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Lifespan Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is reaction range, and an example?

A

A range of reaction for certain traits dependent on environmental factors. ‘Canalization’ refers to characteristics in which genotype restricts phenotype to a small number of possible outcomes.

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2
Q

Passive genotype-environment correlation

A

Children inherit traits from their parents that predispose them to particular traits and then their environment reinforces them (e.g., athleticism)

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3
Q

Evocative genotype-environment correlation

A

Child’s genetic makeup evokes reactions from parents which then reinforces it

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4
Q

Active genotype-environment correlation

A

Also referred to as ‘niche-picking’
Children seek out experiences that are consistent with genetic predispositions
This becomes more important as children become more independent

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5
Q

Epigenesis

A

Gene-environment interactions relative to developmental stage

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6
Q

Critical periods versus sensitive periods

A

Critical periods - specific, predetermined periods of time during biological maturation when an organism is sensitive to specific stimuli that can impact development
Sensitive periods - longer in duration than critical periods, more relevant to human development, not tied to chronological/maturational age

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7
Q

Bjorkhund and Pellegrini

A

Prolonged juvenile period evolved because humans require an extended period of time to develop a large brain. Childhood behaviors prepare children for adulthood.

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8
Q

Ontogenic adaptations

A

Childhood behaviors that are adaptive at specific points in development

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9
Q

Stages of prenatal development

A

Germinal stage - first 2 weeks when the fertilized ovum becomes a zygote
Embryonic stage - third week to the eighth eek
Fetal stage - onset of the nineth week until birth

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

Human cells contain 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs.
22 are autosomes
The 23rd is a sex chromosome.

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11
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

A recessive gene disorder
People with PKU do not produce an enzyme used to metabolize phenylalanine which is an amino acid found in foods.
Requires people to start a low phenyl… diet early in life to stave of ID

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12
Q

Dominant gene disorders

A

Inheritance of a single dominant gene from one parent
Ex. Huntington’s disease

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13
Q

Recessive gene disorders

A

Inheritance of recessive genes, one from each parent
Ex. sickle cell, Tay sachs, cystic fibrosis

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14
Q

Chromosomal disorders

A

Variation in the number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) - Downs, Klinefelters, Turner and an alteration in their structure

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15
Q

Down syndrome

A

Extra chromosome 21
Characterized by ID, distinctive physical features, increased risk for AD, leukemia, and heart defects
Risk for DS increases as parental age increases

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16
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

Occurs in males due to the presence of 2 X chromosomes and 1 Y chromosome
Characterized by small penis and testes, breasts at puberty, limited interest in sex, sterility, learning disabilities

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17
Q

Turner syndrome

A

Occurs in females
Presence of a single X chromosome
Short, drooping eyelids, webbed neck, slow or absent secondary sex characteristics, cognitive deficits

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18
Q

Chromosomal deletion

A

Part of a chromosome is missing
Prader-Willi syndrom - ID, obesity, OC behaviors

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19
Q

Chromosomal translocation

A

Transfer of a chromosome segment to another chromosome
Can occur in Down syndrom

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20
Q

Chromosomal inversion

A

When a chromosome breaks in 2 places and forms inverts and then re-attaches
Can be inherited, do not typically impact phenotype

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21
Q

Fetal Alcohol syndrome

A

FAS is the most severe form - occurs when mother drinks heavily nearly every day or binge drinks in the second half of the first trimester
Associated with facial abnormalities, heart/kidney/liver defects, behavioral problems, vision and hearing problems

22
Q

Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)

A

Cognitive deficits and behavioral problems without prominent facial anomalies

23
Q

Alcohol-related birth defects

A

Involves physical defects without other prominent symptoms

24
Q

Brain regions affected by FASD

A

corpus callosum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, basal ganglia, frontal lobes

25
Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
DSM-5-TR disorder associated with mental health effects of alcohol exposure in utero
26
Cocaine use in pregnancy
Increases risk for spontaneous abortion and stillbirth High risk for SIDS, seizures, LBW and reduced head circumference Tremors, worsened startle response, high-pitched cry, sleep and feeding difficulties, dev delays and irritability Cognitive and behavioral problems may persist into the early school years
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Nicotine exposure during pregnancy
Placental abnormalities Higher risk for LBW, SIDS, respiratory diseases, emotional and social disturbances and cognitive deficits
28
Lead exposure during pregnancy
LBW and ID
29
Rubella during pregnancy
First trimester rubella is associated with heart defects, blindness, deafness, and ID
30
Cytomegalovirus during pregnancy
Results from herpes virus Passed via placenta 10% have sx at birth including - LBW, petechial rash, microencephaly, enlarged liver and spleen, retinal inflammation, and calcium deposits 20-30% die perinatally May also result in ID and hearing and visual impairments
31
Small-for-gestational age (SGA)
Less than the 10th percentile At higher rate for asphyxia during birth, respiratory disease, hypoglycemia, physical problems, LD and ADHD
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Synaptogenesis
Interconnections between neurons
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Neurogenesis
Creation of new neurons
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Newborn reflexes
Babinski: Toe fanning Rooting: Turn head when cheeks are touched Moro: Flings arms and legs outward upon startle Stepping: Coordinated walking movement when held upright and touching a flat surface
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Auditory localization
The ability to orient toward the direction of sound Evident shortly after birth, disappears between 2 and 4 months, reappears and improves throughout the first year
36
Effects of early training
Training can accelerate the ability to do specific motor skills but this does not generalize Early training in complex skills like playing a musical instrument does improve skills later in life
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Early maturation in adolescents
Effects are most severe hen adolescents perceive themselves as differing from their peers Effects of early/late maturation dissipate by adulthood
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Presbyopia
Inability to focus on close objects Vision change associated with aging
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Piaget's constructivism
The motivation for cognitive development comes from a drive toward cognitive equilibrium born from a discrepancy between reality and a person's understanding of the world. This is resolved through adaptation
40
Adaptation (re: Piaget)
Assimilation - the incorporation of new knowledge into existing cognitive schemas Accommodation - modification of existing schemas to incorporate new knowledge
41
Sensorimotor stage of cognitive development
Birth to 2 years We use our senses and the actions that can be performed on objects to learn about them Learning is born from 'circular reactions' - repeating events that initially occurred by chance (six substages) *Object permanence, deferred imitation, make-believe/symbolic play
42
Object permanence
Develops during the sensorimotor stage during Coordinated Secondary Circular Reactions
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Deferred imitation
Occurs during the sensorimotor stage Imitating another person's behavior hours or days after the behavior occurred
44
Perioperational stage of cognitive development
Ages 2-7 years Emergence of symbolic function - learning through the use of language, mental images, and other symbols Limited by precausal reasoning, ecocentrism, animism,
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Precausal/transductive reasoning
Incomplete understanding of cause and effect e.g., magical thinking, animism
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Concrete operational stage of cognitive development
Ages 7-11/12 years Children become capable of mental operations Can classify objects, seriate, conserve Horizontal declage - gradual acquisition of conservation abilities and other abilities within a stage of development
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Formal operational stage of cognitive development
11-12+ Years Abstract thinking, hypothetico-deductive reasoning
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Adolescent egocentrism
Elkind Personal fable - belief that one is unique and not subject to natural laws that govern others Imaginary audience - belief that one is always the center of attention
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Piaget's theory (cross-cultural factors)
Cognitive development occurs in predictable stages without skips Ages may vary by culture Children may be more competent than Piagetian tasks suggest

EPPP (10 decks)

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