Life Span Dev Flashcards

Question

Heredity accounts for only _______% of variability for many characteristics?

Answer 1

50% The impact of the environment on development is also supported by research as contributing to characteristics.

Answer 2

Development is involving interactions between the individual and their context or environment. Five environmental systems or levels The microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and the Chronosystem .

Answer 3

The childs immediate environment face-to-face relationships within the home, school, and neighborhood and the child’s relationships with peers, siblings, parents, and teachers.

Answer 4

Interactions between components of the microsystem. (Family and school, peers and friends) The influence of family factors on the child’s behavior at school

Answer 5

Elements in the broader environment that affect the child immediate environment, and includes the parents workplace, the school board, community agencies, local industry, and the mass media.

Answer 6

Environmental influences as cultural beliefs and practices, economic conditions, and political ideologies

Answer 7

Environmental events that occur over an individual’s lifespan and impact the individual in ways that depend on their circumstances and developmental stage. The immediate and long-term affects of a change in family structure or socioeconomic status

Answer 8

The greater number of risks factors a baby is exposed to the greater the risk for negative outcomes Psychiatric risk for children increased from 2% for those with one or no risk factors to 21% for those with four or more risk factors

Answer 9

Six family risk factors are predictors of child psychopathology Severe marital discord, low socioeconomic status, overcrowding or large family size, parental criminality, maternal psychopathology, and placement of the child outside the home.

Answer 10

Infants who experienced significant prenatal and perinatal stress, had more physical and cognitive difficulties that infants who did not, the differences between the two groups of infants declined overtime

Answer 11

A) experienced fewer stressors following birth (chronic poverty, family instability) B) had an easy temperament marked by a high degree of social responsivity, good communication skills, and consistent eating and sleeping patterns C) were provided with stable support from a parent or other caregiver

Answer 12

Is used to describe characteristics in which genotype restricts phenotype to a small number of possible outcomes

Answer 13

A person’s genetic makeup influences the environments the person is exposed to, and that exposure to those environments reinforces the person’s genetic make up. Scar and McCartney 1983 found three types of genotype – environment correlations . 1. Passive genotype – environment correlation 2. Evocative genotype – environment correlation. 3. Active genotype – environment correlation.

Answer 14

Children inherit jeans from their parents that predisposed them toward particular traits, and the parents provide the children with environments that encourage the development of those traits. Children of athletic parents are likely to be genetically predisposed to athleticism and will also be provided by their parents with a sports oriented environment that encourages their interest in sports .

Answer 15

A child genetic make up evokes reactions from parents and others that reinforced their genetic make up. Preschool children who are genetically predisposed to be cooperative and attentive, will have more positive instructional interactions with teachers and uncooperative, inattentive children .

Answer 16

Also referred to as “Niche-picking“ Occurs when children actively seek out experiences that are consistent with their genetic predisposition Children who are extroverted, will seek out socially stimulating activities, while children who are introverted will actively avoid those activities.

Answer 17

Describes the relationship between genetic and environmental influences as bidirectional and ongoing Each stage of development is affected by previous genetic, neural, behavioral, and environmental interactions, and Intern affects future interactions .

Answer 18

Specific, predetermined periods of time during biological maturation when an organism is particularly sensitive to certain stimuli that can either have a positive or negative impact on development Konrad Lorenz (zoologist) found that geese imprint on the first moving object they see during the first two or three days after birth and will subsequently follow and stay near to that object because doing so helps ensure their survival . The first few days following birth is a critical period for imprinting

Answer 19

For many human behaviors, such as attachment and language acquisition, there are sensitive periods rather than critical periods. Sensitive periods are longer in duration, and more flexible than critical periods, and they are not tied as closely to chronological age or maturational stage.

Answer 20

Childhood behaviors were selected because they prepared children for adulthood such as differences in play activities that reflect inherited differences and activity level in personality and childhood play activities that help prepare children for adult roles

Answer 21

Childhood behaviors were selected to be adaptive at specific points in development rather than as preparation for adulthood - certain infant behaviors were selected because they foster attachment to care caregivers and help ensure infant survival.

