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Lifespan Motor Control > Lifespan Motor Control Key Points - ALL LECTURES > Flashcards

Lifespan Motor Control Key Points - ALL LECTURES Flashcards

1
Q

What is Motor Learning?

A
  • aquisition of new skills
  • performance enhancement of well-learned skills
  • reacquisition of skills following injury, disease, etc
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2
Q

What is Motor Control?

A
  • how the neuromuscular system functions to enable coordinated movement while learning a new skill and/or performing a well-learned skill
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3
Q

What is Motor Development?

A

human development from infancy to old age

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4
Q

What is a motor skill?

A

an activity or task that has a specific purpose or goal to achieve

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of a skill?

A
  • goal is achieved with maximum certainty
  • goal can be achieved under a wide range of conditions
  • goal is achieved with minimal effort
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6
Q

What is an open vs closed movement?

A

Open: adapt movement strategies to constantly changing and unpredictable environments

Closed: relatively fixed or predictable environments

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7
Q

What are regulatory vs nonregulatory features?

A

regulatory: aspects of environment that shape the movement itself

nonregulatory: features of environment that movement does not have to conform to

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8
Q

what are closed vs open motor skills?

A

closed: involve stationary supporting surface, object, and/or other people. performer determines when to begin the action.

open: involve supporting surface, object, and/or other people in motion. environmental features determines when to begin the action

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9
Q

Continues vs discrete vs serial motor skills?

A

continuous: involves things in motion, environment determines when to begin the action (steering a car)

discrete: specified beginning and end, simple movement (flipping a switch)

serial: involves a continuous series of discrete movements (shifting gears in car)

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10
Q

What is reaction time?

A

interval of time between onset of a signal and initiation of response or movement

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11
Q

what is a simple type response?

A

only reacting one single way towards a stimulus.
ex: touch something hot, remove finger. gun goes off during race, you run. hearing test as kid, raise hand.

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12
Q

what is a choice type response?

A

multiple possible outcomes, different reaction for each one
ex: traffic light, reaction is based on light color

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13
Q

what is a discrimination type response?

A

multiple things going on, only respond to one
ex: fruit ninja, only cut the fruit

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14
Q

how does a more intense stimulus affect RT?

A

faster RT

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15
Q

how does a longer duration of stimulus affect RT?

A

faster RT

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16
Q

how does an auditory signal vs visual signal affect RT?

A

auditory signal results in faster RT than visual

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17
Q

what is absolute error?

A

measures magnitude of error - generates one number

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18
Q

what is a constant error?

A

signed deviation from the goal
- provides info about bias
- accounts for direction of deviation but can cancel each other out and give false representation

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19
Q

what is a variable error?

A
  • calculation SD of CE
  • provides information about consistency
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20
Q

what is touch’s role in motor control?

A
  • movement accuracy
  • movement consistency
  • movement timing
  • movement force adjustment
  • estimate movement distance
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21
Q

what is proprioception’s role in motor control?

A

sensation and perception of limb, trunk, and head position during movement
- timing of onset of motor commands
- coordination of body and limb segmnets
- postural control

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22
Q

what is vision’s role in motor control?

A

vision provides the only direct measure of self motion with respect to the visual world

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23
Q

binocular vision vs monocular vision in motor control ?

A

binocular vision is important for depth perception and provides better info for movement control for motor skills such as locomotion in cluttered environment and reaching/grasping objects

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24
Q

how does central vision help motor control?

A

provides specific info to allow us to achieve action goals.
contributes to controlling transport of limb to object and grasping
provides specific pathway info to stay on path and avoid obstacles

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25
Q

how does peripheral vision help motor control?

A

provides info about environmental context and moving limbs // detects info beyond central vision limits

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26
Q

what are the three roles vestibular system has for motor control?

A
  • gaze stabilization
  • balance (head in space)
  • navigation
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27
Q

what is the trade off for speed-accuracy?

A

increase speed, decrease accuracy. vice versa.

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28
Q

what is movement time?

A

time between initiation & completion of task

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29
Q

what is fitt’s law?

A

mathematically predict movement time for speed-accuracy skills. need movement distance and target size.

