Lifespan Motor Control Key Points - ALL LECTURES Flashcards
What is Motor Learning?
- aquisition of new skills
- performance enhancement of well-learned skills
- reacquisition of skills following injury, disease, etc
What is Motor Control?
- how the neuromuscular system functions to enable coordinated movement while learning a new skill and/or performing a well-learned skill
What is Motor Development?
human development from infancy to old age
What is a motor skill?
an activity or task that has a specific purpose or goal to achieve
What are the characteristics of a skill?
- goal is achieved with maximum certainty
- goal can be achieved under a wide range of conditions
- goal is achieved with minimal effort
What is an open vs closed movement?
Open: adapt movement strategies to constantly changing and unpredictable environments
Closed: relatively fixed or predictable environments
What are regulatory vs nonregulatory features?
regulatory: aspects of environment that shape the movement itself
nonregulatory: features of environment that movement does not have to conform to
what are closed vs open motor skills?
closed: involve stationary supporting surface, object, and/or other people. performer determines when to begin the action.
open: involve supporting surface, object, and/or other people in motion. environmental features determines when to begin the action
Continues vs discrete vs serial motor skills?
continuous: involves things in motion, environment determines when to begin the action (steering a car)
discrete: specified beginning and end, simple movement (flipping a switch)
serial: involves a continuous series of discrete movements (shifting gears in car)
What is reaction time?
interval of time between onset of a signal and initiation of response or movement
what is a simple type response?
only reacting one single way towards a stimulus.
ex: touch something hot, remove finger. gun goes off during race, you run. hearing test as kid, raise hand.
what is a choice type response?
multiple possible outcomes, different reaction for each one
ex: traffic light, reaction is based on light color
what is a discrimination type response?
multiple things going on, only respond to one
ex: fruit ninja, only cut the fruit
how does a more intense stimulus affect RT?
faster RT
how does a longer duration of stimulus affect RT?
faster RT
how does an auditory signal vs visual signal affect RT?
auditory signal results in faster RT than visual
what is absolute error?
measures magnitude of error - generates one number
what is a constant error?
signed deviation from the goal
- provides info about bias
- accounts for direction of deviation but can cancel each other out and give false representation
what is a variable error?
- calculation SD of CE
- provides information about consistency
what is touch’s role in motor control?
- movement accuracy
- movement consistency
- movement timing
- movement force adjustment
- estimate movement distance
what is proprioception’s role in motor control?
sensation and perception of limb, trunk, and head position during movement
- timing of onset of motor commands
- coordination of body and limb segmnets
- postural control
what is vision’s role in motor control?
vision provides the only direct measure of self motion with respect to the visual world
binocular vision vs monocular vision in motor control ?
binocular vision is important for depth perception and provides better info for movement control for motor skills such as locomotion in cluttered environment and reaching/grasping objects
how does central vision help motor control?
provides specific info to allow us to achieve action goals.
contributes to controlling transport of limb to object and grasping
provides specific pathway info to stay on path and avoid obstacles
how does peripheral vision help motor control?
provides info about environmental context and moving limbs // detects info beyond central vision limits
what are the three roles vestibular system has for motor control?
- gaze stabilization
- balance (head in space)
- navigation
what is the trade off for speed-accuracy?
increase speed, decrease accuracy. vice versa.
what is movement time?
time between initiation & completion of task
what is fitt’s law?
mathematically predict movement time for speed-accuracy skills. need movement distance and target size.
what is open-loop control?
initial movement speed, direction, and accuracy are under CNS control without feedback. move limb into vicinity of target.
what is closed-loop control?
visual feedback about limb’s relative position to that target is used to guide the homing in phase of limb to ensure accurate landing on target
constant visual contact is needed when?
initial flight portion and just prior to hand contact
what is the reflex motor theory?
complex behavior explained thru combined action of individual reflexes that were chained together
what is the heirarchial motor theory?
organizational control is top-down. normal movement requires the highest level of CNS = the cortex
what is degrees of freedom?
how much movement is possible at a joint, all the joints in the limb acting together
what are CPGs?
Central Pattern Generator
- spinally mediated motor programs
- generate complex movements such as gait on their own
- no cortical control
what are the two neural components of Adam’s Closed Loop Theory?
- Memory Trace = selects & initiates response
- Perceptual Trace = record of movement over many practices
What type of feedback is necessary for Adam’s Theory?
sensory feedback
what type of training increases learning when using Adam’s theory?
specificity
what is Schmidt’s schema theory?
open loop - feedforward. recalls schema to evaluate the response via sensory feedback. no sensory feedback is needed if the movement is already learned. (think writing cursive with dom hand, then nondom hand, then foot, etc. you know how to do it even with varying limbs)
what type of training increases learning when using schmidt’s schema theory?
variability
what is the muscle synergies theory?
groups of muscles that work together as a unit to produce an action
what is postural orientation?
ability to maintain relationship between the body segments and between the body and the environment for a task (body is oriented for task needs)
what is postural stability?
ability to maintain relationship between body segments and between the body’s base of support for a task
what are the three types of postural control?
static, active, reactive
what is static postural control?
align and maintain vertical aligment
what is active postural control?