Answer 22

When a disorder is carried on an Autosome it is an autosomal disorder When it is carried on a sex chromosome it is called sex-linked Disorders related to the chromosomes are the result of the inheritance of a single dominant gene or two recessive genes or to a chromosomal abnormality.

Answer 23

Due to the inheritance of a single dominant gene from one parent Huntington’s disease as an autosomal dominant gene disorder

Answer 24

Is an AutoZone dominant gene disorder, and is characterized by combination of psychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms

Answer 25

Due to the inheritance of a pair of recessive genes one from each parent Examples of recessive gene disorders include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, Tay – Sachs’s disease and phenylketonuria PKU

Answer 26

People with PKU don’t produce an enzyme needed to metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid found in milk, eggs, bread, and other foods Beginning a diet low in phenylalanine soon after birth, prevents the severe intellectual disability that can accompany this disorder

Answer 27

Include a variation in the number of chromosomes and an alteration and the structure of chromosomes. Disorders due to a variation in chromosome number (aneuploidy) include down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome

Answer 28

Autosomal disorder that is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 Includes intellectual disability, delayed physical growth and motor development, distinctive physical features, and increase susceptibility to Alzheimer disease, leukemia, and heart defects

Answer 29

Abnormality in the number of sex chromosomes Occurs in males and is due to the presence of two or more X chromosomes along with a single Y chromosome . A male with this disorder has a small penis and testes, developed breast during puberty, has a limited interest in sexual activity, is often sterile, and may have learning disabilities

Answer 30

Occurs in females and is caused by the presence of a single X chromosome Females with Turner syndrome are short in stature, have drooping eyelids, a webbed, neck, and other characteristic physical features, may exhibit certain cognitive deficits such as impaired visual – spatial, executive, and social – cognitive functioning.

Answer 31

Deletion occurs when part of a chromosome is missing Prader – Willie syndrome

Answer 32

Chromosomal structure deletion Children with this disorder, have some degree of intellectual disability, are obese, and may exhibit obsessive – compulsive behaviors

Answer 33

Is the transfer of a chromosome segment to another chromosome Most cases of down syndrome are due to the presence of an extra chromosome 21, some cases also involve a translocation in which the extra chromosome 21 is attached to another chromosome

Answer 34

When a chromosome breaks in two places and the segment formed inverts (turns upside down) and reattaches to the chromosome Inversions may be inherited, but, and humans, usually do not affect phenotype.

Answer 35

Substances that cause birth defects in the developing fetus Drugs, chemicals, and certain maternal conditions Exposure during the embryonic stage (weeks 3 through 8) is most likely to cause major structural abnormalities

Answer 36

Prenatal exposure to alcohol Encompasses a range of conditions that involve Irreversible, physical, behavioral, and – or cognitive abnormalities Fetal alcohol syndrome FAS is the most severe form of FASD and may result when the mother drinks heavily every day or nearly every day or engages and binge drinking, especially during the second half of the first trimester

Answer 37

Most severe form of FASD Mother drinks, heavily every day or nearly every day or engages and binge drinking, especially during the second half of the first trimester Facial abnormalities; retarded physical growth; heart, kidney, and liver defects; and behavioral problems such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, and social withdrawal

Answer 38

Less severe form of FASD and was previously referred to as fetal alcohol affects FES Cognitive deficits and behavioral problems without prominent facial anomalies, delayed physical growth, or physical defects,

Answer 39

Less severe form of FASD and was previously referred to as fetal alcohol effects FES Physical defects, such as heart and kidney problems and vision and hearing impairments, without other prominent symptoms

Answer 40

Corpus callosum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, basal, ganglia, and frontal lobes

Answer 41

Exposure to alcohol in utero with subsequent mental health effects rather than physical effects Impaired neurocognitive functioning, impairment, in global intellectual performance or executive functioning, impairment, and learning with lower academic achievement or specific learning disability, memory, impairment, impairment, and visual – spatial reasoning, impaired self – regulation with impairments in mood or behavioral regulation, attention deficit, impulse control, and impairment and adaptive functioning and communication, social communication, daily living skills, motor skills , with the onset occurring in childhood.

