Life Processes at the Cellular Level Flashcards
Active Site
The pocket in the surface of the enzyme where the substrate binds.
Chloroplast Location
Near the plasma membrane in cells so that the distance raw materials need to diffuse is short.
Cristae- Function
folded into cristae to increase surface area
Outer Membrane of the mitochondria
permeable so molecules can pass through
Matrix- Function Mitochondria
fluid filled space containing enzymes that function on the large surface area of the cristae, enzymes catalyze the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water.
Aerobic Respiration word and symbol eq
Glucose +Oxygen → (ATP) +Carbon Dioxide + Water
C6H12O6 +6O2 → (ATP) +6CO2+ 6H2O
Mitochondria Shape
Rod Shaped to increase surface area for diffusion
Aerobic Respiration (definition)
The process of reacting glucose with oxygen to produce ATP as energy to enable the cell to carry out its life processes
Active Transport
Movement of materials across membranes using energy.
Anerobic Respiration
(definition)
Respiration with limited oxygen
ATP
A form of energy that cells can use.
Chlorophyll
a pigment that traps sunlight in thylakoids
Cell (plasma) membrane made up of..
A phospholipid bilayer which is semi permeable
Cell Wall
The rigid structure that wraps around the outside of the cell membrane to give plant cells a rigid shape and structure.
Chloroplasts
The organelle where photosynthesis is carried out in plants. thin and semi permable.
Cytoplasm
The jelly like nutrient rich substance that fills up cells
Cell
The basic building block of life
Cristae
The folded inner membrane of the mitochondria which increases surface area. Where electron transfer chain occours
Cell Membrane
A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds a cell and determines what can get in/ out
Complementary Base Pairing
A pairs with T and C pairs with G
Denature
The changing of the shape of the active site of an enzyme, so the substrate can no longer fit- caused by high temperatures and incorrect PH
Diffusion
The movement of materials from an area of high conc to an area of low conc down the conc gradient without the use of energy
Mitochondria
The double membraned organelle where respiration is carried out. Produces ATP via respiration. Breaks down the chemical bonds of glucose to release ATP for the cells essential life processes.
DNA Replication
The process of creating a copy of every chromosome in the nucleus in preparation for Mitosis
Double Helix
The spiral shape of DNA
Enzymes
Biological protein catalysts which speed up biochemical reactions in cells without being used up by creating an alternative energy pathway with a lower activation energy.
Flaccid
A cell that is limp or floppy
Facilitated Diffusion
diffusion of larger or charged molecules through channels inserted in the membranes of cells
How does water enter the plant?
Through the roots via Osmosis
Intermembrane Space
The space between the inner and outer membrane of the mitochondria
Light Independent Phase
The second stage of Photosynthesis (production of glucose from hydrogen and Carbon dioxide)
Light Dependent Phase
The first stage of photosynthesis (the splitting of water into oxygen and Hydrogen)
Matrix (def)
The liquid filled space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Mitosis
The process of splitting a cell into two identical daughter cells for growth and repair
Grana
Stacks of thylakoids inside the stroma
Glucose
C6H1206
Nucleotide
A group of sugar, phosphate and a base
Nucleus
The control center of the cell containing the cells DNA
Osmosis
Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane from a area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
Photosynthesis (definition)
the process of using light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose for the plant to use as fuel to carry out its life processes
Passive Transport
Movement of materials across cell membranes without the use of energy.
Rate Limiting Factor
The reactant that is present in the smallest amount and therefore stops the rate of reaction from increasing beyond a certain point.
Summary of Light Independent Phase
(what happens/product)
enzymes join Carbon dioxide and a 5 carbon molecule to produce glucose.