AKA anticipatory or proactive // prepare posture ahead of action in order to hold alignment while moving
what is reactive postural control?
maintain or quickly regain posture when perturbed
when is the ankle strategy used in postural control?
small pertubations on a firm surface. opposite of action*
*meaning if falling/perturbed forward, ankles fix COM back to BOS. if falling forward, back of body turns on ankle up, if falling backward then front of body turns on ankle up.
when is the hip strategy used in postural control?
large pertubations and/or uneven surface. if platform moves backwards you fall forwards, so quads/abdominals come on. if platform moves forward you fall backwards, and paraspinals/hammies come on
what are the sensory systems in postural control?
vestibular, vision, and somatosensory
with someone standing on firm surface/eyes open, what sensory systems are accurate vs inaccurate?
accurate = vestib., vision, somato.
with someone standing on firm surface/eyes closed, what sensory systems are accurate vs inaccurate?
accurate = vestib., somato
with someone standing on firm surface/box on head, what sensory systems are accurate vs inaccurate?
accurate = vestib., somato
inaccurate = vision
with someone standing on unlevel surface/eyes open, what sensory systems are accurate vs inaccurate?
accurate = vestib., vision
inaccurate = somato
with someone standing on unlevel surface/eyes closed, what sensory systems are accurate vs inaccurate?
accurate = vestib
inaccurate = somato
with someone standing on unlevel surface/box on head, what sensory systems are accurate vs inaccurate?
accurate = vestib
inaccurate = somato, vision
when does a baby hold their chin up?
1 month
when does a baby hold their chest up?
2 months
when does a baby sit when supported?
4 months
when does a baby sit alone?
7 months
when does a baby stand holding furniture?
9 months
when does a baby crawl?
10 months
when does a baby walk if led?
11 months
when does a baby stand alone?
11 months
when does a baby walk alone?
12 months
when are basic motor skills present?
7 years old
when is adult-like timing and accuracy of reaching present by?
9 years old
what postural control strategies do older adults use?
both stable and unstable OA use less ankle strategies and more hip strategies, as well as stepping if large enough pertubation
how does the somatosensory cortex contribute to reach/grasp?
essential for control of grip forces
how does the visual & somatosensory areas contribute to reach/grasp?
contribute to feedforward control of reach & grasp
how does the preomotor and primary cortex contribute to reach/grasp?
transport of the arm to object and pre-shaping of the hand
how does the cerebellum contribute to reach/grasp?
learning anticipatory postural control needed for dual task UE function (i.e., holding object in one hand and lifting a diff object in the other)
what are the three components of prehension?
grasp, transport, object manipulation
which two prehension components are temporally coupled?
transport & grasp
maximum aperture and hand closure occures when?
2/3 of MT
how do you train for eye-hand coordination impairments ?
focus on training different systems separately first
how do you train for reach & grasp impairments?
practice functional activities that include all three components
what is visually triggered reaching?
visual information about the object location triggers the behavior.
birth to 4 months of age
infant reaches towards object presented in front of them in visual field
what is visually guided reaching?
infant uses info about the difference in hand/target to adjust reach
5-12 months of age
feedforward control
when do older adults tend to trip more?
when recovering from a slip
what strategy is used to recover from trips early in swing?
elevating strategy of swing limb
what strategy is used to recovery from trips late in swing?
lowering strategy of swing limb
the momentum strategy requires what?
- adequate strength and coordination
- eccentric contraction of trunk and hip ms
- concentric contraction of hip and knee ms to lift body
the zero momentum strategy requires what?
- flexing trunk sufficiently to bring COM within BOS before lift-off
- adequate hip, spine ROM
- adequate balance to bring trunk forward
- larger LE forces
what is the UE strategy?
- push off arm rests or lower extremities
- pull on pole
- assist in stability and force generation
what is classical conditioning?
predict relationships between one stimulus and another
what is operant conditioning?
predict consequence from prior experience, trial & error
what is massed practice?
amount of practice time in a trial is greater than amount of rest time between trials.
what is distributed practice?
amount of rest between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of time for a trial
what is random practice?
practice a number of different tasks in a random order
what is blocked practice?
practice the same task over and over for a block of trials
what is whole training?
practice the whole task/skill
what is part training?
breaks the task down into component steps
order the component steps in sequence
task analysis
what is intrinsic feedback?
from sensory systems, result of action/movement
what is extrinsic feedback?
AKA augmented feedback
- verbal cues
- tactile cues
- provided during the task performance
- provided after task
what is knowledge of performance?
feedback related to the way the skill is performed. quality of execution. information abt movement pattern.
what is knowledge of results?
form of extrinsic feedback. terminal feedback abt goal of movement.
what is bandwidth feedback?
provided only when error exceeds a certain tolerance level
when do you progress task difficulty?
when 70% of trials are successful
in the TOA, what is the task?
the actual task/skill itself and how it is performed
in the TOA, what is the environment?
anything provided around the patient that impacts the task
various types of equipment
the way the PT provides cueing and feedback
what is the win/shift lose/stay theory?
allow repetitions of task until learner has achieved a measure of success. criterion for switching a task is based on performance.
