Lifestyle and Health Flashcards
What is health?
Physical and mental well-being
What is a risk factor?
A factor which makes it more likely that you will develop a disease
Define communicable
A disease which can be transmitted/spread from person to person
Define non-communicable
A disease which cannot be transmitted/spread from person to person
What are the three main ingredients in cigarettes?
Carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine
Describe the effect of tar on the body
Lung cancer, damages cilia which leads to a build up of mucus in airways
Describe the effect of carbon monoxide in the body
Binds to RBCs and reduces the amount of oxygen carried in the blood
Describe the effect of nicotine on the body
Addictive
State the main organ affected by smoking
Lungs
Define carcinogen
A substance which causes cancer
State the two main organs affected by alcohol
Liver and brain
Why does alcohol damage the liver?
The liver filters toxins like alcohol from the blood, too much alcohol too often damages the cells in the liver
What do we call the liver damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption?
Cirrhosis
Why is alcohol called a depressant?
It slows down your reactions
What two parts of the body are affected by cardiovascular disease?
Heart and blood vessels
What is a statin?
A prescribed drug which reduces the build up of fatty deposits in the arteries
What is a stent?
A wire tube inserted into the arteries to keep them open
What happens if the coronary arteries become blocked?
Heart attack
What are the two options if someone has heart failure?
Donor heart or mechanical heart
What are the three options if someone has “leaky” valves?
Donor valves, mechanical valves and animal tissue valves
What is the function of the valves?
Prevent backflow of blood
What is the function of coronary arteries?
To provide the heart muscle with oxygen and glucose
Define homeostasis
The maintenance of a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment
State three levels maintained by homeostasis
Water, ions, body temperature and blood glucose
How does the body increase core body temperature?
Shivering, vasoconstriction
How does the body decrease core body temperature?
Sweating, vasodilation
How are water and ion levels controlled in the body?
Urination, sweating, fluid intake, salt intake
State the two hormones which control blood glucose levels?
Insulin and glucagon
Name the organ which detects blood glucose levels
Pancreas
Name the target organ for insulin and glucagon
Liver
Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
Insulin
Which hormone raises blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
How does the body store glucose?
As glycogen
Where does the body store glucose?
Liver and muscle cells
State the effect of insulin on the body
Promotes storage of glucose as glycogen, helps cells take in glucose for respiration
State the effect of glucagon on the body
Promotes release of glucose
What is Type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune - body destroys its own pancreatic cells so they do not produce insulin
What is Type 2 diabetes?
Body cells become resistant to insulin
State one risk factor for Type 2 diabetes
Obesity
How is Type 1 diabetes treated?
Insulin injections, control of carbohydrate intake and exercise
How is Type 2 diabetes treated?
Control of carbohydrate intake and exercise
Name the male reproductive hormone
Testosterone
Name the female reproductive hormone
Oestrogen
Name the four hormones which control the menstrual cycle
FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone
State the function of FSH
Causes an egg to mature in the ovary
State the function of LH
Causes the release of an egg, ovulation
State the function of oestrogen
Builds up the uterus lining, causes LH surge
State the function of progesterone
Maintains the uterus lining, inhibits FSH and LH
What day(s) does menstruaton occur?
Day 1-5
What day(s) does ovulation occur?
Day 14
What is menstruation?
The shedding of the uterus lining
How long does the menstrual cycle last?
28 days
How do hormonal contraceptives work?
Prevent an egg being released or prevent a fertilised egg implanting in the uterus lining
How do non-hormonal contraceptives work?
Prevent egg and sperm meeting
State two examples of hormonal contraception
The pill (oral contraceptive), hormonal implant, patch, or injection
State two examples of non-hormonal contraception
Condom, femidom, cap, coil
What factors should be considered when choosing a form of contraception?
Effectiveness/reliability, side effects, ease of use, obtainability, STD protection, duration
Define infertility
The inability to produce offspring
What is IVF?
When eggs and sperm are removed from the parents (or donors) and fertilised outside the body to form embryos. These are then implanted into the mother’s (or surrogate’s) uterus.
What hormones are injected into the woman during IVF?
FSH, LH, oestrogen
Why is FSH used during IVF?
To cause the maturation of many eggs
Why is LH used during IVF?
To cause the release of many eggs
Why is oestrogen used during IVF?
To build up the uterus linign ready for implantation
Why are multiple embryos implanted during IVF?
To increase the chance of an embryo developing into a foetus
What is a surrogate?
A woman who carries a foetus and gives birth for another woman
What is the vector of malaria?
mosquito
What two treatments can be used for coronary heart disease?
stents to keep coronary arteries open or statins to reduce cholesterol.
What four hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle ?
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), oestrogen, luteinising hormone (LH) and progesterone .
