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developmental quiz 3 > lifespan perspective of the musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

lifespan perspective of the musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

sensory/ perceptual system

A

Provide sensory information about the body and environment

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2
Q

cognitive system

A

The attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects of
motor control

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3
Q

motor/ action system

A

Neuromuscular and biomechanical systems control the execution of functional movement

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4
Q

the higher centers of the ner vous system and the effector organs of movement

A

Functional motor unit

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5
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Controls speed and force of movement

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6
Q

Supplemental motor area

A

Involved in preplanning movements

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7
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Visually guided movements

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8
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates movements based on accuracy, timing, and intensity

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9
Q

Basal ganglia

A

 Controls posture and adaptation to varying tasks or environments

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10
Q

one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

A

Motor unit:

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11
Q

in the prenatal stage The muscular system develops from the

A

mesoderm

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12
Q

During the 2nd half of gestation, rapid increase in:

A

Number and size of muscle fibers

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13
Q

what muscle fiber is slow twitch tonic fibers and 21 weeks gestation

A

type 1 muscle fibers

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14
Q

what muscle fibers are fast twitch phasic and 30 weeks

A

type 2 muscle fibers

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15
Q

are all skeletal muscles developed by birth?

A

yes

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16
Q

Change in direction of muscle fibers

A

Alters the muscle fiber orientation

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17
Q

Change in direction of muscle fibers ex:

A

i.e.trapezius develops into multiple fiber directions

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18
Q

Splitting in myotomes

A

Splitting in myotomes

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19
Q

i.e.biceps brachii has 2 heads

A

Splitting in myotomes

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20
Q

Degeneration

A

Formationof aponeurosis: a sheet of connective tissue

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21
Q

i.e.lineaalbain rectus
abdominis

A

Degeneration

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22
Q

prenatal muscular system development

A

changes in direction of muscle fibers
splitting in myotomes
degeneration

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23
Q

At birth, muscle mass is only ___ of total body mass

A

25%

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24
Q

in males 14-fold increase in fiber number when

A

2 months- 16 years

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25
Q

Fiber size and strength increases until

A

adolescence

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26
Q

in males between 5 - 17 years the muscle mass increase how much of the total body mass?

A

41-53%

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27
Q

in females the 10-fold increase in fibers number after

A

birth

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28
Q

do male or females have a more rapid increase in fiber size

A

females

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29
Q

in females between 5-17 years the muscle mall increase to ____ of total body mass

A

41%-42

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30
Q

when do people have their growth spurt

A

adolescence

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31
Q

by when has the relative Type I and Type II fiber ratio has reached the adult level

A

adolescence

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32
Q

what does a growth spurt do

A

increase in skeletal and muscle length

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33
Q

 The length-tension relationship is modified through muscle lengthening as

A

bones grow

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34
Q

Muscles increase in length through the addition of

A

sarcomeres and fibers

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35
Q

increase strength leads to …

A

increase muscle mass

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36
Q

what gender has a rapid increase in strength and endurance
throughout entirety of adolescence

A

males

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37
Q

when do females peak at their strength

A

onset of puberty

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38
Q

Peak strength seen in

A

young adulthood (20-30)

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39
Q

Muscle strength declines at age

A

30

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40
Q

Coordination declines in

A

30s

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41
Q

Each decade, ___ of muscle mass is lost

A

5%

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42
Q

at what age do you experience steady decline in strength; impaired function

A

50 years old

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43
Q

30% decline in strength

A

between 50-70

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44
Q

rapid decline in strength

A

70 years old

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45
Q

loss of muscle mass and function

A

sarcopenia

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46
Q

in someone who has sarcopenia there is a decrease in

A

number of fibers
mass of fiber s
number of function motor units

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47
Q

Senile muscular atrophy

A

muscle wasting

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48
Q

sarcopenia and senile muscular atrophy happen in what age groups

A

older adults

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49
Q

in older adults there is a ____ in strength and speed of muscular contraction

A

decrease

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50
Q

there is a greater decline in __ and ___ ___ compared to ___ ____ in older adults

A

trunk and LE
UE

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51
Q

Pattern of muscle weakness is

A

proximal

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52
Q

Increased rate in loss of ______. fibers compared to _______. fibers

A

type II fast-twitch, type I slow-twitch

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53
Q

Osteoblast

A

create bone

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54
Q

osteoclast

A

absorb bone

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55
Q

Compact bone:

A

hard and dense outer layer

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56
Q

Spongy bone:

A

flexible inner layer containing bone marrow

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57
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone

58
Q

Epiphysis

A

end of long bone

59
Q

Epiphyseal plate:

A

area where bone grows

60
Q

Epiphyseal lines:

A

Epiphyseal lines:

61
Q

growth is not possible at the

A

epiphyseal lines

62
Q

in prenatal skeletal system, all bones and cartilage develop from the

A

mesenchyme

63
Q

bones and cartilage are differential and bone develops when?

A

3rd - 8th week

64
Q

when are mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate

A

5th week

65
Q

where does mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate happen first

A

in upper and lower extermities

66
Q

when does chondrocytes from the caritlage of lone bones develope

A

6th week

67
Q

in the endochondral ossification (pre natal) when is the growth of the caritlage model

A

6th weekk

68
Q

in the endochondral ossification (pre natal) when is the development of the primary ossification center

A

7-11th week

69
Q

in the endochondral ossification (pre natal) when is the development of secondary ossification center

A

after birth

70
Q

in the endochondral ossification (pre natal) when is the fromation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

A

after birth

71
Q

at birth is the diaphysis well ossified ?

A

yes

72
Q

what is the diaphysis formed by at birth?

