Lifespan Development

Question 1

How many stages in Freud’s Psychosexual Development?

Answer 1

5 stages:

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital

Old Ass People Love Grapefruit

Question 2

At what age does Oral stage occur?

Answer 2

Freud’s stages:

Birth to 18 months -

Question 3

Freud’s stages:

Birth to 18 months -

Answer 3

At what age does Oral stage occur?

Question 4

At what age does Anal stage occur?

Answer 4

Freud:

18 months to 3 years

Question 5

Freud:

18 months to 3 years

Answer 5

At what age does Anal stage occur?

Question 6

At what age does Phallic stage occur?

Answer 6

Freud:

3-6 years

Question 7

Freud:

3-6 years

Answer 7

At what age does Phallic stage occur?

Question 8

At what age does Latency stage occur?

Answer 8

Freud:

6 years - puberty

Question 9

Freud:

6 years - puberty

Answer 9

At what age does Latency stage occur?

Question 10

At what age does Genital stage occur?

Answer 10

Freud:

Puberty - Adulthood

Question 11

Freud:

Puberty - Adulthood

Answer 11

At what age does Genital stage occur?

Question 12

Describe Oral Stage

Answer 12

• Birth to 18 months
• Child is focused on oral pleasures, sucking. Mouth, tongue, gums are focus of pleasurable sensations. Feeding is most stimulating activity.

Question 13

Describe Anal Stage

Answer 13

18 months - 3 years

Focus is on eliminating/retaining feces.

Child learns to control anal stimulation.

If fixated at this stage: Anal retentive: Obsession with cleanliness, perfection, control.

Anal explulsive: messy, disorganized.

Corresponds to:

Autonomy Vs. shame and Doubt. No moral development stage yet. Preoperational begins at age 2, so there is some overlap from Preoperational onto both Anal and Phallic Stage.

Question 14

• Birth to 18 months
• Child is focused on oral pleasures, sucking. Mouth, tongue, gums are focus of pleasurable sensations. Feeding is most stimulating activity.

Answer 14

Describe Oral Stage

Question 15

18 months - 3 years

Focus is on eliminating/retaining feces.

Child learns to control anal stimulation.

If fixated at this stage: Anal retentive: Obsession with cleanliness, perfection, control.

Anal explulsive: messy, disorganized.

Answer 15

Describe Anal Stage

Question 16

Describe Phallic stage

Answer 16

3 years to 6 years

Pleasure zone switches to genitals. Oedipal complex: competition with same-sex parent, sexual/desire for opposite-sex parent. Primal ID wishes to eliminate father, realistic Ego understands father is bigger, stronger. Fear of castration occurs when boy realizes father could punish him. To resolve conflict, defense mechanisim of identification emerges: boy identifies with father and represses sexual feelings toward mother. Boy internalizes the father figure psychically, the “conscience” force that seeks to control unacceptable ID impulses and make the Ego act upon idealistic rules. This force is known as Super-Ego. Penis envy occurs with girls. Jung coined Electra Complex for girls, Freud rejected this term.

Question 17

3 years to 6 years

Pleasure zone switches to genitals. Oedipal complex: competition with same-sex parent, sexual/desire for opposite-sex parent. Primal ID wishes to eliminate father, realistic Ego understands father is bigger, stronger. Fear of castration occurs when boy realizes father could punish him. To resolve conflict, defense mechanisim of identification emerges: boy identifies with father and represses sexual feelings toward mother. Boy internalizes the father figure psychically, the “conscience” force that seeks to control unacceptable ID impulses and make the Ego act upon idealistic rules. This force is known as Super-Ego. Penis envy occurs with girls. Jung coined Electra Complex for girls, Freud rejected this term.

Answer 17

Describe Phallic stage

Question 18

What happens when child is fixated at Phallic Stage?

Answer 18

This would happen due to unresolved Oedipal complex. It would manifest as competition with same-sex individuals and difficulty with romantic relationships as adult.

Question 19

This would happen due to unresolved Oedipal complex. It would manifest as competition with same-sex individuals and difficulty with romantic relationships as adult.

Answer 19

What happens when child is fixated at Phallic Stage?

Question 20

Describe Latency Stage

Answer 20

6 years - puberty.

Sexual urges remain repressed and children interact and play mostly with same sex peers.

