life processes at the cellular level

Question 1

word equation for photosynthesis

Answer 1

carbon dioxide + water –sunlight–> glucose + oxygen

Question 2

how does temperature concentration affect the process of photosynthesis?

Answer 2

temperature works at its best at an optimum temp, beyond this temp, the enzymes can denature which leads to a decreased efficiency and slow down the rate of photosynthesis being carried out

Question 3

how does substrate concentration affect the process of photosynthesis?

Answer 3

Enzyme activity increases with substrate concentration until it reaches a point where all active sites are filled, causing the reaction rate to level off.

Question 4

what is light-dependent phase?

Answer 4

The light-dependent phase of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where light energy is converted into chemical energy. During this phase, sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll, leading to the production of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

Question 5

what is light-independent phase?

Answer 5

occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts. During this phase, ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent phase are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

Question 6

define an enzyme and its function/purpose

Answer 6

a protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur

Question 7

what are the starting reactants of photosynthesis, how do they affect photosynthesis?

Answer 7

The starting reactants of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. More carbon dioxide boosts photosynthesis, while not enough water can slow it down. Both are essential

Question 8

why does very high and low temperatures affect enzyme function and photosynthesis?

Answer 8

Very high temperatures can denature enzymes, changing their shape and reducing their activity, while very low temperatures slow down enzyme function, decreasing reaction rates

Question 9

what is active transport?

Answer 9

Active transport is the process by which organelles, such as the cell membrane and mitochondria, use energy (usually from ATP) to move molecules against their concentration gradient, allowing cells to take in nutrients or remove waste

Question 10

what is diffusion?

Answer 10

Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until they are evenly distributed. It does not require energy and occurs naturally, helping substances move in and out of cells.

Question 11

why should active transport be used?

Answer 11

Active transport is used because it helps cells move important nutrients and waste against their concentration gradient, keeping the right balance inside the cell even when it needs energy to do so.

Question 12

why should facilitated diffusion be used?

Answer 12

Facilitated diffusion is used because it allows cells to transport larger or polar molecules across the cell membrane more easily, using specific proteins, without needing energy

Question 13

what are the differences between active transport and facilitated diffusion?

Answer 13

Active transport uses energy to move substances from low to high concentration, while facilitated diffusion moves substances from high to low concentration without energy. Active transport uses pumps, and facilitated diffusion uses channels or carriers.

Question 14

why is DNA replication and mitosis needed for cells/organisms survival?

Answer 14

DNA replication and mitosis are needed for survival because they ensure that genetic information is copied and shared with new cells. DNA replication duplicates the genetic material, and mitosis divides the cell into two identical cells, supporting growth, repair, and reproduction.

Question 15

when does DNA replication occur

Answer 15

DNA replication occurs during the S phase (synthesis phase) of the cell cycle, which is part of interphase. This phase takes place before a cell divides, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the DNA.

Question 16

what is dna replication

Answer 16

DNA replication is the process where a cell makes a copy of its DNA. The double helix unwinds, and each original strand serves as a template to create two new strands, ensuring that both daughter cells get the same genetic information during division.

Question 17

how is DNA replication carried out

Answer 17

DNA replication is how a cell makes a copy of its DNA. First, the DNA unwinds into two strands. Then, special proteins add new building blocks to each strand, using the original strands as guides.

Question 18

what is mitosis and it’s purpose?

Answer 18

Mitosis is when a cell divides to make two identical cells. Its purpose is to help growth, repair, and replace old cells, making sure each new cell has the same DNA as the original.

Question 19

how does the reactants of photosynthesis enter the plant?

Answer 19

Carbon Dioxide: It enters through tiny openings called stomata on the leaves.
Water: It is absorbed from the soil by the roots through root hairs.

Question 20

what is a chloroplast, where can it be found?

Answer 20

double-membraned organelle found in plant cells and some algae. It is the site of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy. it contain chlorophyll, green pigment that captures sunlight.

Question 21

describe the structure of a chloroplast - how does it help carry out processes

Answer 21

A chloroplast has a double membrane, thylakoids for capturing sunlight, and a stroma for converting carbon dioxide into glucose, all of which work together to carry out photosynthesis efficiently.

Question 22

what are the effects of pH and co-factors on enzyme activity

Answer 22

pH affects enzyme activity by altering their shape at extreme levels, while co-factors are essential molecules that help enzymes work better.

