Life stage requirements Flashcards
Breast milk - name the compounds it contains to help colonise the digestive tract and build the immune system
Bifidobacteria and prebiotic oligosaccharides. 700+ species of bacteria
What conditions can breast feeding reduce the likelihood of in a child
allergies, asthma, eczema
List benefits of breast feeding for the mother
conserves iron stores
cheap
protection against breast and ovarian cancer
delays return of ovulation (prolactin inhibits GnRH)
Aids weight loss
Supports mother/baby relationship (oxytocin)
List the macronutrient composition of breast milk
88% water
6-7% carbs - lactose
3-5% lipids - linoleic, linolenic acid, AA, DHA
less than 1% protein
Enzymes for digestion and transport of nutrients
What is colostrum and what is its purpose
pre milk: mostly serum with antibodies and white blood cells
Protects infant from infection, inactivate pathogenic bacteria, laxative to expel waste accumulated during foetal development
What are the compounds within colostrum that provide support for the immune system
secretory IgA, Vit A, Zn, bifidus factors (for friendly bacteria)
What are the compounds within colostrum that protect the infant from harmful bacteria
Lactoferrin - iron binding protein that prevents bacteria from accessing the iron they need to grow
Lactadherin - protein that fights off rotavirus
What are the benefits of breast milk over formula
delays atopic dermatitis, cow milk allergy and wheezing
Protects against CVD
What minerals are in breast milk
Ca content ideal for bone growth
Zn
low in sodium (immature kidneys)
Small Fe content but high bioavailability
What is the benefit of delayed cord clamping
babies get 30% more iron rich blood, O2, erythrocytes, leukocytes and stem cells.
What are the recommended time frames for breast feeding
6 months exclusive, then up to two years
List key nutrients required post partum and why
Protein - needed for breast milk
Iron - increase blood volume and lower fatigue
Zinc - needed for production of ovarian hormones. Depletion can contribute to PPD
B vits - ATP production, PPD protection (B2)
EPA/DHA - nerual and eye development of foetus and postpartum mother loses DHA from brain tissue as passed to infant
Magnesium - energy. low levels contribute to PPD
Vit C - collagen synthesis / wound healing; absorption of non-haem iron. Depleted by stress
Vit D - reduces risk of PPD. Role in commensal bacterial colonisation
Probiotic foods - babies receive beneficial bacteria from mother. Esp important if C section or antibiotic use
What is the general traditional care given to mothers in China/Korea/India
They are nourished, nurtured for a period of time after and kept with the baby. Up to 40 days
What are the energetics of pregnancy
Moisture
What are the signs of excess moisture
hungry, emotional, lethargic, congested
What foods should be avoided in pregnancy according to the energetics
damp forming - dairy/refined
Excess fluids (mulilagenous)
Sweet and high water content fruits
What foods should be focussed on during pregnancy to support the energetics of moisture
Drying foods - whole grains, legumes, crunchy foods.
Warming foods - herbs and spices
What nutrition advice should be given during lactation
Daily nutrient requirements are higher than pregnancy - don’t skip meals especially breakfast. Don’t trigger the stress response which can affect milk production.
Eat to satisfaction - oxytocin triggers the milk ejection reflex
Drink to thirst - no over.under. Filtered water.
Avoid cold foods and drinks. esp if low milk/mastitis
Whole, fresh, well cooked, organic, energetically neutral
Pro and pre biotics
EPA/DHA
AVOID :
salted/sweetened/cows diary
caffeine (interferes with Fe availability), alcohol (inhibits with oxytocin) smoking
What methods can you try if milk supply low
fenugreek or fennel seed tea - 2-3 cups/day
Chamomile/lemon balm to reduce stress
Feed more as milk increases with demand
What are the most common foods that baby’s develop an intolerance to when consumed by the mother
peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, cows milk, eggs, fish
What problems with the baby can early weaning lead to
Allergies.
When weaning what foods should not be introduced until nearer 12 months
peanuts, wheat, fish, eggs
How should a child be weaned
introduce single ingredient foods one at a time with 3-4 day intervals.
What are the benefits of baby led weaning
supports hand eye coordination, chewing, dexterity
Explore taste and texture
Encourage self regulation
Less time consuming to prepare pureed foods
What foods should not be included when weaning
concentrated sweets, baby food desserts
Foods with sugar alcohols eg sorbitol
Canned veg - too much sodium/sugar/preservatives
Honey - botulism risk
Soya products - hard to digest
Cows milk - excess protein and can cause iron deficiency anaemia.
How can iron deficiency anaemia be avoided in childhood - as well as supporting nutrition
Avoid cows milk - inhibits absorption of iron
Optimise digestion and gut health - pro and pre biotic foods
Avoid processed foods
Eliminate inhibiting substances eg caffeine
If a child chooses a vegan/vegetarian diet, what nutrients in particular should be considered
DHA rich, Ca, non-haem iron, B12, Vit D.
What factors affect food choices in adolescence
Physiological - growth spurts/drug use
Social - peers, social media
Economical
What can inadequate protein consumption lead to in adolescence
loss of lean BM and delayed growth
Why are healthy fats so important during adolescence
EFAs needed for production of sex hormones, as well as skin, hair, nails.
Fat intake should not exceed 30-35% total caloric intake
Name micronutrients essential for adolescence
Anything that supports reproductive health, growth and metabolism - Ca, Fe, Zn, protein, Bs Se etc
Calcium - bone development and bone mass. Also need exercise and avoid fizzy drinks/alcohol/caffeine/fast food.
Vid D and Mg - for bone support
Iron - need increases as blood volume increases. Menstruation. (almonds, apricots, avo, sunflower and pumpkin seeds) and vit c for absorption (broccoli, citrus fruit, peppers, sweet spud)
