Life Processes Flashcards
How is urine produced?
Waste products are removed in kidneys from blood
Filtration is done by capillaries
Collected in bowman’s capsule
Large filtration unit are nephrons which are closely packed together
enters ureters etc…
What are nephrons? What does nephrons consist of?
Large filtration units
Glomerules, bowmans capsule, Proximal convoluted tubes, henle loop , distal CT
What does the process of excretion have?
Urethra, kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters
Kidneys - urine - ureters - urinary bladder - urethra
How does transportation of food occur?
In phloem - translocation - transport of soluble products frm photosynthesis
1. Loading
2. Osmosis
3. bulk flow - flow into lower pressure area
4. Unloading
5. osmosis - excess water into xylem
How does transport of water work during night?
No transpiration as it requires heat
Root pressure
Transportation of water how does it work? What does transpiration help in?
Thru xylem which is vascular tissue
Evaporation of water from stomata casues a suction pull of water
Transpiration - loss of water in the form of vapour
Temp regulation, suction
Why is transportation system required in plants?
WHen the dist bw soil contacting organs and chlorophyll is large diffusion is not enough, raw materials and energy cannot be provided to leaves etc..
Explain lymphatic system working
Drain into lymphatic capillaries
form lymphatic vessels
open into larger veins
to heart
to blood vascular system
What is clotting? What does loss of blood do to pumping system
Prevents loss of blood
loss of blood leads to loss of pressure and inefficiency of the the working of pumping system
Diff bw arteries and veins. What are cepillaries?
Poor in 02
Thin walls
Away frm heart
Valves r present
Opp
Capillaries - Arteries divide into smaller vessels to bring blood in contact w ind cells
What is double circulation
Blood flow goes through heart twice during each cycle in vertebrates – double circulation.
What is the exception for mixing of blood? How and why?
Reptiles, they do not depend on energy to maintain body temp they depend env temp
Explain Circulation in heart
Oxygenated blood – from lungs to left atrium Collecting blood – relaxes, contracts while left ventricle relaxes - blood transferred to it left ventricle contracts blood pumped out to body.
De oxygenated – right chamber right atrium relaxes collecting blood. Contracts, right ventricle dilates Pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation
Why does heart hv diff chambers?
To avoid mixing, efficient supply of 02
Define Plasma
In blood where cells are suspended transports co2 and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form
What is a respiratory pigment?
When the body of animals is large the diffusion pressure alone cannot take care of 02 delivery to all parts of body and therefore a pigment known as respiratory pigment is present in the bodies which transports o2 to tissues where it is deficient. In humans it is haemoglobin present in RBC
Why does lungs contain a residual volume?
So that there is sufficient time for C02 to be released and 02 to be absorbed
Inhalation and exhalation
Out to in
Volume of chest cavity increases
Pressure decreases
Ribs move outward
Diaphragm relaxes
Vice versa
Explain gaseous exchange in Alveoli
Deoxy blood enters capillary network
Co2 diffuses w alveolar cavity
02 diffuses w capillaries
O2 combines w haemoglobin
Where does exchange of gases take place?
In the lungs , in balloon like structures called alveoli
Why does the throat hv rings of cartilage?
Ensure that air passage does not collapse
Why do aquatic animals breathe faster
Lesser dissolved 02 in water than air
Explain diffusion of co2 and 02 in plants
Takes place in inter cellular spaces in stomata
Depends on env conditions
In the night there is no photosynthesis and the major part is to eliminate C02
In the day photosynthesis takes place and therefore C02 is used up and not released. O2 is released
Diff bw aerobic and anaerobic
Presence of 02
More energy
End prod r h20 and co2
Plant and animal cells
Absence of 02
Less energy
Co2 and lactic acid
Human muscle cells
Energy released in respiration is used for?
ATP , Other activities in cell
What happens to pyruvate?
Absence of 02 - Ethanol + C02 + Energy
Lack Of 02 - Lactic Acid + Energy
Presence of 02 - C02 + H20 + Energy
Digestion in SI
Exit of food – sphincter muscle, releases food particle in small amts. Stomach to small intestine. Longest part of alimentary canal, differs in different animals. Herbivores longer to allow cellulose to digest, carnivores smaller meat digests easily. Complete digestion of carbohydrates proteins and fats, receives secretions and pancreas. Bile juice makes acidic food alkaline. Fats present in small intestine as large globules making it difficult for enzymes to act on them. Pancreas – pancreatic juice, enzymes like trypsin and lipase- emulsified fats. Walls contain glands secrete intestinal juice. Enzymes convert proteins to amino acids, carbohydrates to glucose and fats to fatty acids and glycerol.
Villi – increase surface area for absorption, richly supplied with blood vessels, obtaining energy and repair of old tissues to new ones. Unabsorbed food to large intestine, waste sent through anal sphincter
Digestion in stomach
Digestion in stomach- gastric glands in wall of stomach. Releases – hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus. Acid creates an acidic medium which facilitates action of enzyme pepsin. Mucus protects stomach from action of the acid.
Explain diff types of heterotrophic nutrition
Parasitic- Derives nutrition from living organisms without killing them. Eg- Lice, Ticks, Orchids
Saprophytic- Derives Nutrition frm dead and decaying organisms breaks food material down and absorbs it. Eg- Bread mould, Mushroom
Holozoic – Derives Nutrition directly digests and absorbs it. Eg- Amoeba, birds, humans
How does amoeba take in food?
Amoeba- takes in food using finger like extensions fuse over the particle forming a food vacuole. Complex substances broken down in food vacuole. Undigested food is taken to surface and thrown out
Diff bw closing and opening of stomata
Opening and closing of pore function of guard cell. Water flow- guard cell swells- open vice versa. Guard cells undergo endosmosis – vice versa, cells move away from each other, stomatal pore opens
Events of photosynthesis
- Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
- Converting light to chemical energy and splitting of water into O and H molecules
- Reduction of carbon di oxide to carbohydrates
Explain how autotrophic nutrition works
Photosynthesis - - It is the process by which autotrophs take in substances from the outside and convert them into stored forms of energy. Max under blue and red light, zero under green as it is being reflected.
Photosynthesis - C02 and H20 - Carbohydrates - Provides energy - Stored in form of starch the carbohydrates which are not used
Excretion (1m)
Chemical reactions –> By products –> Harmful–> Removed frm body
Respiration (1m)
The process of acquiring oxygen from outside the body, and to use it in the process of break-down of food sources for cellular needs, is what we call respiration.
Name the common means of break down
Oxidising reducing
What is nutrition? Most of these sources are..? (2m entire thing)
Transfer of source of energy frm outside of a body to inside
Carbon based
What are life Processes ? What is needed in order to maintain them?
Life processes - The basic processes in living organisms which are needed to maintain life
Energy