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30
Q

what is open-loop control?

A

initial movement speed, direction, and accuracy are under CNS control without feedback. move limb into vicinity of target.

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31
Q

what is closed-loop control?

A

visual feedback about limb’s relative position to that target is used to guide the homing in phase of limb to ensure accurate landing on target

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32
Q

constant visual contact is needed when?

A

initial flight portion and just prior to hand contact

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33
Q

what is the reflex motor theory?

A

complex behavior explained thru combined action of individual reflexes that were chained together

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34
Q

what is the heirarchial motor theory?

A

organizational control is top-down. normal movement requires the highest level of CNS = the cortex

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35
Q

what is degrees of freedom?

A

how much movement is possible at a joint, all the joints in the limb acting together

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36
Q

what are CPGs?

A

Central Pattern Generator
- spinally mediated motor programs
- generate complex movements such as gait on their own
- no cortical control

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37
Q

what are the two neural components of Adam’s Closed Loop Theory?

A
  • Memory Trace = selects & initiates response
  • Perceptual Trace = record of movement over many practices
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38
Q

What type of feedback is necessary for Adam’s Theory?

A

sensory feedback

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39
Q

what type of training increases learning when using Adam’s theory?

A

specificity

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40
Q

what is Schmidt’s schema theory?

A

open loop - feedforward. recalls schema to evaluate the response via sensory feedback. no sensory feedback is needed if the movement is already learned. (think writing cursive with dom hand, then nondom hand, then foot, etc. you know how to do it even with varying limbs)

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41
Q

what type of training increases learning when using schmidt’s schema theory?

A

variability

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42
Q

what is the muscle synergies theory?

A

groups of muscles that work together as a unit to produce an action

43
Q

what is postural orientation?

A

ability to maintain relationship between the body segments and between the body and the environment for a task (body is oriented for task needs)

44
Q

what is postural stability?

A

ability to maintain relationship between body segments and between the body’s base of support for a task

45
Q

what are the three types of postural control?

A

static, active, reactive

46
Q

what is static postural control?

A

align and maintain vertical aligment

47
Q

what is active postural control?

A

AKA anticipatory or proactive // prepare posture ahead of action in order to hold alignment while moving

48
Q

what is reactive postural control?

A

maintain or quickly regain posture when perturbed

49
Q

when is the ankle strategy used in postural control?

A

small pertubations on a firm surface. opposite of action*
*meaning if falling/perturbed forward, ankles fix COM back to BOS. if falling forward, back of body turns on ankle up, if falling backward then front of body turns on ankle up.

50
Q

when is the hip strategy used in postural control?

A

large pertubations and/or uneven surface. if platform moves backwards you fall forwards, so quads/abdominals come on. if platform moves forward you fall backwards, and paraspinals/hammies come on

51
Q

what are the sensory systems in postural control?

A

vestibular, vision, and somatosensory

52
Q

with someone standing on firm surface/eyes open, what sensory systems are accurate vs inaccurate?

A

accurate = vestib., vision, somato.

53
Q

with someone standing on firm surface/eyes closed, what sensory systems are accurate vs inaccurate?

A

accurate = vestib., somato

54
Q

with someone standing on firm surface/box on head, what sensory systems are accurate vs inaccurate?

A

accurate = vestib., somato
inaccurate = vision

55
Q

with someone standing on unlevel surface/eyes open, what sensory systems are accurate vs inaccurate?

A

accurate = vestib., vision
inaccurate = somato

56
Q

with someone standing on unlevel surface/eyes closed, what sensory systems are accurate vs inaccurate?

A

accurate = vestib
inaccurate = somato

57
Q

with someone standing on unlevel surface/box on head, what sensory systems are accurate vs inaccurate?

A

accurate = vestib
inaccurate = somato, vision

58
Q

when does a baby hold their chin up?

A

1 month

59
Q

when does a baby hold their chest up?

A

2 months

60
Q

when does a baby sit when supported?

A

4 months

61
Q

when does a baby sit alone?

A

7 months

62
Q

when does a baby stand holding furniture?

A

9 months

63
Q

when does a baby crawl?