Question 21

6 years - puberty.

Sexual urges remain repressed and children interact and play mostly with same sex peers.

Answer 21

Describe Latency Stage

Question 22

Describe Genital Stage

Answer 22

Puberty to Childhood

Sexual urges are reawakened. Adolescents direct sexual urge to opposite-sex peers, primary focus of pleasure is genitals.

Question 23

Puberty to Childhood

Sexual urges are reawakened. Adolescents direct sexual urge to opposite-sex peers, primary focus of pleasure is genitals.

Answer 23

Describe Genital Stage

Question 24

Describe Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory

Answer 24

4 major stages (with first stage having 6 substages and second stage having 2 substages.)

Fixed order: You have to go through each one consecutively. Can’t skip a stage.

Change results from pursuit of equilibrium.

Question 25

Who created this Theory?

4 major stages (with first stage having 6 substages and second stage having 2 substages.)

Fixed order: You have to go through each one consecutively. Can’t skip a stage.

Change results from pursuit of equilibrium.

Answer 25

Describe Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory

Question 26

Piaget’s First Stage?
Age it occurs?

Describe what happens in stage.

Answer 26

Sensorimotor.

Birth - 2 years.

Six Substages:

1) Simple Reflexes: (birth to 1 month): reflexes: rooting and sucking reflexes coordinate action.
2) First habits and primary circular reactions: (1-4 months): Infants coordinate sensation using 2 schemas: habit - reflexes separated from eliciting stimulus. Primary Circular Reactions: Creating of event that initially occured by chance.
3) Secondary circular reactions (4-8months): object-oriented, shakes rattle.
4) Coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 months): Actions become coordinated, intentional. Object permanence develops,
5) Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18months): Interested in object properties.
6) Internalization of schemata (18-24 months).

Major achievement of this stage: Ability to have symbolic representations of experience and environment. This means that they have developed the ability to visualise things that are not physically present. This is crucial to the acquisition of object permanence – the most fundamental achievement of the whole sensorimotor stage of development.

Corresponds to:

Oral Stage, Trust vs. Mistrust, No moral development stage yet.

Question 27

Object permanence occurs during what stage? At what age?

Answer 27

Sensorimotor stage - Birth to 2 years.

Children achieve object permanence between 18-24 months

Question 28

Define object permanence

Answer 28

The main development during the sensorimotor stage is the understanding that objects exist and events occur in the world independently of one’s own actions (‘the object concept’, or ‘object permanence’).

For example, if you place a toy under a blanket, the child who has achieved object permanence knows it is there and can actively seek it. At the beginning of this stage the child behaves as if the toy had simply disappeared.

The attainment of object permanence generally signals the transition to the next stage of development (preoperational).

Question 29

Piaget’s Second Stage?
Age it occurs?

Describe what happens in stage.

Answer 29

Preoperational

2-7 years

Children use mental representations to understand the world and to reason (images, words). Egocentric, magical thinking: “I made it rain with my thoughts”

(phenomenonalistic causality: drawing inferences of causality between two event due to temporal or spatial contiguity). Ex. It is dark outside because I am tired.

Not able to complete mental operations, like adding or subtracting)

2 substages:

1) Symbolix functioning: 2-4 years - able to mentally represent objects that are not present AEB drawings, pretend play. Well known experiment involving dolls, 3 mountains, and asking children what is the POV of the dolls, and children pick their own POV rather than doll’s. Animism is common: giving inanimate objects lifelike qualities: the car is tired.
2) Intuitive thought 4-7 years - Child starts to ask WHY questions to understand the world. “Why is the sky blue?

Corresponds to:

Phallic Stage, Initiative vs. Guilt, Pre-Conventional

Question 30

Piaget’s Third Stage?
Age it occurs?

Describe what happens in stage.

Answer 30

Concrete Operational

7 to 11 years.

Children can now reason logically in specific, concrete ways. Can now mentally reverse actions, understands conservation (changing the apperance of an object does not change its basic properties). ex. pouring liquid from a short, wide glass to a tall, long glass, they understand it is the same amount.

Corresponds to:

Latency Stage, Industry vs. Inferiority, Pre-Conventional (before age 9) and Conventional Morality (after age 9)

Question 31

Piaget’s Fourth Stage?
Age it occurs?

