life processes Flashcards
salivary amylase
enzyme that breaks down starch into simple sugar
what do gastric glands produce
HCL, pepsin and mucus
what does HCL in our stomach
creates acidic medium which facilitates the action pepsin
function of pepsin
protein digestion
mucus in stomach
protects inner lining of stomach from action of acid
sphincter muscle
regulates exit of food from stomach.
releases small amounts to small intestine
i) length of small intestine is small in carnivores cuz?
ii) length of small intestine is bigger in harbivore cuz?
i)meat is easier to digest
ii) to allow cellulose to digest
i)substances from stomach are_______?
secretions from___and ___help?
i)acidic
ii)liver and pancreas help in making the substance alkaline.
liver secretes__?
pancreas secretes__?
bile juice
trypsin and lypase
function of trypsin
function of lypase
function of bile juice
digestion of proteins.
breaking down of emulsified fats.
making food substance alkaline, breaking down bug fat globules into smaller ones.
enzymes present in intestinal juice convert:
proteins to _______?
complex carbohydrates to_____?
fat into______?
amino acids
glucose
fatty acids and glycerol
finger like projections in small intestine
villi
function of villi
increase surface of absorption, takes absorbed food to every single cell.
unabsorbed food is sent to_____ where its wall absorb_______?
large intestine
water
respiration in the absence of oxygen
anaerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration takes place in_____?
aerobic respiration takes place in _______?
cytoplasm
mitochondria
glucose is a____carbon molecule which breaks down into pyruvate a_____carbon molecule
6
3
pyruvate may be converted into_____
ethanol and carbon dioxide
lack of oxygen in out muscles causes a build up of ________ which causes cramps.
lactic acid
energy released during cellular respiration is used to synthesise_______
ATP
define aveoli and its function
within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller tubes which finally terminate in balloon like structures.
aveoli is where the exchange of gases occur
deoxygenated blood comes from the____?
oxygenated blood comes from the ______?
vena cava
pulmonary veins
valves (in heart)ensure that_____?
blood doesn’t flow backwards
function of arteries
carry blood from heart to parts of body(high pressure)
they have thick elastic walls as a result
function of veins
carry blood from organs to heart(low pressure)
have thin walls as a result also have valves to ensure flow of blood
which cells help in clotting blood at points of injury and plug the leaks
platelet cells that circulate the body
how is lymph formed
it is formed when plasma, blood cells and proteins escape out of the pores present in capillaries and form in intercellular space between tissues
composition of lymph
colourless and less protein compared to plasma of blood
movement of lymph
from intercellular spaces lymph drains into lymphatic capillaries(thin walled, walls that allow lymph entry) which then form lymphatic vessels that transport lymph throughout the body, which finally converge and empty lymph into larger veins and is returned back into the bloodstream
function of lymph
transport absorbed and digested food from intestines to bloodstream.
maintains fluid balance by draining excess fluid from extracellular spaces
transpiration
the loss of water vapor from aerial parts of a plant
helps in temperature regulation
translocation
transport of soluble products of photosynthesis
phloem
transport of product of photosynthesis and amino acids
translocation of food in plants takes place in _________ with the help of_________?
sieve tubes
adjacent companion cells
translocation in phloem is by??
utilizing sucrose transferred into phloem tissue by energy from ATP
nephrons
filtrations units present throughout kidneys
thin walled blood capillaries
hows does translocation in phloem work?
using sucrose increases osmotic pressure which makes phloem tissue move, this pressure makes phoem tissue move where there is less pressure allowing it to mob=ve according to the plants needs.
each nephron has a_________?
bowman’s capsule
function of bowman’s capsule
to collect the filtrate produced by nephron
filtration process in kidneys
blood flows thru the nephrons, pressure forces some substances to filter into the bowman’s capsule
how do plants excrete?
excrete some into the soil.
waste products stored in leaves, resin, gums also in cellular vacuoles