A

formed by the primary ossification center

73
Q

at birth the epiphysis are still

A

cartilagnious

74
Q

the epiphysis is formed by the

A

secondary ossification center

75
Q

where do most bone fracture occur at birth

A

long bones

76
Q

at birth what is the primary curves of the spine

A

thoracic
sacral
kyphotic
formed at birth

77
Q

what are the secondary curves of the spine

A

cervical and lumbar
lordotic

78
Q

what are the secondary curves of the spine formed by

A

through weightbearing during walking

79
Q

when is the skeletal maturity

A

achieved when the epiphyseal plates close

80
Q

SMI means

A

skeltal maturity indicators

81
Q

what helps doctors estimate the maturity of a childs skeletal system

A

bone age

82
Q

how is bone age done in infancy and childhood

A

taking xrays of the left wrist , hand , and fingers

83
Q

people want a lower or higher riser sign ?

A

lower

84
Q

bone growth in infancy and childhood is influcned by

A

genetics , health and nurtrion

85
Q

in new borns the ___ and ___ are disproportionately larger than adults

A

head and trunk

86
Q

what drives the skeletal chnages in bone remodeling

A

weightbearing and movement

87
Q

what hole together the bones from the skull

A

sutures

88
Q

what is the soft area where the bone has not fused yet in a infant called

A

fontanelles

89
Q

where does the postioer sutures fuse together

A

2-3 months

90
Q

when does the anterior portion of the fontanelles close

A

12-18 months

91
Q

what are clinical implications of fontanelles

A

craniosynostosis
cranial orthoses

92
Q

what is the premature closeure of sutures called

A

craniosynostoisis

93
Q

in adolescence what is bone remodeling and growth infunced by

A

hormones, physcial activity , and nutrition

94
Q

what influences skeltal changed in adolescence

A

growth spurs

95
Q

where is a growth spurt for girls

A

12-14 years

96
Q

when is the growth spurt for boys

A

14-15`

97
Q

in adolescence what grows first trunk or legs

A

trunk

98
Q

in adolescence what growth occurs quicker

A

skeletal is quicker than muscular

99
Q

improper length tension relationship leads to decreases

A

muscle flexibility

100
Q

when do cranial bones fuse

A

2 years old

101
Q

when does the epiphyseal growth plate close

A

25

102
Q

a gracture acorss a growth plate can lead to

A

asymmetrical growth of that joint

103
Q

what is a contraindicated over epiphyseal areas in childeren

A

the use of ultrasound

104
Q

when is bone growth completed

A

adulthood

105
Q

bone remodeling and density can increase with

A

weightbearing, muscular contraction , and adequate nutrition and calicum intake

106
Q

when does bone mass peak

A

late 20s, early 30’s

107
Q

when does bone mass remain stable

A

age 30-50

108
Q

bone rsorption exceeds bone fromation after the age of

A

50

109
Q

loss of bone mass in older adults is assocaited with

A

decrease in estrogen

110
Q

bone mass decrease for females by ___ per year before ___

A

1% , menopause

111
Q

bone mass decrease for females by ___ during first ___ to __ years after menopause

A

4% ; 4-5

112
Q

loss of bone mass for males is

A

.5% per year

113
Q

what is it called when bone lose to where bone mineral density is lower than normal but not low enough to be osteoporosis

A

osteopenia

114
Q

osteoporisis is when

A

the bones become brittle and weak

115
Q

deficient mineralization of bone matrix in older adults is associated with deficiencies in

A

vit. d, calcium, and phosphate

116
Q

what is osteomalacia

A

softening of bones

117
Q

structurla changed in cartilage in older adults include

A

decrease in water content
rigid extracellular matrix
death of chondrocytes
hylaline cartilage is replaces with fibrocartilage
decreased capacity for repair and healing

118
Q

what is club food

A

talipes equinovarus
congential deformity

119
Q

what is congential hip dysplasia

A

atypical develpemnt of the hips

120
Q

what is a portion of the upper/lower limb does not form completely and forms adnoramally

A

congential limb deficiency

121
Q

there is concerns of culnerability of growht plate and cartilage to tramua in what age

A

infancy and childhoos

122
Q

what happens if there is injurt at the growth plate and cartilage trauma

A

disruption of blood and nutrient can casue permanent damage

123
Q

increased ligament tears or growth plate fracture due to traumatic mechanisms of injury typically occurs with

A

high velocity activities

124
Q

what is an incomplete fracture commonly occuring in weightbearing bone

A

stress fracture

125
Q

what is a apophyseal avulsion fracture

A

typically occur in pelvis, hip and tibial tuberosity

126
Q

what is a slipped capital femoral epiphysis

A

slippiage of the femoral head due to damage to the growth plate

127
Q

what is scoliosis

A

abnormal curavture of the spine
common in females

128
Q

osteoporosis

A

bone resorption > bone fromation

129
Q

osteoarthritis typically occurs in

A

wight bearing joints

130
Q

what are the 2 main periods of gestation development?

A

embyrnoic period and fetla period

131
Q

what is the embryonic period

A

0-60 ( 2months or 8 weeks)

132
Q

when is the fetal period

A

day 60 and on

133
Q

when doe fertilization occur

A

day 1

134
Q

when does implantation occur

A

day 6/7

135
Q

when does gastrulation occur

A

day 15/16

136
Q

what is the phase early in the embryonic developemnt of most animals , during which the single layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar straucture

A

gastrulation

137
Q

what is the gastrula

A

3 layered structure

138
Q

the three germ layers are known as the

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

139
Q

how many weeks after fertilzation , is embryogensis complete and all limbs structures are present

A

8 weeks

140
Q
A

developmental quiz 3 (1 decks)

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