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BIOLOGY > LIFE PROCESSES AT A CELLULAR LEVEL > Flashcards

LIFE PROCESSES AT A CELLULAR LEVEL Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A

Movement of materials against a conc. gradient. This method requires energy produced during respiration

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2
Q

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

A

Respiration without oxygen

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3
Q

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

A

Respiration with oxygen

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4
Q

CATALYST

A

Substance which speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up itself

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5
Q

CHLOROPHYLL

A

Green pigment found in plants. Essential for photosynthesis

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6
Q

CHLOROPLAST

A

Structure found in plants which is the site which photosynthesis occurs

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7
Q

CILIA

A

Tiny strands or threads around the outside of unicellular organisms which helps them move

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8
Q

CYTOPLASM

A

The semi-liquid material found inside a cell in which all organelles float in

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9
Q

DENATURED

A

Enzymes that have been altered by heat

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10
Q

DIFFUSION

A

The movement of materials from high conc. to low conc. This method does not require energy

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11
Q

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A

Network of folded membranes with or without ribosomes, where many chemical reactions occur or chemicals are transported

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12
Q

ENZYMES

A

A protein that acts as an organic catalyst to speed up the rate of a chemical reaction

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13
Q

EXTRACELLULAR

A

The word that means outside the cell

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14
Q

FLACCID

A

A cell that has lost water due to osmosis is said to be limp or …

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15
Q

FLAGELLA

A

Long hair-like strands which whip back and forth to move a unicellular organism along

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16
Q

GOLGI BODIES

A

Organelle in the cytoplasm which modifies and packages secretions (proteins)

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17
Q

CELL MEMBRANE

A

The lipid bilayer that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell

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18
Q

MITOCHONDRIA

A

Organelles within the cell where respiration occurs

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19
Q

NUCLEUS

A

The part of the cell which contains the cells genetic material and controls the cell’s processes

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20
Q

OSMOSIS

A

The diffusions or movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from high conc. to low

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21
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

The process by which some of the cells may flow around particles and engulf them

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22
Q

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

A

The process by which the green plants manufacture glucose from carbon dioxide and water

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23
Q

PLASMOLYSIS

A

The process whereby the cell loses water and causes the cytoplasm to shrink away from the cell wall

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24
Q

RESPIRATION

A

The process by which living cells break down large organic molecules to release energy in the form of ATP

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25
Q

SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE

A

A membrane which allows only some molecules to pass through, usually only smaller ones

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26
Q

SPECIFIC ENZYME

A

Enzymes which control only one type of reaction

27
Q

TURGID

A

A cell that is full with water due to osmosis (water moving into the cell)

28
Q

UNICELLULAR

A

An organism made up of only one cell

29
Q

VACUOLE

A

A large bubble filled with watery fluid inside a cell

30
Q

RIBOSOMES

A

Site of protein synthesis

31
Q

PROTEINS

A

Enzymes, hair, nails etc. are all examples of these

32
Q

CRISTAE

A

Inner fold inside a mitochondria which increase the surface area for the reactions during respiration

33
Q

CENTRIOLE

A

The small structures found in animal cells which are involved in cell division

34
Q

GRANA

A

Piles of disk-like structures in a chloroplast where light is trapped & used to split the water molecule into oxygen and hydrogen

35
Q

CELLULOSE WALL

A

The tough cellulose layer around plant cells which protects and supports the cell

36
Q

LOCK AND KEY MODEL

A

The model by which substrates fit into the rigid active site of the enzyme

37
Q

INDUCED FIT

A

The model by which substrates fit into the active site of the enzyme. The enzyme then changes shape bringing the substrates together

38
Q

HIGH SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO

A

Small cells are better at diffusing things in and out due to their …

39
Q

CONTRACTILE VACUOLE

A

The special organelle found in many fresh water unicellular organisms to expel excess water. Form of active transport (ATP needed)

40
Q

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

A

The transport of molecules with the conc. gradient. No energy required

41
Q

ACTIVE SITE

A

The place on an enzyme where the substrate fits

42
Q

ATP

A

The main energy carrying molecule in an organism

43
Q

ORGANELLE

A

The structures inside a a cell

44
Q

CO-ENZYME

A

A complex organic molecule which helps certain enzymes to function correctly

45
Q

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

A

Change in concentration between one area and another

46
Q

CYTOSKELETON

A

A framework of microtubules inside the cytoplasm

47
Q

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

A

The series of reaction that produces ATP during respiration

48
Q

FERMENTATION

A

Anaerobic respiration in plants is also called …

49
Q

EYE SPOT

A

A light sensing organelle which is often found in photosynthetic aquatic unicellular organisms

50
Q

ORAL GROVE

A

Opening which is found in aquatic unicellular organisms which have to feed

51
Q

GLYCOLYSIS

A

The first stage of the respiration where food is broken down into pyruvic acid

52
Q

KREBS CYCLE

A

Middle stage of respiration which occurs inside the mitochondrial matrix space

53
Q

LACTIC ACID

A

Toxic compound produced in animals during anerobic respiration

54
Q

LIGHT REACTION

A

stage of photosynthesis where water is split by the suns energy

55
Q

LIPOSOMES

A

Cell organelle which contains enzymes to breakdown unwanted cell components

56
Q

NUCLEOLUS

A

Dark stained region inside the nucleus where ribosomes are produced

57
Q

OSMOREGULATION

A

The maintenance of correct water level inside a cell/ organism

58
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

Cells which engulf and destroy solids (foreign) matter

59
Q

PINOCYTOSIS

A

The process by which the cell membrane surrounds fluid to take into the cell

60
Q

ROUGH ER

A

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosome’s attached

61
Q

SMOOTH ER

A

Endoplasmic reticulum with no ribosomes attached

62
Q

STROMA

A

‘Space’ inside chloroplasts containing starch grains and enzymes

63
Q

SUBSTRATE

A

Substance that an enzyme acts upon

64
Q

ACTIVATION ENERGY

A

Energy required so a reaction can start. Enzymes often lower this

BIOLOGY (3 decks)

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