Photosynthesis eq
Carbon dioxide+ water → sunlight chlorophyll + Glucose +Oxygen
Summary of Light dependent phase
energy absorbed from the sun is used to split water into oxygen and hydrogen
Stroma
The liquid filled space inside the inner membrane of chloroplasts, transparent. Thylakoids are suspended in)
Solute
A substance that is dissolved in water
Substrate
The reactant catalyzed by the enzyme
Thylakoids
Sacs covered with chlorophyll in the chloroplast. Disc shaped and flat , stacked into grana to increase surface area.
Pumps
Machinery that pumps a substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against the concentration gradient
Organelles
Specialized structures that aid a cell in completing specific life processes
G1 of cell cycle
The stage in the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares to replicate
G2 of the cell cycle
The stage in the cell cycle where the replicated chromosomes are checked for mistakes
Golgi Body
Organelle where proteins are modified and packaged
Hypertonic soloution
A solution with a high concentration of solute therefore a low concentration of water
Hypotonic Solution
A solution with a low concentration of solute therefore a high concentration of water
Induced Fit Mode
The enzyme model where the enzyme changes its shape after bonding with the substrate
Inhibators
Posions that bind themselves to the active site of the enzyme and stop them working
isotonic Solution
A solution which has the same solute concentration as water concentration.
Matrix
Part of the mitochondria where the citric acid cycle occours
Lock and Key
The model explaining how enzymes work where the enzyme is a rigid structure.
Palisade Layer
Part of the leaf where most chloroplasts are found so most photosynthesis occurs here.
Phagocytosis
A form of active transport by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large solid particle
Pinocytosis
A form of active transport where fluids and nutrients are ingested by cells.
S Stage of the cell cycle
A stage in the cell cycle where DNA is replicated.
Semi Conservative Replication
One half of the new DNA molecule is the intact strand of the old (parent) DNA Molecule. Half of the DNA has been conserved in both copies.
Turgid
A cell that is swollen, bloated, puffed up or inflated.
Lysosome
membrane bound organelle found in both cells containing digestive enzymes, packages waste and and cell imports/exports.
Rough ER
rough appearance due to ribosomes, common in cells. produces enzymes required for digestion.
ER
complex network of interconnected tubes called cisternae
Smooth ER
smooth outer surface produces hormones and stores calcium ions for muscle contraction
Large Vacuole
membrane bound compartment in plant cells, smaller in animal cells,
Rate affecting factors of Photosynthesis
Light,Co2, temperature, water.
Upper Epidermis
thin, transparent, secretes waxy cuticle to protect leaf and be waterproof.
Spongy Mesophyll Layer
The cells of the spongy layer are more rounded and not so tightly packed. There are large intercellular air spaces. This maximizes the rate of diffusion of the gases during photosynthesis. (CO2 entering the leaf and O2 leaving it.)
Lower Epidermis
Transparent, protection of the leaf, stomata- diffusion of 02 and co2.
How does Co2 enter the plant?
Diffusing through the stomata in the lower epidermis.
Structure of Enzymes
Proteins made up of small chemicals called amino acids joined together to form a chain. The chain is folded up into a 3D structure.
Factors that affect Enzyme activity
PH, heat, substrate conc, enzyme conc, inhibitors, cofactors
Interphase
Part of the cell cycle, where the cell grows and gathers nutrients for mitosis and replicates chromosomes.
M (cell cycle)
Includes Mitosis and cytokinesis- chromosomes are sorted and separated to ensure each daughter cell receives a complete set. Cell divided into two if cell is large enough and DNA is undamaged.
Factors affecting mitosis (SALE)
Stage of life.
Availability of nutrients and energy
Location of cells
Environmental Factors- enzyme rate
Anti Parallels
Two parent strands of DNA are antiparallel, they run in opposite directions.
Cell Cycle
The series of events that takes place in a cell that leads to division and replication.
Endocytosis
The process of a cells membrane stretching around a large particle in order to engulf it.
Photosynthesis Word and Symbol eq
6C02+6H20 →Sunlight Chlorophyll +C6H12O6+6O2
Carbon Dioxide +Water →Sunlight Chlorophyll +Glucose +Oxygen
