Life Span Dev Flashcards
Children experiencing peer rejection versus children subject to peer neglect experience which trajectory when changing schools?
School change has no effect on the status of rejected children, but may have beneficial effects on the peer status of neglected children.
Peer rejection tends to be stable across social transitions and is maintained in novel social groups while those that are pure neglected may improve relations and new settings .
Aging causes which change in the focal point of the eye?
The near focal point will move away from the eyes
The process of accommodation defined by the near and far focal point is changed by the hardening of the visual lens with age. The near focal point moves farther away
Current theories consider emotional contagion to be the earliest manifestation of empathy development. This behavior emerges:
In the first weeks of life.
Emotional contagion refers to the tendency of babies to cry at the sound of another infant cries. This occurs an infant as young as two days old and is considered by experts to be the first sign of empathy.
The intellectual disability associated with PKU is preventable with:
A special diet.
PKU (phenylketonuria) involves an inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. Intellectual disability and other symptoms of PKU can be reduced or eliminated by a diet low in phenylalanine beginning at birth.
Independent, self-confident adolescence, according to Baumrind and colleagues 1991, are most likely to have parents who are?
Authoritative
Authoritative parents, combined, rational control with warmth, receptivity, and the encouragement of independence .
Babbling ordinarily begins at about 4 to 5 months of age and initially includes:
Phonemes from all languages.
Babbling involves the repetition of vowel and constant sounds, and these are simple units of sound without meaning, definitive of a phoneme.
Ex. Bibi babababa
Children obey rules during the second stage of Kohlberg‘s preconventional level of moral development because:
Doing so helps them satisfy their personal needs.
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development consist of three levels with each level, including two stages. Instrumental hedonism is the second stage of the preconventional level. children in this stage, consider the correct action to be the one that best satisfies their own personal needs. Colbert illustrates this stage with the example of a 10-year-old boys reply to what it means to be a good son , “be good to your father and he will be good to you.”
A 16 month old child who calls her pet cat “kitty” sees a dog for the first time and calls it “kitty”. The child is displaying ________ in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Assimilation
Piaget Distinguished between two complementary processes in cognitive development: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation involves incorporating new knowledge into existing cognitive structures or schemes. The child does not know what a dog is and is incorporating it into her existing “kitty “scheme.
Thomas and chess‘s “goodness of fit“ model 1977 predicts that maladjustment in children is due to:
A mismatch between the child’s basic temperament and their parents child rearing practices
Strange anxiety begins in most children at about _____months of age?
8 to 10 months
Alice age 14 is certain that everyone is looking at her because she has a large blemish in the middle of her forehead. Alice‘s belief according to Elkind 1967 as a manifestation of?
The imaginary audience.
Elkind proposed that adolescence experience a renewed egocentrism that is manifested in several ways. He used the term “imaginary audience“ to describe that adolescence believe that they are the focus of everyone’s attention.
Interactions between elements of the micro system (between the family and the school) are part of the ____ in BronfenBrenner‘s model 2004 ?
Mesosystem
The meso system is the second layer and consists of interactions between components of the microsystems, such as the parents involvement and the child experiences and the interactions between the child’s church and community .
The age range of Erickson ______stage of psychosocial development corresponds to Freud‘s phallic stage?
Initiative versus guilt
Ericksons initiative versus guilt stage is characteristic of children ages 3 to 6 years which corresponds to Freud’s phallic stage .
Conrad Lawrence’s research on imprinting 1957 led to the search for____in human infants?
A critical period for attachment
And printing refers the bond that develops during a critical period following birth and some non-– human species . Lorenz found that geese bonded to the first moving object they encounter during the first few days following birth. His research led to a search for similar “critical period“ for attachment in human infants.
Most babies say their first words at about ____ months of age:
12 months
Children begin to deliberately and regularly use rehearsal, elaboration and organization as memory strategies by _____years of age?
9 to 10 years of age
______Involves intellectual disability and extreme obesity, and is cause caused by a chromosomal deletion.
Prader – Willie syndrome
Approximately 1 in 200 babies is born with a chromosome abnormality. Prader – Willie syndrome is caused by a chromosome deletion, which occurs when part of a chromosome is missing.
The rooting reflex occurs when:
The newborn’s cheek is touched.
Reflexes are unlearned responses to particular stimuli and environment, the rooting reflex occurs when the baby turns their head in the direction of a touch or stroke on their cheek .
Auditory, localization and children:
Has fully developed by about the end of the first year.
Auditory localization refers to the ability to orient toward the direction of a sound, such as turning one’s head towards the sound. This ability is not consistently established until about one year.
