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Bio > Life Processes at the Cellular Level > Flashcards

Life Processes at the Cellular Level Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Active Site

A

The pocket in the surface of the enzyme where the substrate binds.

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2
Q

Chloroplast Location

A

Near the plasma membrane in cells so that the distance raw materials need to diffuse is short.

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3
Q

Cristae- Function

A

folded into cristae to increase surface area

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4
Q

Outer Membrane of the mitochondria

A

permeable so molecules can pass through

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5
Q

Matrix- Function Mitochondria

A

fluid filled space containing enzymes that function on the large surface area of the cristae, enzymes catalyze the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water.

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6
Q

Aerobic Respiration word and symbol eq

A

Glucose +Oxygen → (ATP) +Carbon Dioxide + Water
C6H12O6 +6O2 → (ATP) +6CO2+ 6H2O

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7
Q

Mitochondria Shape

A

Rod Shaped to increase surface area for diffusion

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8
Q

Aerobic Respiration (definition)

A

The process of reacting glucose with oxygen to produce ATP as energy to enable the cell to carry out its life processes

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9
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of materials across membranes using energy.

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10
Q

Anerobic Respiration
(definition)

A

Respiration with limited oxygen

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11
Q

ATP

A

A form of energy that cells can use.

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12
Q

Chlorophyll

A

a pigment that traps sunlight in thylakoids

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13
Q

Cell (plasma) membrane made up of..

A

A phospholipid bilayer which is semi permeable

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14
Q

Cell Wall

A

The rigid structure that wraps around the outside of the cell membrane to give plant cells a rigid shape and structure.

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15
Q

Chloroplasts

A

The organelle where photosynthesis is carried out in plants. thin and semi permable.

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16
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The jelly like nutrient rich substance that fills up cells

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17
Q

Cell

A

The basic building block of life

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18
Q

Cristae

A

The folded inner membrane of the mitochondria which increases surface area. Where electron transfer chain occours

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19
Q

Cell Membrane

A

A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds a cell and determines what can get in/ out

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20
Q

Complementary Base Pairing

A

A pairs with T and C pairs with G

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21
Q

Denature

A

The changing of the shape of the active site of an enzyme, so the substrate can no longer fit- caused by high temperatures and incorrect PH

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22
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of materials from an area of high conc to an area of low conc down the conc gradient without the use of energy

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23
Q

Mitochondria

A

The double membraned organelle where respiration is carried out. Produces ATP via respiration. Breaks down the chemical bonds of glucose to release ATP for the cells essential life processes.

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24
Q

DNA Replication

A

The process of creating a copy of every chromosome in the nucleus in preparation for Mitosis

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25
Q

Double Helix

A

The spiral shape of DNA

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26
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological protein catalysts which speed up biochemical reactions in cells without being used up by creating an alternative energy pathway with a lower activation energy.

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27
Q

Flaccid

A

A cell that is limp or floppy

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28
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

diffusion of larger or charged molecules through channels inserted in the membranes of cells

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29
Q

How does water enter the plant?

A

Through the roots via Osmosis

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30
Q

Intermembrane Space

A

The space between the inner and outer membrane of the mitochondria

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31
Q

Light Independent Phase

A

The second stage of Photosynthesis (production of glucose from hydrogen and Carbon dioxide)

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32
Q

Light Dependent Phase

A

The first stage of photosynthesis (the splitting of water into oxygen and Hydrogen)

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33
Q

Matrix (def)

A

The liquid filled space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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34
Q

Mitosis

A

The process of splitting a cell into two identical daughter cells for growth and repair

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35
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of thylakoids inside the stroma

36
Q

Glucose

A

C6H1206

37
Q

Nucleotide

A

A group of sugar, phosphate and a base

38
Q

Nucleus

A

The control center of the cell containing the cells DNA

39
Q

Osmosis

A

Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane from a area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

40
Q

Photosynthesis (definition)

A

the process of using light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose for the plant to use as fuel to carry out its life processes

41
Q

Passive Transport

A

Movement of materials across cell membranes without the use of energy.

42
Q

Rate Limiting Factor

A

The reactant that is present in the smallest amount and therefore stops the rate of reaction from increasing beyond a certain point.

43
Q

Summary of Light Independent Phase
(what happens/product)

A

enzymes join Carbon dioxide and a 5 carbon molecule to produce glucose.