Describe what happens in stage.

Answer 31

Formal Operational

Last stage.

11-15 years (continues to adulthood)

Adolescent now capable of abstract, idealistic, logical thinking. Achieves hypothetical-deductive thinking.

Corresponds to:

Genital Stage, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Post Conventional Morality (Kohlberg believed few ppl achieved this).

Question 32

Describe Erickson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development.

Answer 32

8 Stages, each stage is characterized by a conflict that must be resolved to progress to next stage. Each stage has a strength as well.

Question 33

8 Stages, each stage is characterized by a conflict that must be resolved to progress to next stage. Each stage has a strength as well.

Answer 33

Describe Erickson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development.

Question 34

Erikson’s First Stage?

Age it occurs?

What is its strength:

Describe what happens in stage.

Answer 34

Trust vs. Mistrust

Birth to 18 months

Strength: Hope

Feeding is important event. Children develop sense of trust with caregivers who are reliable, provide care, and affection. Lack of this leads to mistrust.

Corresponds to: Oral stage, sensorimotor, no moral development stage yet.

Question 35

Erikson’s Second Stage?
Age it occurs?

Strength?

Describe what happens in stage.

Answer 35

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

2-3 years.

Strength: Will

Toilet training occurs. Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy and faulure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

Corresponds to: Anal stage, Preoperational has some overlap as it also begins at 2 years, but has more overlap with Erikson’s next stage, no moral development stage yet.

Question 36

Erikson’s Third Stage?
Age it occurs?

Strength?

Describe what happens in stage.

Answer 36

Initiative vs. Guilt

3-5 years.

Strength: Purpose

Exploration occurs. Children need to begin asserting power and control over the environment. Success in this stage leads to sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.

Corresponds to: Phallic stage, Preoperational, Preconventional Morality.

Question 37

Erikson’s Fourth Stage?
Age it occurs?

Strength?

Describe what happens in stage.

Answer 37

Industry vs. Inferiority

6-11 years.

Strength: Competence

School age. Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to sense of competence, failure results in feelings of inferiority.

Corresponds to: Latency stage, Concrete operational, Preconventional Morality (before age 9) Conventional Morality (after age 9).

Question 38

Describe Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development.

Answer 38

Three Stages, Two Substages Each. Moral development principally concerned with justice. Heinz dilemma. Stages cannot be skipped.

Question 39

What is the first stage of moral development?

What are its substages?

Answer 39

Preconventional Morality– Morals are Good and Bad. Shaped by standards of adults and consequences.

1. Obedience and punishment orientation: Child is good to avoid being punished. If child is punished, they must have done wrong, been bad.
2. Instrumental relativist orientation. Individualism and exchange. Child recognizes there is not just one correct/right view. What’s in it for me? Self-interested.

Question 40

What is the second stage of moral development?

What are its substages?

Answer 40

Conventional morality – Moral standards of valued adult role models are internalized. Norms of social group important. Tries to be “good”. Typical of adolescents and adults. Adherence to rules can be rigid, not questioned. Follows rules even when consequences do not exist or are apparent.

1. Good boy, good girl. Good interpersonal relationships goal, so morality of action may be determined by consequences to social relationships. Good intentions as determined by social conventions. “He meant well” so forgive him. He is good to gain approval of others and to avoid disapproval.
2. Law and order – Maintaining social order. Individual aware of wider rules of society, so obeys rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt. Goes beyond wanting individual approval. Thinks about society as a whole. Culpability is important in this stage, it separates the good from bad domains.

Question 41

What is third stage of moral development?

What are its substages?

Answer 41

Post Conventional Morality – Self chosen principles, moral reasoning based on individual rights and justice. AKA principled level. Views rules as useful but changeable. Abstract moral reasoning. Some theorists believe most people do not achieve this level. Does not correspond necessarily with adulthood.

5. Social Contract and Individual Rights: Understanding that rules exist for the good of the greater number, (social contract) there are times rules will work against the interests of particular individuals. Issues are not clear cut. Democratic govt is stage 5. Majority decision and inevitable compromise are features.
6. Universal ethical principles: Moral reasoning is abstract. People develop own set of moral guidelines that may or may not coincide with the law. The principles are universal, e.g. human rights. Person is prepared to act/defend these principles event it meant going against society. Laws are grounded in justice.