Most infants take their first steps WITH support:
9 to 10 months of age
Developmental motor ability at 9 to 10 months normally includes taking steps while holding onto furniture .
Considering the Rosenthal effect, students described to teachers as “academic successes“ are likely to:
Achieve more than the other students by the end of the school year.
The Rosenthal effect states that creating expectations for achievement has a self-fulfilling effect .
Polygenic traits
Height, weight, intelligence and personality.
Most traits are polygenic, which means that they are influenced by multiple genes .
Genotype
A person’s genetic inheritance
Phenotype
Refers to their observed characteristics
Heredity accounts for only _______% of variability for many characteristics?
50%
The impact of the environment on development is also supported by research as contributing to characteristics.
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model 2004:
Development is involving interactions between the individual and their context or environment.
Five environmental systems or levels
The microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and the Chronosystem .
Microsystems
The childs immediate environment
face-to-face relationships within the home, school, and neighborhood and the child’s relationships with peers, siblings, parents, and teachers.
Mesosystem
Interactions between components of the microsystem. (Family and school, peers and friends)
The influence of family factors on the child’s behavior at school
Exosystem
Elements in the broader environment that affect the child immediate environment, and includes the parents workplace, the school board, community agencies, local industry, and the mass media.
Macrosystem
Environmental influences as cultural beliefs and practices, economic conditions, and political ideologies
Chronosystem
Environmental events that occur over an individual’s lifespan and impact the individual in ways that depend on their circumstances and developmental stage.
The immediate and long-term affects of a change in family structure or socioeconomic status
Rutter 1985 risk factors
The greater number of risks factors a baby is exposed to the greater the risk for negative outcomes
Psychiatric risk for children increased from 2% for those with one or no risk factors to 21% for those with four or more risk factors
Rutters indicators for risk factors
Six family risk factors are predictors of child psychopathology
Severe marital discord, low socioeconomic status, overcrowding or large family size, parental criminality, maternal psychopathology, and placement of the child outside the home.
Werner and smith 1982, 1993 high-risk infant study found :
Infants who experienced significant prenatal and perinatal stress, had more physical and cognitive difficulties that infants who did not, the differences between the two groups of infants declined overtime
Werner and smith 1993 high-risk infant study reported that positive outcomes for high-risk babies were more likely when :
A) experienced fewer stressors following birth (chronic poverty, family instability)
B) had an easy temperament marked by a high degree of social responsivity, good communication skills, and consistent eating and sleeping patterns
C) were provided with stable support from a parent or other caregiver
Canalization
Is used to describe characteristics in which genotype restricts phenotype to a small number of possible outcomes
Genotype- environment correlation
A person’s genetic makeup influences the environments the person is exposed to, and that exposure to those environments reinforces the person’s genetic make up.
Scar and McCartney 1983 found three types of genotype – environment correlations .
- Passive genotype – environment correlation
- Evocative genotype – environment correlation.
- Active genotype – environment correlation.
Passive genotype – environment correlation
Children inherit jeans from their parents that predisposed them toward particular traits, and the parents provide the children with environments that encourage the development of those traits.
Children of athletic parents are likely to be genetically predisposed to athleticism and will also be provided by their parents with a sports oriented environment that encourages their interest in sports .
Evocative genotype-environment
A child genetic make up evokes reactions from parents and others that reinforced their genetic make up.
Preschool children who are genetically predisposed to be cooperative and attentive, will have more positive instructional interactions with teachers and uncooperative, inattentive children .
Active genotype-environment correlation
Also referred to as “Niche-picking“
Occurs when children actively seek out experiences that are consistent with their genetic predisposition
Children who are extroverted, will seek out socially stimulating activities, while children who are introverted will actively avoid those activities.
Epigenesis
Describes the relationship between genetic and environmental influences as bidirectional and ongoing
Each stage of development is affected by previous genetic, neural, behavioral, and environmental interactions, and Intern affects future interactions .
Critical periods
Specific, predetermined periods of time during biological maturation when an organism is particularly sensitive to certain stimuli that can either have a positive or negative impact on development
Konrad Lorenz (zoologist) found that geese imprint on the first moving object they see during the first two or three days after birth and will subsequently follow and stay near to that object because doing so helps ensure their survival .
The first few days following birth is a critical period for imprinting
Sensitive Periods
For many human behaviors, such as attachment and language acquisition, there are sensitive periods rather than critical periods.
Sensitive periods are longer in duration, and more flexible than critical periods, and they are not tied as closely to chronological age or maturational stage.