Question 23

what is the purpose of cellular respiration

Answer 23

The purpose of cellular respiration is to convert the energy stored in glucose and other organic molecules into usable energy in the form of ATP

Question 24

what is cellular respiration

Answer 24

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and other molecules into energy (ATP) through chemical reactions, using oxygen in aerobic respiration or not using oxygen in anaerobic respiration

Question 25

where does aerobic and anaerobic respiration take place?

Answer 25

Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria of cells, while anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm.

Question 26

what is aerobic respiration? what is needed

Answer 26

Aerobic respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water. It requires oxygen

Question 27

what is anaerobic respiration? what is needed

Answer 27

Anaerobic respiration is a way for cells to produce energy without oxygen, breaking down glucose to create ATP and byproducts like lactic acid in animal, needing glucose

Question 28

what are the products of two of the respiration processes they create?

Answer 28

The products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy). In anaerobic respiration, the products vary: in animals, it produces lactic acid and ATP, while in yeast, it produces ethanol, carbon dioxide, and ATP.

Question 29

how is photosynthesis carried out - the process?

Answer 29

Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: light-dependent reactions in the thylakoid membranes capture sunlight to produce ATP and oxygen, while the Calvin cycle in the stroma uses ATP and carbon dioxide to create glucose.

Question 30

what is light intensity?

Answer 30

the strength or brightness of light available for plants to capture and use for converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Question 31

why is oxygen production higher at midday, lowest at midnight?

Answer 31

Oxygen production is highest at midday due to intense sunlight for photosynthesis and lowest at midnight when there is no light available.

Question 32

describe the structure of a mitochondrion.

Answer 32

A mitochondrion has a smooth outer membrane and a folded inner membrane called cristae, with a fluid called the matrix inside that helps produce energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

Question 33

what is osmosis, what is it’s function?

Answer 33

Osmosis is the movement of water through a membrane from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration. Its function is to balance the water levels in and out of cells.

Question 34

what is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 34

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

Question 35

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 35

Glucose → Lactic Acid + Energy (ATP).

Question 36

what are enzyme inhibitors?

Answer 36

Enzyme inhibitors are substances that slow down or stop enzymes from working. They can block the active site where the enzyme and substrate connect or change the enzyme’s shape, preventing it from doing its job.

Question 37

how to enzyme inhibitors affect enzyme function and biological reactions?

Answer 37

Enzyme inhibitors slow down or stop enzymes from working, which can reduce the speed of biological reactions and disrupt normal cell processes.

Question 38

what is the structure of an enzyme

Answer 38

An enzyme is a protein with a specific shape that includes an active site where substrates bind to help speed up chemical reactions.

Question 39

how does water enter an animal/plant cell

Answer 39

Water enters animal cells mainly through osmosis, moving from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration.

Question 40

how does chloroplasts maximises photosynthesis?

Answer 40

Chloroplasts maximize photosynthesis by having a large surface area with thylakoid membranes to capture sunlight, containing chlorophyll to absorb light energy, and having a fluid-filled stroma where the light-independent reactions occur.

Question 41

why is DNA replicated before mitosis?

Answer 41

DNA is replicated before mitosis to ensure that each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the genetic material.

Question 42

what is denaturing? why does it happen

Answer 42

Denaturing in enzymes is when they lose their shape due to extreme temperature or pH changes, making them unable to work properly.

Question 43

what is the consequences of denaturation to an enzyme

Answer 43

The consequences of denaturation for an enzyme include loss of its specific shape, which prevents it from binding to its substrate and reduces or stops its activity

Question 44

what are the parts within a cross section of a leaf

Answer 44

Lower Epidermis: The bottom protective layer that contains stomata for gas exchange.
Stomata: Small openings in the lower epidermis that allow CO₂ in and O₂ out.

Question 45

what is the cell cycle

Answer 45

The cell cycle is the series of stages that a cell goes through to grow and divide

Question 46

what are the factors that affect life processes?

Answer 46

temp, pH, oxygen levels, environmental factors

Question 47

what in the mitochondria increases the surface area?

Answer 47

in the cristae, where the inner membrane creates folds to increase SA

Question 48

what in the chloroplasts increases the surface area?

Answer 48

grana, the thylakoid stacks which increase SA

Question 49

why do some cells have a higher number of mitochondria/chloroplasts?

Answer 49

Some cells have a higher number of mitochondria or chloroplasts because they have greater energy or metabolic demands. For example, muscle cells require more mitochondria to produce the ATP needed for contraction, while plant cells in leaves have many chloroplasts to maximize photosynthesis and energy production.