A

10 months

64
Q

when does a baby walk if led?

A

11 months

65
Q

when does a baby stand alone?

A

11 months

66
Q

when does a baby walk alone?

A

12 months

67
Q

when are basic motor skills present?

A

7 years old

68
Q

when is adult-like timing and accuracy of reaching present by?

A

9 years old

69
Q

what postural control strategies do older adults use?

A

both stable and unstable OA use less ankle strategies and more hip strategies, as well as stepping if large enough pertubation

70
Q

how does the somatosensory cortex contribute to reach/grasp?

A

essential for control of grip forces

71
Q

how does the visual & somatosensory areas contribute to reach/grasp?

A

contribute to feedforward control of reach & grasp

72
Q

how does the preomotor and primary cortex contribute to reach/grasp?

A

transport of the arm to object and pre-shaping of the hand

73
Q

how does the cerebellum contribute to reach/grasp?

A

learning anticipatory postural control needed for dual task UE function (i.e., holding object in one hand and lifting a diff object in the other)

74
Q

what are the three components of prehension?

A

grasp, transport, object manipulation

75
Q

which two prehension components are temporally coupled?

A

transport & grasp

76
Q

maximum aperture and hand closure occures when?

A

2/3 of MT

77
Q

how do you train for eye-hand coordination impairments ?

A

focus on training different systems separately first

78
Q

how do you train for reach & grasp impairments?

A

practice functional activities that include all three components

79
Q

what is visually triggered reaching?

A

visual information about the object location triggers the behavior.
birth to 4 months of age
infant reaches towards object presented in front of them in visual field

80
Q

what is visually guided reaching?

A

infant uses info about the difference in hand/target to adjust reach
5-12 months of age
feedforward control

81
Q

when do older adults tend to trip more?

A

when recovering from a slip

82
Q

what strategy is used to recover from trips early in swing?

A

elevating strategy of swing limb

83
Q

what strategy is used to recovery from trips late in swing?

A

lowering strategy of swing limb

84
Q

the momentum strategy requires what?

A
  • adequate strength and coordination
  • eccentric contraction of trunk and hip ms
  • concentric contraction of hip and knee ms to lift body
85
Q

the zero momentum strategy requires what?

A
  • flexing trunk sufficiently to bring COM within BOS before lift-off
  • adequate hip, spine ROM
  • adequate balance to bring trunk forward
  • larger LE forces
86
Q

what is the UE strategy?

A
  • push off arm rests or lower extremities
  • pull on pole
  • assist in stability and force generation
87
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

predict relationships between one stimulus and another

88
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

predict consequence from prior experience, trial & error

89
Q

what is massed practice?

A

amount of practice time in a trial is greater than amount of rest time between trials.

90
Q

what is distributed practice?

A

amount of rest between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of time for a trial

91
Q

what is random practice?

A

practice a number of different tasks in a random order

92
Q

what is blocked practice?

A

practice the same task over and over for a block of trials

93
Q

what is whole training?

A

practice the whole task/skill

94
Q

what is part training?

A

breaks the task down into component steps
order the component steps in sequence
task analysis

95
Q

what is intrinsic feedback?

A

from sensory systems, result of action/movement

96
Q

what is extrinsic feedback?

A

AKA augmented feedback
- verbal cues
- tactile cues
- provided during the task performance
- provided after task

97
Q

what is knowledge of performance?

A

feedback related to the way the skill is performed. quality of execution. information abt movement pattern.

98
Q

what is knowledge of results?

A

form of extrinsic feedback. terminal feedback abt goal of movement.

99
Q

what is bandwidth feedback?

A

provided only when error exceeds a certain tolerance level

100
Q

when do you progress task difficulty?

A

when 70% of trials are successful

101
Q

in the TOA, what is the task?

A

the actual task/skill itself and how it is performed

102
Q

in the TOA, what is the environment?

A

anything provided around the patient that impacts the task
various types of equipment
the way the PT provides cueing and feedback

103
Q

what is the win/shift lose/stay theory?

A

allow repetitions of task until learner has achieved a measure of success. criterion for switching a task is based on performance.

Lifespan Motor Control (1 decks)

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