive?
Vitamin E acetate
are vape users more likely to become cigarette smokers?
yes, 8x more likely
what are the pulmonary and cardiovascular effects of e-cigarettes?
- Emphysema, airway obstruction and inflammation, increased airway resistance.
- Increase blood pressure, increase heart rate.
how can ethanol cause neurodegeneration?
can cause neuroinflammation, and inhibition of neural stem cells (populate hippocampus for memory) due to intestinal endotoxins getting into the brain and activate microglia.
what is the dual blood supply in the liver?
- portal vein, where all blood goes through allowing compounds can be inactivated before going to the rest of the body.
- Hepatic artery, where oxygenated blood goes through.
what can happen when liver cannot perform its normal function?
can cause edema and ascites (fluid accumulation in abdomen), and problems in blood coagulation
how is inflammation triggered with fatty liver disease?
altered endothelium (increases intestinal permeability), which activates stellate cells, which activate Kupfer cells.
how did prohibition affect cirrhosis?
decreased death rate but came back up after
what is portal hypertension?
when the blood shunts around the liver since blood flow is impaired
what causes fluid accumulation in the abdomen (in cirrhosis)
partly due to decreased albumin, which helps keep fluid in vasculature.
what is the effect of fetal alcohol syndrome?
Children born with behavioral, emotional, coordination, memory, and impulse control/judgement issues.
