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PE - Exercise physiology > Lifestyle diseases > Flashcards

Lifestyle diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

A generic term summarising a number of linked heart diseases

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2
Q

What is the basic cause of coronary heart disease?

A

Atherosclerosis (blood vessels)

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3
Q

What is the basic effect of coronary heart disease?

A

Angina/heart attack

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4
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Build up of plaque deposits (lipids/cholesterol) within inner arterial walls.
The narrows the blood vessel lumen which increases resistance to flow.
Linked with arteriosclerosis

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5
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

When artery walls become harder and less elastic

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6
Q

What is the effect of atherosclerosis (and arteriosclerosis)?

A

Increases blood pressure/risk of hypertension.
Increase risk of blood clots.
Decreased ability to vasodilate/control bp.
Decreased efficiency of vascular shunt mechanism to redistribute Q.
CHD if in coronary arteries

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7
Q

How much does smoking increase atherosclerosis by?

A

2-4 times

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8
Q

When does a heart attack occur?

A

When oxygen supply to the heart is cut off/impaired.

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9
Q

What causes oxygen supply to the heart to be cut of/impaired?

A

If a plaque breaks off and causes a partial/severe clot of a coronary artery it restricts oxygen supply.

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10
Q

What is the cause of angina?

A

If a plaque breaks off and causes a partial blockage/clot of a coronary artery it restricts oxygen supply to a small area causing angina (chest pain)

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11
Q

What causes a full heart attack?

A

If plaque causes a severe/total clot in a larger coronary artery, it restricts blood flow to a larger area and causes a heart attack (permanent damage/death)

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12
Q

What are extra facts about cardiovascular disease?

A 
7+ million people suffer from it.
75% is preventable
2.5 million people have CHD
30% of heart attacks are fatal
Average of 190 fatal heart attacks a day
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13
Q

What is a stroke?

A

A stroke occurs when the oxygen supply to the brain is cut off or impaired

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14
Q

What are the 2 causes of a stroke?

A

Ischaemic

Haemorrhagic

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15
Q

What is an Ischaemic stroke?

A

A blood clot in a cerebral artery of the brain.

These are the most common stroke (85%)

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16
Q

What is a Haemorrhagic stroke?

A

A burst blood vessel within or on the surface of the brain.

These are the least common stroke (15%)

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17
Q

What are the extra facts about strokes?

A

4th largest cause of death in UK
1:8 strokes are fatal in first 30 days
1:4 strokes are fatal in first year
Largest cause of disability in the UK

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18
Q

What are the CHD/stroke risk factors?

A 
Inactivity/sedentary
Blood lipids/LDL
Smoking
Obesity/high BMI
High bp/hypertension
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19
Q

How do you combat inactivity/sedentary to reduce risk of CHD/stroke?

A

F - 3-5 days exercise a week
I - Moderate
T - dependent on intensity, 30 mins 5 days a week if moderate, 20 mins 3 days a week if vigorous.
T - Aerobic, strength and flexibility

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20
Q

How do you combat blood lipids/LDL to reduce risk of CHD/stroke?

A

Healthy diet helps reduce lipids/LDL deposited and blocking oxygen to heart/brain, decreases atherosclerosis.

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21
Q

What does quitting smoking do?

A

Prevent arteriosclerosis

22
Q

How do you combat obesity and high bp/hypertension?

A

Good diet and sustained physical activity.

Both decrease obesity, lower risk of hypertension and reduce strain on the cardiovascular system,

23
Q

What is the impact of regular training on the heart?

A

Increase cardiac hypertrophy and contractility which leads to bradycardia as SV/Q increases.
Increase efficiency/potential to increase Q/supply of oxygen to muscles during exercise.
Decrease resting/exercise heart rate so decrease heart effort/strain.
Therefore, decrease arterial damage/atherosclerosis which decreases cardiovascular strain and reduce risk of CHD/stroke.

24
Q

What is the impact of regular training on the vascular system?

A

Increased elasticity of arterioles which increases ability to vasoconstrict/dilate so increase vascular shunt to redistribute Q.
Increase coronary blood flow, increase oxygen supply so decrease heart attacks and increase HDL so decrease LDL.
Decrease blood viscosity/blood lipids. Less narrowing and hardening of vessel walls. Decrease atherosclerosis/CHD, decrease blood clotting. Lower Bp and risk of hypertension. Decrease body fat/obesity and type 2 diabetes.

25
Q

What are the positives of regular training on the heart?

A

Decreased strain on heart.
35% lower risk of CHD.
Decrease risk of heart attack/thrombosis/infraction

26
Q

What are the positives of regular training on the vascular system?

A

Decrease hypertension/high Bp
Decrease blood viscosity
Decrease atherosclerosis
Decrease blood clots

27
Q

What are the other positives of regular training on the body?

A 
Decrease risk of stroke
Decrease risk of death
Decrease weight/obesity
Decrease type 2 diabetes
Decrease strain on joints/back
Increase exercise tolerance
Increase cathartic effect
28
Q

What are the negatives of regular training?

