Lifestyle disorders Flashcards
What are the big issues related to lifestyle disorders?
The big issues are physical inactivity and unhealthy eating.
What are the risk factors linked to tobacco?
Tobacco is a risk factor for many problems, including many of the leading causes of death. Mortality is 3x greater for smokers.
Why did people start smoking?
Many people started smoking due to glamorous ads showing that smoking is “sexy”. They continue smoking in order to take the nicotine “hit”.
What is the current epidemiology of smoking?
The rate of smoking has come down but it’s still a significant problem. The highest level of education has the lowest level of smoking. The rate in developing countries is going up, mostly because ads were not banned, so culture did not change.
What damage does smoking cause to ciliated cells?
Smoking causes damage to ciliated cells, which results in an inability to get rid of inhaled chemicals due to the decreased mucociliary rate.
What is in a cigarette and why do people smoke?
People smoke to get a nicotine intake, which is absorbed almost instantaneously – it takes 7 seconds to get in the brain. A cigarette contains over 7000 chemicals with more than 70 known carcinogens.
What organ systems are affected by smoking?
Smoking affects the entire body including the brain, heart, lungs, teeth, skin, ability to heal, reproduction, bladder, etc. It can cause peripheral vascular disease, stroke, coronary heart disease (risk is 2x-3x higher when smoking), and 13 kinds of cancer.
What is the health impact of second-hand smoking?
Second-hand smoking can lead to stroke, lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. It increases lung cancer and heart disease risks significantly.
What is third-hand smoke and why is it dangerous?
Third-hand smoke is the exhaled/evaporated smoke that settles on objects such as carpets and cushions. It poses a danger for young kids.
What disease are e-cigarettes associated with?
E-cigarettes are associated with EVALI.
What is the relationship between smoking and mortality?
Mortality is 3x greater for smokers. The younger you start smoking the more risk of death you have – it will kill up to 70% of smokers.
How does smoking affect the rate of FEV?
FEV keeps decreasing as one continues smoking. If they stop smoking, the decline stops (but they will never recover from the deficit).
What are the effects of smoking on skin, eyes, and mouth?
Smoking affects the blood flow to skin, eyes, gums (more likely to have problems). It causes vasoconstriction in the periphery causing a decrease in peripheral blood flow – which can cause wrinkles, cataracts, and impairs taste.
What is the risk of death from COVID-19 for smokers?
The death rate from COVID-19 is 1.8x higher in smokers than non-smokers.
Why do people continue to smoke? What happens when they stop?
People continue to smoke because they are addicted to nicotine. It has both physical and psychological effects such as restlessness, increased appetite, depression, poor concentration, irritation/anger, lightheaded chesty cough, shakes/seats, insomnia, body aches, anxiety.
What is the impact of smoking on fertility and sexual function?
Smoking is linked to fertility problems and sexual dysfunction.
What is the effect of smoking on the risk of developing cancer?
Smoking is linked to 13 kinds of cancer including lung, bladder, mouth, esophagus, larynx, pharynx, stomach, colon, leukemia, cervix, breast, kidney, and pancreas. One-third of cancer deaths are due to smoking.
What is the effect of smoking on cardiovascular health?
Smoking can cause peripheral vascular disease and stroke. The risk of coronary heart disease is 2x-3x higher when smoking.
What is the effect of smoking on the respiratory system?
Smoking damages the ciliated cells, impairing the ability to get rid of inhaled chemicals due to the decreased mucociliary rate. It also increases the risk of bronchitis and emphysema.
What is the effect of second-hand smoke on children? What was done to counter this?
Children can die from many problems caused by second-hand smoke. It’s now illegal to smoke or vape with anyone under 16 in a car.
What percentage of the population has an alcohol use disorder?
10%
How does ethanol affect the brain?
It lowers excitation (decreases glutamate) and increases inhibition (increases GABA). It also causes neurodegeneration, which can lead to neuroinflammation and inhibition of neural stem cells.
What are the cardiovascular effects of ethanol?
Arrhythmias, hypertension, stroke, and cardiomyopathy.
What is the progression of alcohol-induced liver injury?
Inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis.
What are the functions of the liver that can be affected by alcohol?
Regulation of blood glucose, metabolism of amino acids, control of lipid absorption and transport, metabolism of hormones, synthesis of proteins, and excretion of bilirubin
What is the consequence of cirrhosis?
Impaired liver function, which is irreversible. It can lead to portal hypertension, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), and hepatic encephalopathy (brain damage due to liver damage).