44
Q

Photosynthesis eq

A

Carbon dioxide+ water → sunlight chlorophyll + Glucose +Oxygen

45
Q

Summary of Light dependent phase

A

energy absorbed from the sun is used to split water into oxygen and hydrogen

46
Q

Stroma

A

The liquid filled space inside the inner membrane of chloroplasts, transparent. Thylakoids are suspended in)

47
Q

Solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in water

48
Q

Substrate

A

The reactant catalyzed by the enzyme

49
Q

Thylakoids

A

Sacs covered with chlorophyll in the chloroplast. Disc shaped and flat , stacked into grana to increase surface area.

50
Q

Pumps

A

Machinery that pumps a substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against the concentration gradient

51
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized structures that aid a cell in completing specific life processes

52
Q

G1 of cell cycle

A

The stage in the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares to replicate

53
Q

G2 of the cell cycle

A

The stage in the cell cycle where the replicated chromosomes are checked for mistakes

54
Q

Golgi Body

A

Organelle where proteins are modified and packaged

55
Q

Hypertonic soloution

A

A solution with a high concentration of solute therefore a low concentration of water

56
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

A solution with a low concentration of solute therefore a high concentration of water

57
Q

Induced Fit Mode

A

The enzyme model where the enzyme changes its shape after bonding with the substrate

58
Q

Inhibators

A

Posions that bind themselves to the active site of the enzyme and stop them working

59
Q

isotonic Solution

A

A solution which has the same solute concentration as water concentration.

60
Q

Matrix

A

Part of the mitochondria where the citric acid cycle occours

61
Q

Lock and Key

A

The model explaining how enzymes work where the enzyme is a rigid structure.

62
Q

Palisade Layer

A

Part of the leaf where most chloroplasts are found so most photosynthesis occurs here.

63
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A form of active transport by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large solid particle

64
Q

Pinocytosis

A

A form of active transport where fluids and nutrients are ingested by cells.

65
Q

S Stage of the cell cycle

A

A stage in the cell cycle where DNA is replicated.

66
Q

Semi Conservative Replication

A

One half of the new DNA molecule is the intact strand of the old (parent) DNA Molecule. Half of the DNA has been conserved in both copies.

67
Q

Turgid

A

A cell that is swollen, bloated, puffed up or inflated.

68
Q

Lysosome

A

membrane bound organelle found in both cells containing digestive enzymes, packages waste and and cell imports/exports.

69
Q

Rough ER

A

rough appearance due to ribosomes, common in cells. produces enzymes required for digestion.

70
Q

ER

A

complex network of interconnected tubes called cisternae

71
Q

Smooth ER

A

smooth outer surface produces hormones and stores calcium ions for muscle contraction

72
Q

Large Vacuole

A

membrane bound compartment in plant cells, smaller in animal cells,

73
Q

Rate affecting factors of Photosynthesis

A

Light,Co2, temperature, water.

74
Q

Upper Epidermis

A

thin, transparent, secretes waxy cuticle to protect leaf and be waterproof.

75
Q

Spongy Mesophyll Layer

A

The cells of the spongy layer are more rounded and not so tightly packed. There are large intercellular air spaces. This maximizes the rate of diffusion of the gases during photosynthesis. (CO2 entering the leaf and O2 leaving it.)

76
Q

Lower Epidermis

A

Transparent, protection of the leaf, stomata- diffusion of 02 and co2.

77
Q

How does Co2 enter the plant?

A

Diffusing through the stomata in the lower epidermis.

78
Q

Structure of Enzymes

A

Proteins made up of small chemicals called amino acids joined together to form a chain. The chain is folded up into a 3D structure.

79
Q

Factors that affect Enzyme activity

A

PH, heat, substrate conc, enzyme conc, inhibitors, cofactors

80
Q

Interphase

A

Part of the cell cycle, where the cell grows and gathers nutrients for mitosis and replicates chromosomes.

81
Q

M (cell cycle)

A

Includes Mitosis and cytokinesis- chromosomes are sorted and separated to ensure each daughter cell receives a complete set. Cell divided into two if cell is large enough and DNA is undamaged.

82
Q

Factors affecting mitosis (SALE)

A

Stage of life.
Availability of nutrients and energy
Location of cells
Environmental Factors- enzyme rate

83
Q

Anti Parallels

A

Two parent strands of DNA are antiparallel, they run in opposite directions.

84
Q

Cell Cycle

A

The series of events that takes place in a cell that leads to division and replication.

85
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process of a cells membrane stretching around a large particle in order to engulf it.

86
Q

Photosynthesis Word and Symbol eq

A

6C02+6H20 →Sunlight Chlorophyll +C6H12O6+6O2
Carbon Dioxide +Water →Sunlight Chlorophyll +Glucose +Oxygen

Bio (2 decks)

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