Deferred adaptations:
Childhood behaviors were selected because they prepared children for adulthood
such as differences in play activities that reflect inherited differences and activity level in personality and childhood play activities that help prepare children for adult roles
Ontogenetic adaptations
Childhood behaviors were selected to be adaptive at specific points in development rather than as preparation for adulthood -
certain infant behaviors were selected because they foster attachment to care caregivers and help ensure infant survival.
Chromosomal disorders
When a disorder is carried on an Autosome it is an autosomal disorder
When it is carried on a sex chromosome it is called sex-linked
Disorders related to the chromosomes are the result of the inheritance of a single dominant gene or two recessive genes or to a chromosomal abnormality.
Dominant gene disorders
Due to the inheritance of a single dominant gene from one parent
Huntington’s disease as an autosomal dominant gene disorder
Huntington’s disease
Is an AutoZone dominant gene disorder, and is characterized by combination of psychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms
Recessive gene disorders
Due to the inheritance of a pair of recessive genes one from each parent
Examples of recessive gene disorders include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, Tay – Sachs’s disease and phenylketonuria PKU
Phenylketonuria PKU
People with PKU don’t produce an enzyme needed to metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid found in milk, eggs, bread, and other foods
Beginning a diet low in phenylalanine soon after birth, prevents the severe intellectual disability that can accompany this disorder
Chromosomal disorders
Include a variation in the number of chromosomes and an alteration and the structure of chromosomes.
Disorders due to a variation in chromosome number (aneuploidy) include down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome
Down syndrome
Autosomal disorder that is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21
Includes intellectual disability, delayed physical growth and motor development, distinctive physical features, and increase susceptibility to Alzheimer disease, leukemia, and heart defects
Kleinfelter syndrome
Abnormality in the number of sex chromosomes
Occurs in males and is due to the presence of two or more X chromosomes along with a single Y chromosome .
A male with this disorder has a small penis and testes, developed breast during puberty, has a limited interest in sexual activity, is often sterile, and may have learning disabilities
Turner syndrome
Occurs in females and is caused by the presence of a single X chromosome
Females with Turner syndrome are short in stature, have drooping eyelids, a webbed, neck, and other characteristic physical features, may exhibit certain cognitive deficits such as impaired visual – spatial, executive, and social – cognitive functioning.
Chromosome structure deletion
Deletion occurs when part of a chromosome is missing
Prader – Willie syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
Chromosomal structure deletion
Children with this disorder, have some degree of intellectual disability, are obese, and may exhibit obsessive – compulsive behaviors
Chromosomal translocation
Is the transfer of a chromosome segment to another chromosome
Most cases of down syndrome are due to the presence of an extra chromosome 21, some cases also involve a translocation in which the extra chromosome 21 is attached to another chromosome
Chromosomal inversion
When a chromosome breaks in two places and the segment formed inverts (turns upside down) and reattaches to the chromosome
Inversions may be inherited, but, and humans, usually do not affect phenotype.
Teratogens
Substances that cause birth defects in the developing fetus
Drugs, chemicals, and certain maternal conditions
Exposure during the embryonic stage (weeks 3 through 8) is most likely to cause major structural abnormalities
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder FASD
Prenatal exposure to alcohol
Encompasses a range of conditions that involve Irreversible, physical, behavioral, and – or cognitive abnormalities
Fetal alcohol syndrome FAS is the most severe form of FASD and may result when the mother drinks heavily every day or nearly every day or engages and binge drinking, especially during the second half of the first trimester
Fetal alcohol syndrome FAS
Most severe form of FASD
Mother drinks, heavily every day or nearly every day or engages and binge drinking, especially during the second half of the first trimester
Facial abnormalities; retarded physical growth; heart, kidney, and liver defects; and behavioral problems such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, and social withdrawal
Alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder ARND
Less severe form of FASD and was previously referred to as fetal alcohol affects FES
Cognitive deficits and behavioral problems without prominent facial anomalies, delayed physical growth, or physical defects,
Alcohol-related birth defects ARBD
Less severe form of FASD and was previously referred to as fetal alcohol effects FES
Physical defects, such as heart and kidney problems and vision and hearing impairments, without other prominent symptoms
Prenatal alcohol exposure impacted brain structures
Corpus callosum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, basal, ganglia, and frontal lobes
Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure
Exposure to alcohol in utero with subsequent mental health effects rather than physical effects
Impaired neurocognitive functioning, impairment, in global intellectual performance or executive functioning, impairment, and learning with lower academic achievement or specific learning disability, memory, impairment, impairment, and visual – spatial reasoning, impaired self – regulation with impairments in mood or behavioral regulation, attention deficit, impulse control, and impairment and adaptive functioning and communication, social communication, daily living skills, motor skills , with the onset occurring in childhood.
