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Life Science Exam 4 (final) > life science final exam (4) > Flashcards

life science final exam (4) Flashcards

1
Q

Codominance occurs when…

A

Both maternal and paternal alleles contribute equally and separately to the phenotype

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2
Q

Which of the following is not a polygenic trait?

A. blood type
B. height
C. skin color
D. hair color

A

A. blood type is codominance

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3
Q

Males typically have higher levels of the hormone ______ than females.

A

Testosterone

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4
Q

What pattern of natural selection has occurred when phenotypes of a population are at both extremes of a range?

A

Disruptive Selection

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5
Q

Is the change in the average woman’s dress size from size 8 to size 14 over time considered an evolutionary change?

A

No, because it is due to women consuming a higher calorie intake, which is not geneti

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6
Q

Tuna and penguins both developed football-shaped bodies for better hydrodynamic efficiency. What concept does this best represent?

A

Convergent evolution

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7
Q

Which is not an example of a vestigial trait?

A. Humans and great apes having tailbones
B. Whales having functionless femurs and pelvises
C.Ostriches and penguins having wings, despite being flightless birds
D.Humans having opposable thumbs

A

D.

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8
Q

________ describes similarities due to common ancestry, while _______ describes organisms that are not closely related developing similar adaptations due to similar environments and challenges.

A

Homology; convergent evolution

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9
Q

How are fossils dated?

A

Relative and radiometric dating only

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10
Q

Is the fossil record a complete record of past life on Earth?

A

No, since not all organisms are preserved or leave behind a trace

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11
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in the characteristics of a population of organisms that occurs over generations

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12
Q

Pesticide resistance in crop-eating organisms and antibiotic resistance in infectious bacteria are examples of:

A

Microevolution

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13
Q

About 65 million years ago, an asteroid approximately 6 miles across hit Earth, eliminating many organisms and causing a shift in allele frequencies in many populations. What type of nonadaptive evolution does this event display?

A

Genetic Drift

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14
Q

Which of the following conditions is not needed for a trait in a population to evolve?

A. The trait is heritable
B. Genetic variation in the trait within the population
C. Individual fitness varies depending on the trait
D. The trait must be favorable for the health of the organism

A

D.

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15
Q

To follow the visual representation of the occurrence of phenotypes across generations, you can examine a:

A

Pedigree

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16
Q

Antibiotic-containing environments favor resistant strains of bacteria, meaning that the environment selects for phenotypes towards one end of the spectrum. What type of selection is being displayed?

A

Directional Selection

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17
Q

Oxygen began to accumulate in Earth’s atmosphere about 3.0-2.5 billion years ago. This creation of oxygen was directly related to the emergence of:

A

Unicellular photosynthetic organisms

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18
Q

Humans’ skin tone (dictated by Melanin, a pigment in skin cells) began to change drastically when our ancestors migrated from Africa millions of years ago.Variability in skin tone is an organism’s direct adaptation to:

A

Local solar conditions

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19
Q

A trait not selected for in Homo sapiens is…

A

Quadrupedalism

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20
Q

When extremes of the phenotypic range fare worse than phenotypes in the middle of the traits range (favoring the “moderate” or “middle” phenotype)

A

Stabilizing Selection

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21
Q

When extremes of the phenotypic range fare better than phenotypes in the middle of the traits range (favoring both extremes)

A

Disruptive Selection

22
Q

Favoring 1 phenotype

A

Directional Selection

23
Q

What is the movement of alleles from one population to another existing population?

A

Gene flow

24
Q

What is the change in allelic frequencies purely by chance

A

Genetic drift

25
Q

If you are born female, what are your sex chromosomes ?

A

X and X

26
Q

Sons inherit______?

A

One X chromosome from mom and one Y chromosome from dad

27
Q

What do you call it when some genetic conditions affect sons more than daughters?

A

sex-linked inheritance

28
Q

Blood type alleles are codominant. If my moms blood genotype is AA and my dads is BB, what type of red blood cell surface markers would my red blood cells have?

A

Both A and B

29
Q

What is Tiktaalik?

A

A fossil found representing the missing link between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates

30
Q

What is the main advantage of evolving bidepalism?

A

tool use

31
Q

Why can only populations evolve and not individuals?

A

an individuals allele frequencies cannot change during its lifetime

32
Q

Can evolution be nonadaptive?

A

Yes

33
Q

What is temporal reproductive isolation

A

When 2 or more species reproduce at different times

34
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

A

23

35
Q

What parents chromosome determines gender

A

dad

36
Q

What is an example of incomplete dominance?

A

When a mom has curly hair and a dad hair straight hair and the kids hair is wavy

37
Q

What is blood type an example of?

A

Codominance

38
Q

What are these examples of–hair, skin color, and height ?

A

polygenic traits

39
Q

Populations evolve but ____ do not

A

people

40
Q

What is an example of stabilizing selection?

A

Babies that are too small may have health problems, and babies that are too big have trouble coming out of the womb, therefore the “moderate” sized baby is “favored”

41
Q

What is sexual selection

A

There are more opportunities to reproduce

42
Q

Lactose tolerance stemmed from where?

A

The adaptation of famine–we did not have the enzyme to break down lactose, but we adapted and evolved to have a tolerance to lactose

43
Q

What is speciation?

A

It is often caused by geographic isolation–and it happens when 2 different places have the same organism but they evolve and adapt and end up being 2 different species

44
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

organisms that are closely related but evolve similar adaptations (ex. sugar glider and flying squirrel)

45
Q

What is vestigial structure?

A

Inherited from an ancestor and no longer serves a clear function in the organism that possesses it. (ex. tailbones in humans)

46
Q

What is developmental homology and an example?

A

similar embryological structures exist (ex. chick embryo and human embryo)

47
Q

what is inbreeding?

A

closely related organisms are more likely to share the same alleles

48
Q

is mechanical isolation pre or post zygotic?

A

pre

49
Q

is gametic isolation pre or post zygotic?

A

pre

50
Q

is hybrid inviability pre or post zygotic?

A

post

51
Q

is hybrid infertility post or pre zygotic?

A

post

Life Science Exam 4 (final) (1 decks)

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