A

Can increase risk of heart attack, very high blood pressure, severe strain on CV system.
Pre-existing CV disease, intense exercise not recommended.
Age increases risk.
Other risk factors still exist (hereditary)
Exercise is only managing symptoms as CHD cannot be cured.

29
Q

What must training be carried out in conjunction with to gain the most benefit?

A

Other healthy lifestyle changes such as:
Stopping smoking
Healthier diet
Reduced alcohol consumption

30
Q

What is asthma?

A

Inflammatory response causing a reversible narrowing of the respiratory airways (broncho-constriction)

31
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A

Hyper-irritable airways, coughing, wheezing, mucus, breathlessness

32
Q

What are the triggers of asthma?

A

Drying of airways due to water loss
Exercise induced asthma (cold weather sports as cold air is dryer than warm air)
Other allergens eg exhaust fumes, air pollutants, dust, hair and pollens.

33
Q

How do you measure asthma?

A

Inhale into a spirometer. Improved expiratory volume after bronchodilator treatments = asthma

34
Q

What type of athlete does asthma limit performance most?

A

Aerobic/elite athletes.

35
Q

What are the medical ways to manage asthma?

A

Bronchodilators ‘reliever’ (blue) relaxes muscles of the airways. Taken before exercise or in response to the symptoms.
Corticosteroids ‘preventer’ (non-blue) reduce chronic inflammation and improves pre-exercise lung function and airway sensitivity.

36
Q

What are the non-medical ways to manage asthma?

A

Warm up, 10-30 mins at 50-60% max HR = 2 hour protection against exercise induced asthma.
Good diet - low salt, more fish oils and vitamins.
Avoid all triggers.
Caffeine is a bronchodilator and relaxes the respiratory airways.
Inspiratory muscle training using breathing spirometers, increase strength endurance of respiratory muscles.

37
Q

How does smoking worsen asthma?

A

Irritates and damages respiratory structures (cilia, alveoli, bronchioles and trachea)

38
Q

What are some facts about asthma?

A

5.4 million people have asthma in UK
1.1 million children (1 in 11) and 4.3 million adults (1 in 12)
Life-threatening asthma attack every 10 secs in UK
3 die each day
2/3 are preventable
NHS spends 1 billion a year treating asthma

39
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

40
Q

What lung diseases does COPD include?

A

Chronic bronchitis, severe asthma, emphysema and chronic obstructive airways.

41
Q

What happens after years of having COPD?

A

Inflammation leads to permanent changes. Walls of the respiratory airways thicken and more mucus is produced.
Damage to delicate walls of the lung alveoli air sacs causes them to lose their elasticity (emphysema) The smaller airways also become scarred and narrowed.

42
Q

What are the symptoms of COPD?

A

Breathlessness, coughing, phlegm, chest infections

43
Q

What are the risk factors of COPD?

A

Smoking - main cause of COPD, irritates and inflames the lungs, results in scarring. More/longer you smoke, more likely you are to develop COPD.
Inactivity - decrease elasticity of respiratory structures / lower lobes increasing risk of infection.
COPD sometimes caused by fumes, dust, air pollution and genetic disorders.

44
Q

How does COPD effect performance?

A

Reduces lung capacity (TV/VE/VO2 max) and aerobic capacity limiting any physical activity.

45
Q

How do they diagnose COPD?

A

GP uses a combination of medical history, spirometer, lung function test and x-ray.

46
Q

How do they treat COPD?

A

No cure for COPD but stop smoking to reduce further damage.

Medical treatment can help slow the progression of the condition and reduce the symptoms.

47
Q

What are some facts of COPD?

A

COPD one of the most common respiratory diseases in the UK.
Over 25,000 deaths a year due to COPD.
More common later in life (35+)
More men than women (but women getting it more)
3+ million people living with COPD in UK.
Only 1 million diagnosed (smokers cough being ignored)

48
Q

What are the structural adaptation of exercise to reduce respiratory disease?

A

Increase surface area of alveoli capillaries for diffusion.
Increase elasticity of lung, alveoli and pleura.
Increase longevity of structure efficiency.

49
Q

How is pulmonary ventilation efficiency increased by regular exercise to reduce respiratory disease?

A

Increase strength/endurance of respiratory muscles (diaphragm, external/internal intercostals).
Decrease respiratory strain/fatigue.
Decrease oxygen used by respiratory muscle

50
Q

What are the effects of exercise on lung volumes to reduce respiratory disease?

A

Decrease respiratory frequency/rate at rest/submax and max work.
Increase TV during max work.
Increase max VE (120-150 to 180-200 Lmin elite athletes)

51
Q

What are the effects of exercise on gaseous exchange to reduce respiratory disease?

A

Unchanged at rest/sub-max exercise.
Increase diffusion during max work between alveoli and blood (external respiration) and between blood and tissue cells (internal respiration)

PE - Exercise physiology (9 decks)

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