Answer 42

Increases the risk for spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth Infants are at a high risk for SIDS, seizures, low birth weight, and reduced head circumference Infants often exhibit tremors, and exaggerated startle response, a high-pitched cry, sleep and feeding difficulties, and developmental delays, and they tend to be irritable and difficult to comfort Long-term affects are uncertain, cognitive and behavior problems may persist into early school years

Answer 43

Placental abnormalities that can cause fetal death and stillbirth Higher risk for low birthweight, SIDS, and respiratory diseases, and may have emotional and social disturbances and cognitive deficits .

Answer 44

Associated with low birth, weight and intellectual disability

Answer 45

Certain biological or behavioral characteristics require appropriate exposure or stimulation in order to develop “The time during which a given behavior is especially susceptible to, and indeed requires, specific environmental influences to develop normally “

Answer 46

They have temperamental characteristics that promote positive relationships, and high resiliency Resilient children, Chode pro – social characteristics, typically had a strong relationship with an adult of their life, and had experiences which increased their belief and control over their environment

Answer 47

Brain injury in early life

Answer 48

Responsible for higher level, cognitive functions, language, spatial skills, and complex motor activities Almost completely under developed at birth During the first few months of life, the primary motor and sensory areas of the cortex undergo substantial development while the prefrontal cortex continues to mature through childhood and adolescence, and may not be fully developed until the earlier mid 20s The areas of the cortex that control movement of the head and trunk, develop before the areas that govern movement of the limbs

Answer 49

At age 30, the brain starts to gradually shrink as the result of the atrophy of neurons, and there was an acceleration of the cell death after age 60 Atrophy is most apparent in the frontal lobes, especially the pre-frontal cortex, followed by the parietal and temporal lobes, and then the occipital lobes Other changes include the development of senile plaques, enlargement of the ventricles, reduced blood flow to the brain, and a decrease in the level of some neurotransmitters.

Answer 50

The brain compensates for neuronal loss by forming new synaptic connections and neural pathways and by creating new neurons in the hippocampus and possibly other areas of the brain

Answer 51

Babinski: toes fan out and upward when soles are tickled Rooting: turns head in the direction of touch applied to the cheek Moro (startle): flings arms and legs outward and then toward the body in response to a loud noise or sudden loss of physical support Stepping (walking): coordinated walking movement when held upright with feet touching flat surface

Answer 52

Two strategies researchers used to evaluate the perception and cognition of newborns

Answer 53

The infant response to a stimulus decreases when a stimulus is repeatedly presented

Answer 54

Infants responsivity increases following a change in stimulus.

Answer 55

Of the senses, it is least developed at birth. \ Newborn at birth sees at 20ft what an adult sees at 200 to 400 ft. By 6 months is close to that of an adult.

Answer 56

Fetus hears sounds in uterus during last months of development. Newborns are only slightly less sensitive to sound intensity than adults.

Answer 57

Oriented to the direction of sound is somewhat evident after birth , seems to disappear between 2-4 months then and reappears and improves during the rest of the first year.

Answer 58

Full-term infants who undergo painful medical procedures during infancy later exhibit high in responsibility to pain, while preterm infants who experience these procedures, may exhibit reduced reactivity to pain later in infancy.

Answer 59

For boys, early maturation has mixed consequences. It has been linked to several benefits, including greater popularity with peers and superior athletic skills, but also does satisfaction with body image and increased risk for drug and alcohol use, delinquency, and depression. Late maturing boys are viewed by others as being more childish, and they tend to exhibit more attention seeking behaviors, and have less self-confidence. Like early maturing boys, they’re also more susceptible to depression than their on-time maturing peers.

Answer 60

Early maturation is associated with a number of negative consequences for girls, especially during the early adolescent years. Early maturing girls tend to have a poor self-concept, be unpopular with peers, be dissatisfied with their physical development, have low, academic achievement, be more likely to engage in sexual Precocious behavior and drug and alcohol use, and be a increased risk for developing depression or eating disorder. Light mature and girls also experience some adverse effects as the result of being treated like “little girls” and are often dissatisfied with their physical appearance. However, they tend to outperform their peers in terms of academic achievement.