Prenatal cocaine use
Increases the risk for spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth
Infants are at a high risk for SIDS, seizures, low birth weight, and reduced head circumference
Infants often exhibit tremors, and exaggerated startle response, a high-pitched cry, sleep and feeding difficulties, and developmental delays, and they tend to be irritable and difficult to comfort
Long-term affects are uncertain, cognitive and behavior problems may persist into early school years
Prenatal nicotine use
Placental abnormalities that can cause fetal death and stillbirth
Higher risk for low birthweight, SIDS, and respiratory diseases, and may have emotional and social disturbances and cognitive deficits .
Prenatal lead exposure
Associated with low birth, weight and intellectual disability
During a critical period:
Certain biological or behavioral characteristics require appropriate exposure or stimulation in order to develop
“The time during which a given behavior is especially susceptible to, and indeed requires, specific environmental influences to develop normally “
Research by werner and Smith 1982 found that a high risk baby is least likely to suffer long-term negative consequences if
They have temperamental characteristics that promote positive relationships, and high resiliency
Resilient children, Chode pro – social characteristics, typically had a strong relationship with an adult of their life, and had experiences which increased their belief and control over their environment
The most common cause of cerebral palsy is
Brain injury in early life
The brain is only ____% of its adult weight at birth and ____% of its adult weight by 2 years old?
25%
80%
The brain reaches its full adult weight by ____ years old.
16
Cerebral cortex development
Responsible for higher level, cognitive functions, language, spatial skills, and complex motor activities
Almost completely under developed at birth
During the first few months of life, the primary motor and sensory areas of the cortex undergo substantial development while the prefrontal cortex continues to mature through childhood and adolescence, and may not be fully developed until the earlier mid 20s
The areas of the cortex that control movement of the head and trunk, develop before the areas that govern movement of the limbs
Aging brain
At age 30, the brain starts to gradually shrink as the result of the atrophy of neurons, and there was an acceleration of the cell death after age 60
Atrophy is most apparent in the frontal lobes, especially the pre-frontal cortex, followed by the parietal and temporal lobes, and then the occipital lobes
Other changes include the development of senile plaques, enlargement of the ventricles, reduced blood flow to the brain, and a decrease in the level of some neurotransmitters.
Neurogenesis
The brain compensates for neuronal loss by forming new synaptic connections and neural pathways and by creating new neurons in the hippocampus and possibly other areas of the brain
Major newborn reflexes
Babinski: toes fan out and upward when soles are tickled
Rooting: turns head in the direction of touch applied to the cheek
Moro (startle): flings arms and legs outward and then toward the body in response to a loud noise or sudden loss of physical support
Stepping (walking): coordinated walking movement when held upright with feet touching flat surface
Habituation and dishabituation
Two strategies researchers used to evaluate the perception and cognition of newborns
Habituation occurs when?
The infant response to a stimulus decreases when a stimulus is repeatedly presented
Dishabituation
Infants responsivity increases following a change in stimulus.
Vision in newborns
Of the senses, it is least developed at birth. \
Newborn at birth sees at 20ft what an adult sees at 200 to 400 ft.
By 6 months is close to that of an adult.
Infant hearing
Fetus hears sounds in uterus during last months of development. Newborns are only slightly less sensitive to sound intensity than adults.
Auditory localization in babies
Oriented to the direction of sound is somewhat evident after birth , seems to disappear between 2-4 months then and reappears and improves during the rest of the first year.
Taddio and Katz 2005 infant pain
Full-term infants who undergo painful medical procedures during infancy later exhibit high in responsibility to pain, while preterm infants who experience these procedures, may exhibit reduced reactivity to pain later in infancy.
Physical maturation in boys
For boys, early maturation has mixed consequences. It has been linked to several benefits, including greater popularity with peers and superior athletic skills, but also does satisfaction with body image and increased risk for drug and alcohol use, delinquency, and depression.
Late maturing boys are viewed by others as being more childish, and they tend to exhibit more attention seeking behaviors, and have less self-confidence. Like early maturing boys, they’re also more susceptible to depression than their on-time maturing peers.
Physical maturation in girls
Early maturation is associated with a number of negative consequences for girls, especially during the early adolescent years. Early maturing girls tend to have a poor self-concept, be unpopular with peers, be dissatisfied with their physical development, have low, academic achievement, be more likely to engage in sexual Precocious behavior and drug and alcohol use, and be a increased risk for developing depression or eating disorder.
Light mature and girls also experience some adverse effects as the result of being treated like “little girls” and are often dissatisfied with their physical appearance. However, they tend to outperform their peers in terms of academic achievement.
