Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology Exam 1 > Lifespan > Flashcards

Lifespan Flashcards

1
Q

What are ways to reduce drug risks for people who are breastfeeding?

A
  • Refer to Narrative Summary of benefits and risks of medication for use during pregnancy and lactation
  • Decrease # of meds mom is on
  • Utilize smallest dose possible
  • Try to stick to meds safe for baby (otherwise pump and dump)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What categories determine the risk of a drug to a pregnant women and the baby?

A

Categories A,B, C, D and X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are category A drugs?

A

Human trials have shown no risk to fetal development (don’t use much as drug trials don’t occur in pregnant women)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are category B drugs?

A

In animals, drug showed no negative effects to developing fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are category C drugs?

A

Show some risk to fetus, but benefits outweigh risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are category D drugs?

A

Should only be used in life-threatening situations due to possible significant consequences to fetus and the pregnancy in general

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are category X drugs?

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Do pediatric patients respond differently to drugs than the rest of the population?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are pediatric patients more sensitive to drugs?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Do pediatric patients show a great need for individualization?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are pediatrics drug sensitivity mostly due to?

A

Oran immaturity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Are pediatric patients at a greater risk for ADRs?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pediatric relationships with drugs changes as what?

A

They grow and develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are drug trials done on pediatric patients?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is different in oral absorption of drugs with pediatrics?

A

Delayed gastric emptying for several months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is different with absorption of intramuscular drugs and pediatrics?

A

It is delayed in first few days of life then faster in infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is different about percutaneous absorption in pediatrics?

A

Increased in infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is different in the distribution related to protein binding in pediatric patients?

A

A decrease in albumin levels due to immature liver = less binding site availability?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is different in distribution related to the BBB of pediatrics?

A

Not fully developed= easy access for drugs causing an increase in CNS effects

20
Q

What is different in metabolism of drug in pediatric patients?

A
  • The drug metabolizing capacity of newborn is low

- Neonates =especially sensitive to drugs primarily eliminated by hepatic metabolism

21
Q

When does the ability to metabolize drugs by hepatic metabolism occur in pediatric patients?

A

Increases rapidly

22
Q

When do infants have complete liver maturation? (Plays a role in metabolism of drugs)

A

By 1 year

23
Q

Is the ability to excrete drugs significantly reduced at birth?

A

Yes

24
Q

Why is the ability to excrete drugs significantly reduced at birth?

A
  • low renal blood flow
  • low glomerular filtration
  • low active tubular secretion
25
Q

For pediatric patients drugs eliminated primarily by renal exception must be given how?

A

In reduced dosage and/or at longer dosing intervals

26
Q

When are adult levels of renal function in pediatric patients achieved?

A

By 1 year

27
Q

What is significant about the blood brain barrier (BBB) in pediatric patients?

A

Not fully developed, making it easier for drugs to effect CNS
(More risk for ADRs and toxicity)

28
Q

What are changes in absorption related to geriatric patients?

A
  • % of oral dose that is absorbed doe not change with age
  • rate of absorption may slow
  • delayed gastric emptying
29
Q

Why does having an increased % of body fat and decreased % of lean body mass change the distribution of drugs in geriatric patients?

A

Body fat is a storage depot for lipid-soluble drugs

30
Q

Why does having a decrease total body water in geriatric patients have a effect on distribution of drugs?

A

Distributed in smaller volume; thus, concentration is increased and effects can be more intense

31
Q

Why does having a reduced concentration of serum albumin I. Geriatric patients effect drug distribution?

A

(May be significantly reduced in the malnourished)

-causes decrease protein binding of drugs and increase in level of free drugs

32
Q

Due to altered metabolism in geriatric patients what happens to the half-life of drugs ?

A

-half-life of some drugs may increase, causing prolonged responses

33
Q

What is different in excretion of drugs in geriatric patients?

A

Their renal function undergoes progressive decline begging in early adulthood

34
Q

In relation to renal function what is there a reduction of in geriatric patients?

A
  • renal blood flow
  • glomerular filtration (GFR)
  • active tubular secretion
  • number of nephrons
35
Q

In regards to excretion of drugs in geriatric patients what is drug accumulation secondary to renal disease the most important cause of?

A

ADRs

36
Q

When should renal function be assessed in geriatric patients?

A

With drugs that are eliminated primarily by the kidneys

37
Q

What labs refer to renal function?

A
  • Creatinine
  • GFR
  • BUN
38
Q

In the elderly why should you check creatinine clearance or GFR and not serum creatinine?

A

Lean muscle mass (source of creatinine) declines

39
Q

In geriatric patients creatinine levels may be normal even though kidney function is what?

A

Greatly reduced ( in general look at for stability and/or improvement)

40
Q

Why is polypharmacy a problem in the elderly?

A

Elderly have a disproportionately high prescription drug use
(More ADRs and drug toxicity)

41
Q

What does medication nonadherence mean?

A
  • not starting a med
  • skipping doses
  • splitting doses
  • taking extra doses
  • self-discontinuation
42
Q

What risk factors decrease drug adherence in the elderly?

A
  • depression
  • cognitive impairment
  • missed visits
  • lack of response to meet (perceived or real)
  • poor relationships with healthcare system
43
Q

What are some reasons for intentional medication non-adherence in the elderly?

A
  • Expense
  • Side Effects
  • Patients one conviction that the drug is unnecessary or the dosage is too high
44
Q

What may help increase medication adherence in the elderly who have unintentional non-adherence?

A
  • Simplified drug regimens
  • Appropriate dosage form
  • Clearly labeled and easy-to-open containers
  • Daily reminders
  • Support system
  • Frequent monitoring
45
Q

What are strategies to improve intentional medication non-adherence in the elderly?

A
  • Use teach-back techniques
  • Build trust
  • Involve patient in decision making

Pharmacology Exam 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions