Life in the UK - all Flashcards
1
Q
What are the fundamental principles of British life?
A
- Democracy
- The rule of law
- Individual liberty
- Tolerance for those with different faiths and beliefs
- Participation in community life
2
Q
What is the pledge that must be sworn as part of the citizenship ceremony?
A
I will give my loyalty to the United Kingdom and respect its rights and freedoms. I will uphold its democratic values. I will observe its laws faithfully and fulfil my duties and obligations as a British citizen.
3
Q
What countries make the UK?
A
England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
4
Q
What countries make up Great Britain?
A
England, Scotland and Wales
5
Q
Which are the British Crown Dependencies?
A
the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man
6
Q
What type of econimic human societies first inhabited Britain and when?
A
Hunter-gatherers in the Stone Age.
7
Q
How did the first humans arrive in Britain?
A
By land, while Britain was still attached to Europe, in the early Stone Age.
8
Q
When did Britain permanently become an island?
A
About 10,000 years ago.
9
Q
When did the first farmers arrive in Britain and where did their ancestor probably come from?
A
About 6,000 ago.
South-east Europe.
10
Q
What tipy of economic society built Stonehenge. In what county is this monument located?
A
Agricultural.
Wiltshire.
11
Q
What and where is the best preserved prehistoric village in northern Europe? What period is it from?
A
Skara Brae on the island of Orkney, off the north coast of Scotland.
Late Stone Age.
12
Q
When did the Bronze Age start in Britain?
A
About 4,000 years ago.
13
Q
What shapes were most houses in Britain in the Bronze Age?
A
Round
14
Q
What are round borrows?
A
Bronze age tombs
15
Q
What period came after the Bronze age?
A
The Iron age
16
Q
What’s Maiden Castle and where is it?
A
An Iron Age hill fort in Dorset.
17
Q
What were the main occupations of men in the Iron Age?
A
Farmer, crafsman or warrior.
18
Q
What language family was spoken in Iron Age Britain?
Where can related languages still be heard today?
A
Celtic.
Parts of Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
19
Q
What activity marks the beguining of British history and in what period?
A
The minting of the first coins, incribed with the names of Iron Age kings.
20
Q
What major event happened in 55BC?
A
Julius Caesar led a Roman invasion of Britain but was unsuccessful.
21
Q
When was the second Roman invasion of Britain; who led it and what was the outcome?
A
AD 43 by Emperor Claudius. The Romans permanently occupied most of Britain (Scotland remained mostly unnocupied).
22
Q
What political figure from the second Roman invasion of Britain is remembered with a statue on Westminister Bridge, near the Houses of Parliament?
A
Boudicca
23
Q
What ancient tribes are the ancestors of the Scottish people?
A
The Picts
24
Q
Who built the wall in the north of England to keep out the Picts?
A
Emperor Hadrain
25
Name two of the numerous forts bult allong Hadrian's wall; that can still be seen today.
The fort of Housesteads anf the fort of Vindolanda.
26
What does UNESCO stand for?
United Nations Edication, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
27
What tittle did the UNESCO bestow on the areas surrounding the forts of Housesteads and Vindolanda?
World Heritage Site
28
How did the Romans stay in Britain for?
About 400 years.
29
What are some good things the Romans did during their occupation of Britain?
They bult roads and oublic buildings, created a framework of law, and introduced new plants and animals.
30
In what centuries did the first Christian communities start appearing in Britain?
3rd and 4th AD
31
In what year did the Roman Army leave Britain and why?
AD 410 to defend other parts of the Empire; but they never returned.
32
Which tribes invaded Britain when the Romans left? Where were they from and what modern language came from their languages?
The Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons. They were from northern Europe.
English.
33
Who dominated England by AD 600?
Anglo-Sanxon kingdoms
34
What's Sutton Hoo and where it is?
The burial site of an Anglo-Saxon king, located in Suffolk.
35
Which notable parts of England remained free from Anglo-Saxon rule?
Scotland and Wales
36
Who was St Patrick
An Irish missionary who spead the Christian doctine in the north of Britain; and then became the Patron Saint of Ireland.
37
Who was St Columba?
An Irish missionary who founded a monastary on the island of Iona, off the coast of modern-day Scottland.
38
Who was the first Archibishop of Canterburry? Where was he from and what did he do of note?
St Augustine.
He was from Rome and helped spead the Christian faith in the south of England.
39
Where did the Vikings come from and when did they first come to the UK and why?
AD 789.
Denmark and Norway.
To raid coastal towns and take away slaves and goods.
40
Where were the fisrt Viking communities established in Britain?
East coasts of Scotland and England
41
How did the Anglo-Saxons react to the Viking invasions and settlements - what was the outcome?
Their kingdoms united under King Alfred the Great.
They defeated the invaders.
42
What is Danelaw?
An area in the north and east of England, marked by having many reagions named in the Viking language - such as Grimsby and Scunthorpe.
43
Did the Viking leave Britain completely?
No, some stayed, mixed with the locals and converted to Christianity.
44
What was the name of the first Danish king in England?
Did the Danish kings last?
Cnut or Canute.
No, they only ruled for a relatively short period.
45
What was the political outcome of the Viking invasions in the north of Britain?
The people united under one king: Kenneth MacAlpin and the term Scotland began being used to describe that kingdom/county.
46
What is the Bayeux Tapestry and where is it?
A large/great piece of embroidery depicting the conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066.
It is in France.
47
Who did the Duke of Normandy defeat in the battle of Hastings and what was the political outcome?
He defeated Harold, the Saxon king of England.
William the Conqueror (the Duke) became king of England.
48
Where is Normandy
In the north of France
49
What was the last successful foreing invasion of Englang?
The Norman conquest.
50
How did the Norman conquest influence the language spoken in England?
Norman French, tha language of the new ruling class, influenced the development of modern English.
51
How did the Norman conquest affect Wales and Scotland?
Wales was initially conquered but gradually gained its territory back.
The normans and Scots fought border battles. The Normans took over some land on the border but did not invade Scotland.
52
What's the Domesday Book?
A sensus of all the towns and villages of England - with all the people who lived in them, who owned the land and what animals they owned.
53
During what year were the British Middle Ages/medieval period? What marked it?
From 1066 to 1485.
Almost constant war.
54
What happened between England and Wales during the medieval period?
England was able to dominate/establish rule over Wales.
55
What's the Statute of Rhuddlan?
A law passed by King Edward I of England, in 1284, annexing Wales to the Crown of England.
56
Why were the castles of Conwy and Caernarfon built?
To impress the English power in Wales over the Welsh.
57
When were the last Welsh rebellions supressed? What was the outcome?
Mid-15th century.
English law and language were introduced.
58
What was the battle of Bannockburn? What was the outcome?
A battle in 1314 between the Scotish (led by Robert the Bruce) and England.
Scotland remained unconquered by the English.
59
Why did the English first go to Ireland? What was the outcome?
They went to help the Irish king and ended up staying and building their own settlements.
60
What was the Pale?
The area around Dublin, which the English ruled by the year 1200.
61
Were the English only influential in the Pale?
No, some important lords around Ireland accepted the authority of the English king.
62
How long did the Hundred Years War last?
116 years
63
Which was the most famous battle of the Hundred Years War and when was it fought?
The battle of Agincourt, in 1415.
64
What a very high-level summary of the battle of Agincourt?
King Henry V's vastly outnumbered English army defeated the French.
65
When did the English leave France?
The 1450s
66
Explain the land ownership system used by the Normans?
Feudalism - in which the king gave land to his lords in return to help in war.
Landowers had to send certain numbers of men to serve in the army.
67
Under feudalism, what was the lot of most peasants?
Some owned land but most were serfs.
68
What was serfdom?
Peasants had a small area of their lord's land where they could grow food. In returnm they had to work for their lord and could not move away.
69
Where else in the UK was serfdom prevalent?
Southern Scotland.
In Northern Scotland and Ireland the land was owned by the members of the clans (prominent ancient families).
70
When did the Black Death arrive in Britain? What was the outcome?
1348 and it killed 1/3 of the populations of the 3 British counties.
71
What was the socioecomonic outcome of the 14th century plage?
The reduced population meant that there was less demand for cereal crops but, at the same time, there was a labour shortage; so peasants started demanding higher wages. New social classed started to emerge, such as the gentry (owners of large areas of land). The shortage of field-labour (less demand for cereal crops) made people move from the countryside to town. In the towns, growing wealth led to the development of a strong middle class.
72
How did the Black Death affect the pale?
The redcuded population meant that English area of influence diminished for a while.
73
Where can the origins of Parleament be traced to?
The king's councel of advisers in the middle ages, which included important noblemen and the Church.
74
What was the Magna Carta?
A document established in 1215 when the noblemen forced King John to sign it. It stipulated that the king needed to respect limits on his power ove his people and specially the nobility.
75
Originally, why were parliaments called?
For the king to consult his nobles, particularly when the king needed to raise money.
76
How many chambers (Houses) did the parleament grow to?
2 Houses. The House of Lords and the House of Commons.
77
Who originally sat in the House of Lords?
The nobility, great landwoners and bishops.
78
Who originally sat in the House of Commons?
Knights (usually smaller land owners) and wealthy people, ususally from the towns and cities, who were elected as representatives.
79
What proportion of the population could join in electing a memeber of the house of Commons?
Only a very small proportion.
80
How many chambers did the medieval Scotish parliament have and what were their names?
3.
The Lords, the commons and the clergy.
81
What importang judicial tenet began to emerge in the middle ages?
The notion that judges had to be independent from the government.
82
What's the main difference between Scotish and English legal systems?
English law is based on precedence (common law) while Scotish law is based on a legal code (written down).
83
What medieval languare are the words "park" and "beauty" derived from?
Norman French.
84
What medieval languare are the words "cow", "apple" or "summer" derived from?
Anglo-Saxon
85
What's the etymology of the words "demand" and "ask"?
"Demand" is French in origin while "ask" is Anglo-Saxon.
86
When did English ( roughly as we know it today) become the prefered language of royal court and official documents?
By about AD 1400
87
Who was the fist person in England to print books using a printing press?
What was one of the first and more notable works he printed?
William Caxton.
The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer
88
Who is John Barbour?
A poet that wrote The Bruce - a poem about the Battle of Bannockburn - in the Scots language.
89
What language, besides Scots, did many people speak in Scotland?
Gaelic
90
What architectural style dominated the middle ages' nobility and clergy?
Castles and cathedrals
91
Name medieval castles and cathedrals that are still in use?
Windsor and Edinburgh castles and Lincoln Cathedral
92
Name a famus example of a Cathedral with stained glass?
York Minster.
93
What was a major export of England in the medieval period?
Wool.
94
What was England's status an a trading nation internationally during the middle ages?
It was an important trading nation.
95
What types of skilled migrants came to England in the medieval period and from where?
Weavers from France; engineers from Germany; glass manufacturers from Italy and canal builders from Holland.
96
When was there a war between the Houses of Lancaster and York?
1455
97
What were the symbols of the two beligerent sides in the War of the Roses?
House of Lancaster: red rose.
House of York: white rose.
98
What and when was the last battle of the War of the Roses? What was the outcome?
The battle of Bosworth Field, in 1485.
King Richard III (House of York) was killed and Henry Tudor (House of Lancaster) became king Henry the VII.
99
How did Kind Henry VII unite the houses of Lancaster and York?
He married the former king Richard's niece, Elizabeth of York.
100
Who was the first king in the Tudor dinasty (House of Tudor)? What was the symbol of this house?
King Henry VII.
A red rose with a while rose inside it.
101
How did the House of Tudor weaken the nobility?
By striving to centralise power as much as possible.
102
What's Henry VIII claim to fame?
Breaking with the Church of Rome and marying 6 times
103
Who was Catherine of Aragon?
Henry VIII first wife -a Spanish princess- with whom he had many children but only one, Mary, survived.
He divorced her when she became to old to give him more children.
104
Who was Anne Boleyn?
Henry VIII's second wife; with whom he had one child, Elizabeth. Anne was unpopular in the country and suspected of adultery so she was executed at the Tower of London.
105
Who's Jane Seymour?
Henry VIII's third wife. She died shortly after giving birth to Edward.
106
Who's Anne of Cleves?
Henry VIII's fourth wife. She was a German princess, married for political reasons but divorved shortly after.
107
Who was Catherine Howard?
Henry VIII's fifth wife and cousin to Anne Boleyn. Also accused of adultery and executed.
108
Who was Catherine Parr?
Henry's sixt wife. She was a widdow and married him later in her life. She survived Henry and remaried but died shortly after.
109
Why was the Church of England established.
Because the Pope didn't give his consent to Henry's divorcing his first wife.
110
How was the Church of England different from the Church of Rome?
In the Church of England the king, rather than the Pope, would appoint the clergy (bishops) and determine how peple worshiped.
111
What was protestantism and when and where did it arise?
A movement across Europe against the authority of the Papacy and the ideas and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.
112
What were some of the non-conformist ideas and activities protestants believed or carried out?
They believed that a person's own relationship with God was more important than submitting to the authority of the Church. They formed their own churches, read the bible own languages rather than in Latin and they did not pray for saints or believed in shrines.
113
When did protestant ideas gain traction in Britain?
During the 16th century.
114
What lead to rebellion in Ireland during the 16th century?
Attempts by the English to enforce protestantism; alongside efforts to introduce the English system of land inheritance laws.
115
What was the Act for the Government of Wales?
The act, during the reign of Henry VIII, by which Wales became formally united to the England.
116
What happened after the Act for the Government of Wales was passed?
Wales sent representatives to the House on Commons in London and the Welsh legal systems was reformed.
117
Who succeded Henry VIII to the throne?
Edward VI
118
What was Edward VI's religious bent?
Strongly protestant
119
During whose rain was the book of common prayers written; and why?
Edward VI's; to be used by the Curch of England
120
How long did Edward VI reign and how old was he when he died?
He reigned 6 years and died at age 15.
121
Who was Bloody Mary?
Strongly catholic queen of England who succeded Edward VI and prosecuted protestants.
122
Who was Elizabeth I?
Successor to the throne of England after her half-sister Mary died (after a short reign). Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
123
Why did Spain try to invade England and when?
In 1588, they wanted to re-establish catholicism, since the queen was a Protestant and established laws about religious services and customs.
124
Where there any internal conflicts during the reign of Elizabeth I? Why?
No, because, even tho she was Protestant, she was conciliatory with all factions.
125
When was Catholicism abolished from Scotland?
1560
126
What was the main difference between the Church of England and the Church of Scotland?
The Scottish Church was independent from the state.
127
Who was Mary, Queen of Scots?
A Catholic queen who spent her childhood in France and fled to England because she was suspected of having been involed in her husband's murder. In England, Elizabeth I, her first cousin, kept her prisoner for 20 years and then had her executed.
128
What marked the Elizabethan era?
A growing sense of nationalism and pride of being English.
129
Who was Francis Drake?
The innaugurator of the England's naval tradition.
130
Who was Francis Drake?
One of the commanders of the defeat of the Spanish Armada and the innaugurator of England's naval tradition.
131
What's the Golden Hind
One of Francis Drake's ships and one of the first to circumnavigate the world.
132
During who's reign was America start being settled?
Elizabeth I
133
When was William Shakepeare birth and death years? Where was he born?
1564-1616
Stratford-upon-Avon
134
Name 4 Shakespeare plays
A Midsummer Night's Dream, Hamlet, Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet.
135
Give 5 quotes of Shakespeare's and which plays they belong to.
* Once more unto the breach (Henry V)
* To be or not to be (Hamlet)
* A rose by any other name (Romeo and Juliet)
* All the world's a stage (As You Like It)
* The darling buds of May (Sonnet 18 - Shall I Compare Thee To a Summer's Day).
136
When did Elizabth I die and who inherited the throne?
She died in 1603 and her cousin James VI of Scotland relinquished the Scotish throne to become James I of England, Ireland and Wales.
137
What is King James I's claim to fame?
The King James version of the bible was published under his patronage.
It was and still is the main version used by Protestant christians.
138
What were the plantations in Ireland?
These were lands that had been confscated from Catholic landholders and given to Scotish and English Protestant settlers; as well as to companies based in London. The first of these plantations were set up in Ulster, the northern province of Ireland.
The advent of plantations had serious long-term implications for the history if Great Britain.
139
How did James I and Charles I see parliament?
They both believed in the divine right of kings to rule abd thought parliament wa a neusance. Charles I eventually had to give in to the rise of parliament in England (after 11 years of being able to raise money without it) because there was trouble in Scotland, who's throne he had inherited along with England's and ireland's.
140
Why did Charles I need to recall Parliament in 1640?
He believed that the Church Of England needed more pagentry/ceremony and introduced a reviced Prayer Book. When he tried to enforce this on the Presbyterean Church of Scotland, Scotland formed an army and invaded England.
Charles needed funds for this war.
141
Whas Charles I successful in his 1640 request to parliament?
No.
142
What were the events that triggered the English Civil war of 1642?
A rebellion in Ireland because the Roman Catholics feared the growing power of he Puritans (an ultra-strict type of christians) in the English parliament.
The English Parliament, controlled by the Puritans, used this opportunity to demand control over the English army. This would mean that Parliament would, effectively control the country, in stead of the king.
In response, Charles I entered the house of Commons to arrest 5 of the main leaders but they weren't there because someone had warned them. No monarch has set foot in the house of commons ever since.
The supporters of the king were called the Cavaliers and the the supporters of Parlianment were called the Roundheads.
143
Who won the 1642 civil war?
Parliament had won by 1646, after defeating the king's army at the Battles of Marston Moor and Naseby. Charles was held captive and later executed, in 1649.
144
What happened immediatelly after the execution of Cahrles I?
England declared itself a republic, called the Commonwealth.
Oliver Cromwell suppressed the Ireland rebellion with much brutality.
145
How did Oliver Cromwell come to be nominated Lord Protector?
He defeated Charles II, whom the Scots (who had not agreed with the execution of the king) had nominated king of Scotland; After the Scotish army invaded England.
Charles II fled to Europe after famously once having to hide inside an oak three.
He held that title until his death in 1658.
146
Who succeded Oliver Cromwell to the protectorate?
His son, Richard. However, he was not quite able to control the country and people started talking of restoration.
147
When was the Retoration and who becam king?
May 1660: Cherles II
148
What 2 events marked the reigh of Charles II?
A major outbreak of plague in 1665 and the great fire of London in 1666.
149
Which architect rebuilt St Paul's Cathedral?
Sir Christophen Wren
150
When did the Habeas Corpus Act become law?
1679
151
What notable institution was created during the reign of Charles II?
The Royal Society
152
What was James II's religious bent? How did he become king?
He was a Catholic but people were kind of easy since his 2 daughters were firmly Protestant.
His cousin, Charles II, died, in 1685, childless.
153
What was the Glorious Revolution?
William of Orange, the Protestant ruler of the Netherlands, invaded England but found no resitance. He re-established the power of Parliament and ruled jointly with his wife, James II's elder daughter.
154
Why did some Scotts distrust William of Orange?
He massacred the whole McDonalds of Glencoe family because they were late to take an oath of fielty.
155
By what name were the supporters of James II?
Jacobites
156
What were the different tittles kings had in England (including Wales and Ireland) vs Scotland?
* James I of England was James VI of Scotland;
* James the II was James VII;
* William III was William II
157
When was the Bill of Rights introduced? What was it?
1689 - Confimed the rights of Parliament and limited the power of the King.
158
Give some details about the Bill of Rights.
* Parliament took control of who could be king;
* Parliament declared that the King of the Queen had to be protestant;
* A new parliament had to be elected every 3 years, then it changed to 7 and now is 5.
159
What did the Bill of Rights mean in terms of the king's ability to govern?
The king would need to have advisers or ministers who would be able to ensure a majority of votes in both houses of Parliament. This was the beguining of party politics; with 2 main groups (the Whigs and the Tories). Britain was now a constitutional monarchy.
160
From what year were newspapers permitted to operate without a governement licence?
1695
161
Distinguish pocket boroughs from rotten boroughs; after the passing of the Bill of Rights.
Since only propertied males could vote, some constituencies (boroughs) were dominated by a single influential family (pocket boroughs); while other boroughs hardly had any voters (rotten boroughs).
162
When did the first Jews come to Britain since the Middle Ages?
1656
163
What period saw the arrival of Huguenots from France?
1680 to 1720
164
Who were the Huguenots and what boons did they bring to Britain?
Protestants who had been persecuted for their religious beliefs.
Many were educated and skilled workers in science, banking, or in weaving and other handycrafts.
165
Why and when was the Kingdom of Great Britain created?
Queen Ann, the successor of William and Mary, had no surviving children. Because of that, there was uncertainty regarding the succession in England, Wales and Ireland and in Scotland.
The Act of Union or Treaty of Union (as it is know in Scotland), was, therefore, agreed in 1707, creating the Kigdom of Great Britain.
Scotalnd was no longer an independent country bur retained its own legal and education systems and Presbyterian Church.
166
Who succeded Queen Anne and when? What was the main political outcome?
George I, a German, was chosen the succession because he was her nearest Protestant relative.
Because he spoke little English, he had to rely more and more on his ministers, the most prominet of whom became known as Prime Minister.
167
Who was the first person to hold the title of Prime Minister and during what period?
Robert Walpole, from 1721 to 1742
168
What did the Scottish Jacobites do after Queen Anne's death?
In 1714, they tried to put James II's son on the throne but were quickly defeated.
In 1745, there was another Jacobite attempt to put a Stuart king back on the throne, in the person of Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie), the grandson of James II.
169
Who fought the Battle of Culloden, when was it and who won?
In 1746, George II and Bonnie Prince Charlie fought for the British throne and George II won.
170
What were the political and economic ramifications of George II's victory at Culloden?
Chieftains became landlords and clansman (who had largely supported Charles Stuart) became tenants who had to pay for the land they used.
171
What was the "Highland Clearance"?
After Culloden, many Scottish landlords started destroying individual small farms (known as crofts) to make space for large flocks fo sheep and cattle.
Evictions became very common in the early 19th century and many Scots left North America at this time.
172
Who was Robert Burns?Where dies he ahve a famous statue?
A Scottish poet (1759-96) who wrote the sond Auld Lang Syne, sung by people in the UK during New Year (Hogmanay, as it is known in Scotland) celebration.
In Dumfries town center.
173
What was the Enlightenment?
The deveopment of new ideas, starting during the 18th century, about politics, science and philosophy. Many of the main figures of the this movement were Scotish.
174
Name a few notable Sottish figures of the Enlightenment?
* Adam Smoth - Economics;
* David Hume - Human Nature;
* James Watt - Science/Industry (steam engine)
175
Which was arguably the most important tennet that came from the Enlightenment?
Every person is free to hold their chosen political and religious views without interferance from the state.
176
When did the Industrial Revolution happen? What were the economic ramifications.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, several machines were developed that used steam power. These machines helped mechanise the manufacturing of goods and used coal and other resourses; which made many people move from the countryside to go work for the mining and manufacturing industries.
177
Who developed the steam-powered atmospheric engine?
Thomas Newcomen
178
What industrial process led to the development of the shipbulding and railways?
The Bessemer process for the mass production of steel.
After this, manufacturing jobs became the main source of employement in Britain.
179
What is carding?
The process of preparing fabres for spinning into yarn and fabric.
180
Who was Richard Arkwright?
1732-92. He originally trained as an woked as a barber but eventually started working in textiles. He improved the original carding machine, developed horse-driven (and, later, steam-engine-powered) spinning mills.
He's remembered for his efficiency.
181
How did the industrial revolution affect transportation?
Apart from facilitating railway building, it nececitated the building of canals as transport links from the factories to the cities and towns and the ports; for the transportation of raw materials and manufacctured goods.
182
What landmass' coast did Captain James Cook map out?
Australia
183
What was the Industrial revolution's effects on geopolitics?
Britain gained control over Canaga, Australia, India (through the East India Company) and southern Africa.
184
During the British colonization period where did tobbaco, sugar, textiles, tea and spices come from?
Tobacco and Sugar came from Noth America; while tea, spices and textiles came from India and Indonesia.
185
Who was Sake Dean Mahomet?
1759-1851
Born in Bengal, married an Irish girl called Jane Daly in 1786.
Opened the first curry house in London (Hindoostane Coffe House) and introduced the Indian art of Shampooing to Britain.
186
Where is Sake Dean Mahomet's portrait?
The Royal Pavilion & Museums, Brighton & Hove
187
Who were the first anti-slavery lobbyists in Britain?
The Quakers.
188
Who was William Wilberforce?
An slavery abolitionist who was an evangelical christian and member of parliament.
189
When did it become illegal to trade slaves in British ships and ports?
1807
190
When was slavery abolished in the British empire?
1833
The Emancipation Act.
191
When did the American war of independence start?
in 1776, when 13 colonies declared war on Britain.
This ended in British defeat, in 1783.
192
Around when did France declare war on Britain?
Around 1789, shortly after the French Revolution.
193
When was the battle of Trafalgar and where can Admiral nelson's ship be visited today?
1805,
HMS Victory can be visited in Portsmouth.
194
When did the French Wars end and how?
Emperor Napolion was defeated at the battle of Wateloo in 1815 by the Duke of Wellington (the Iron Duke), who later became Prime Minister.
195
When did Ireland become fully unifyied with Britain?
1801 after the Act of the Union of 1800
196
When was the Union Flag (Union Jack) established?
1801
197
What are the elements of the 1801 Union Flag (Union Jack - different from the 1606 one)?
It consists of three crosses:
* St George (patron saint of England) - red cross on a white background
* St Andrew (patron saint of Scotland) - diagonal white cross on a blue background
* St Patrick (patron saint of Ireland) - diagonal red cross on a white background
198
Why does the Welsh dragon not appear on the Union Jack?
Because when the first Union Flag was created, in 1606, the Principality of Wales was already part of England.
199
When did Victoria become queen?
1837, at the age of 18; and reigned until 1901 (64 years).
200
What happened to the poor in Britain during the Victorian Age?
With the increase of the influence of the middle class, reformers started leading movements to improve the conditions of life for the poor.
201
What was the extent of the British Empire in terms of subjects?
400 million
202
How many British Citizens left Britain between 1853 and 1913?
About 13 million people left.
203
How many Russian and Polish Jews came to Britain between 1870 and 1914? Where did they settle, in the main?
Around 120 thousandand they mainly settled in East London,Manchester and Leeds.
204
When were the Corn Laws repeled?
1846. This helped develop British industry.
205
From 1847, how many hours per day could women and children work, at most?
10 hours per day
206
Who pioneered the railway engine?
George and Robert Stephenson, father and son.
207
Who was Isambard Kingdom Brunel?
1806-59.
Versatile engeneer who built the Great Western Railway (the first major railway in Britain).
208
Where does the Great Western Railway run from and to?
From Paddington Station in London to the southwest of England,the West Midlands and Wales.
209
What did Britain produce more that half of (globally) in the 19th century?
Iron, coal and cotton cloth.
210
Where did the Great Exhibition take place in 1851?
In Hyde Park in the Crystal Palace (a huge building made of steel and glass).
211
When did the Crimean War happen and who were the beligerents?
1853 to 1856.Britain, Turkey and France against Russia.
212
What was the first mediatic war? What accolade was introduced by the British during this war?
The Crimean War. The Victoria Cross was introduced by the queen during this war, to honour acts of valour by soldiers.
213
Who was Florence Nightingale?
1820 - 1910.
Born in Italy to British parents. Trained as a nurse in Germany at age 31. Worked in Turkey in 1854 in military hospitals during the Crimean War. reduced the mortality rate by improving conditions.
In 1860,opened a nursing school (Nightingale Training School) at St' Thomas' Hospital in London.
School still open.
Regardedas founder of modern nursing.
214
Comment on 19th century Ireland.
Still reliant on agriculture and the potato. When the potato crop failed,mid-century, as many as 1 million died and 1.5 million left the country to North America and England. By 1861, there were large populations in Liverpool, London, Manchester and Glasgow.
215
Campanre the Fenians with Charles Stewart Parnell.
The former advocated for complete Irish independence while the latter advocated remaining in the UK but having its own parliament (i.e. Home Rule).
216
What did the Reform Act of 1832 achieve?
It got rid of the old pocket and rotten boroughs, permanently shifted political power from the countryside to the towns.Voting, however,was still restricted to property ownership.
217
Who were the Chartists and what did they achieve in the 19th century?
Campaigners for more widespread suffrage.
In 1867, they achieved the passing of a new Reform Act, which allowed for people with less property to vote. Still, most men could not vote as well as no women.
218
In what century was universal suffrage adopted in Britain?
The 20th century, after the suffragette movement gained traction.
219
Up until 1870 and 1882, what happened to a woman's property when she got married?
It all went automatically over to her husband.
220
Who was Emmeline Pankhurst?
1856-1928
Helped found the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU - the first group to be called the suffragettes).
Suffragettes used civil disobedience to fight for the right to vote for married women. After WWI, women over 30 in Britain gained the right to vote (as recognition for their contribution to the war effort).
In 1928, women gained suffrage from the age of 21.
221
When wasa tghe Boer War and who fought it?
1899 - 1902
Fought between British and Dutch settlers in South Africa.
222
When did the British Empire transiton to the Commonwealth?
Second half of the 20th century.
223
Who was Rudyard Kipling?
1865 - 1936
Nobel Prize in Literature 1907.
* Just so Stories
* Jungle Book
* If
224
What important thing happened on 28 June 1914?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated.
225
What were the main conditions that lead to WWI?
* Growing sense of nationalism in many European states
* Increased militarism
* Imperialism
* Division of the major European states into 2 camps.
226
How many British soldiers died in the first day of the British attack on the Somme? When was it?
July 1916
60,000 British casualities on the fisrt day alone.
227
When did WWI end?
11.00 am on 11th November 1918
228
What was the Easter Rising?
* In 1913, the British promissed Home Rule to Ireland
* Delays in Home Rule grant becasue of WWI casued uprising in Dublin in 1916
229
What happened after the Easter Rising was suppressed?
A gerrilla war was waged against the British army and the police. In 1921 a peace treaty was signed and in 1922 Ireland became two countries.
230
How was Ireland split?
The 6 mainly Protestant counties to the north became Northern Ireland and the rest became the Irish Free State, which became a republic in 1949.
231
What were "The Toubles"?
The conflit between those who wanted one independent Ireland and those who whished to remain loyal to the British.
232
What happened in Britain during the inter-war period?
* Living conditions improved
* Improvements in public housing
* Great Depression
* Heavy industries badly affected
* Automobile and aviation boom
* 1 to 2 million car ownership between 1930 and 1939
* Prominent writers: Graham Green and Evelyn Waugh
* Prominent Economist: John Maynard Keynes
* BBC radio in 1922 and BBC TV 1936 (first in the world)
233
Who composed the Axis Powers?
Fascist Germany and Italy and The Empire of Japan
234
Who composed the Allies?
UK, France, Poland, Australia, New Zeland, Canada, and the Union of South Africa.
235
What was Hitler's campaign through Europe?
Poland > Austria > Czechoslovakia > Belgium > Netherlands > France (1940)
236
Who was Winston Churchill?
1874-1965
Son of a politician
Soldier and Journalist
Prime Minister of England in 1940
War leader in WWII
Lost 1945 general election
Returned as Prime Minister in 1951
In 2002, voted greatest Briton of all time
237
What were the most important craft used by the British during the Battle of Britain?
The Spitfire and the Huricane, both designed and built in Britain.
238
What is "the Blitz spirit"?
A phrase that represents Britons pulling together in the face of adversity
239
When was D-Day?
6 June 1944
240
When did WWII end?
Against Germany: May 1945
Against Japan: August 1945
241
Who were the first scientists to "split the atom"?
Machester and the Cambridge University scientists led by New-Zeland-born Ernest Rutherford.
242
Who was Alexander Flemming?
1881-1955
Discovered penicillin in 1928
Penicillin developed into a drug by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain.
Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945
243
What was the Beveridge Report?
A report outlining the welfare state. Clement Atlee (1945 Prime Minister) implemented the report into policy.
NHS established in 1948 by Aneurin (Nye) Bevan, the Minister for Health.
Railways, coal mines and gas, water and electicity nationalised.
1947 independence granted to many 9 countries, including India, Pakistan and Ceylon (Sri Lanka).
244
245
Why was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization set up?
To resist the perseived threat of invasion by Russia and its allies.
246
What type of government did Britain have from 1951 to 1964?
Conservative
247
Who was famous for his "wind for change" (independence of the counties of the Empire) speech?
Harold Macmillan
248
Who was Clement Atlee?
1883-1967
Born in London
Son of a solicitor
Oxford university
East London social work
Deputy Prime Minister during the war years
Labour Party leader for 20 years
249
Who was William Beveridge?
1879-1963
Economist
Liberal MP and leader of the Liberals in the House of Lords
1942 Social Insurance and Allied Services report - commisioned in 1941
Father of the modern welfare state
250
According to the Beveridge report, what were the 5 "Giant Evils"
Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness
251
Who was Richard A Butler?
1902-1982
Education minister
Free secondary education
Division between primary and secondary education
252
Who was Dylan Thomas?
1914-1953
Poet
Under Milk Wood
Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night
Very celebrated in Swansea
253
When was Windrush?
1948
254
Before the 1060s, what was customary for employers to do when a woman got married?
Ask them to leave work.
255
Who developed the Concorde; and when?
Britain and France in the 1960s. It was the first supersoninc comercial airliner.
256
What group of 28,000 people came to Britain in the 1970s and why?
Indians that had been expelled from Uganda.
257
What are 5 of the most notable inventions from Britain in the 20th century?
* TV, 1920s: John Logie Baird (1888-1946), Scotish
* Radar, 1935: Sir Robert Watson-Watt (1892-1973), Scotish - Bernard Lovell (radio telescope at Jodrell Bank)
* Turing Machine, 1930s: Alan Turing (1912-1954), English
* Insulin: John Macleod (1876-1935), Scotish, co-discoverer
* Discovery of DNS double-helix, 1953: Sir Francis Crick (1916-2004), Nobel Prize, co-discoverer.
* Jet Engine, 1930s: Sir Frank Whittle (1907-96)
* Hovercraft, 1950s: Sir Christopher Cockerell (1910-99)
* Concorde, 1969: flew passangers from 1976 to 2003
* Harrier jump jet (vertical take-off)
* Cashpoint, 1960s: James Goodfellow (1937-). First utilised by Barclays bank in Enfield in 1967
* IVF, 1978: Sir Robert Edwards (1925) and Brian Steptoe (1913-88)
* Cloning of a mammal, Dolly the sheep.
* MRI scanner: Peter Mansfiled (1933-2017)
* World Wide Web, 25 December 1990: Sir Tim Berners-Lee (1955-)
258
What was the result of the 1972 suspension of the Northern Ireland Parliament?
3000 deaths in the decades after 1969.
259
Who is Dame Mary Peters?
1939-
Born in Manchester, moved to Northern Ireland as a child
Notable Northern Ireland olympic gold medalist.
Made Dame of the Empire in 2000
260
Who formed the European Economic Community?
West Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Luxemburg and the Netherlands, in 1957.
261
When was the EU formed?
1993
262
When did the UK leave the EU?
31 January 2020
263
When did the Falkland War start?
1982
264
Who was Margaret Thatcher?
1925-2013
* Daughter of a grocer from Grantham
* Chemist and lawyer
* Elected Conservative MP in 1959
* Became a cabinet minister in 1970 as Secretary of State for Education and Science
* Elected leader of the Conservative party in 1975 i.e. Leader of the Opposition
* Prime minister from 1979 to 1990 (longest of the 20th century)
265
Who was Roald Dahl?
1916-90
* Born in Wales to Norwegean parents
* Server in WWII in the RAF
* Books include Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and George's Marvellous Medicine
266
Who governed parliament from 1997 to 2010?
Labour
266
What Prime Minister introduced the Scottish Parliament and a Welsh Assembly?
Tony Blair, from 1997
267
Who took over the Labour government from 2007?
Gordon Brown
268
When was the Northern Ireland Assembly elected?
In 1999, after the 1998 Good Friday Agreement.
It was suspended in 2002 and reinstated in 2007.
269
When was Iraq first invaded by a western coalition?
In 1990, as part of the liberation of Kuwait.
270
When did Britain leave Iraq, following its 2001 invasion?
2009
271
What is the ISAF?
The 50-nation International Security Assistance Force mandated by the UN.
272
What was notable about the 2010 General Election?
For the first time, since 1974, a party didn't win and overall majority.
273
When was the Brexit referendum held?
3 June 2016
274
What's the longest north-south extent of England?
From John O'Groats on the north coast of Scotand to Land's End, in the south-west corner of England. About 870 miles (1,400 kilometers).
275
What are the 12 major cities of England?
1. London
2. Birmingham
3. Liverpool
4. Leeds
5. Sheffield
6. Bristol
7. Manchester
8. Bradford
9. Newcastle Upon Tyne
10. Plymouth
11. Southampton
12. Norwich
276
What are the 3 major cities of Wales?
1. Cardiff
2. Swansea
3. Newport
277
# 1.
What is the major city of Northern Ireland?
Belfast
278
What are the 4 major cities of Scotland?
1. Edinburgh
2. Glasgow
3. Dundee
4. Aberdeen
279
What's the capital city of the UK?
London
280
What's the capital city of Scotland?
Edinburgh
281
What's the capital city of Wales?
Cardiff
282
What's the capital city of Northern Ireland?
Belfast
283
What languages, different from English, are spoken in the different nations of the UK?
* In Wales: Welsh
* In Scotland: Gaelic is spoken is some parts of the Highlands and Islands
* Northern Ireland: Irish Gaelic
284
How has the populaition of the UK changed over time, since the year 1600?
* 1600: just over 4 million
* 1700: 5 million
* 1801: 8 million
* 1851: 20 million
* 1901: 40 million
* 1951: 50 million
* 1998: 57 million
* 2005: Just under 60 million
* 2010: Just over 62 million
* 2017: Just over 66 million
285
What are the usual population proportions of the four parts of the UK?
1. England: ~84%
2. Scotland: ~8%
3.Wales: ~5%
4.Northern Ireland: <3%
286
What was the proportion of the different religions in the UK, according to a 2011 Census?
1. Christian: 59%
2. No religion: 25%
2. Muslim: 4.8%
3. Hindu:1.5%
4. Sikh: 0.8%
5. Jewish or Buddhist: less than 0.5%
286
Who is the head of the Church of England (i.e. Anglican/Episcopal Church)?
The King
287
Who is the spiritual leader of the Church of England (i.e. Anglican/Episcopal Church)?
The Archbishop of Canterbury.
288
How are senior Church of England officials elected?
The King (though the Prime Minister), with the help of a committee appointed by the Church, elects the Archibishop of Canterbury and other senior church officials.
Several Church of England bishops sit in the House of Lords.
289
When was the Church of England formed?
During the Reformation, in the 1530s.
290
How does the Church of Scotland work?
It is a Prebyterian Church: governed by church ministers and elders. The chairperson is elected for 1 year only and ofter speaks on behalf of the Church.
291
Name the Protestant Christian groups in the UK.
* Church of England
* Baptists
* Methodists
* Presbyterians
* Quakers
292
List the days of the patron saints in the 4 parts of the UK.
* 1 March: St David's Day, Wales
* 17 March: St Patrick's Day, Northern Ireland - official holiday
* 23 April: St George's Day, England
* 30 November: St Andrew's Day, Scotland - official holiday
293
When is Easter
March or April
294
What is Lent?
The 40 days prior to Easter.
Many people fast and/or give up something they enjoy.
The day before Lent starts is called Shrove Tuesday, or Pancake Day.
It begins on Ash Wednesday.
295
Why is it called Pancake Tuesday?
Becasue people make pancakes to use up eggs, fat and milk, in preparation for the Lent fast.
296
What happens on Ash Wednesday?
People attend service and are marked with an ash cross on their forehead as a symbol of death and sorrow for sin.
297
What is Diwali?
Also known as the Festival of Lights, and observed by Hindus and Sikhs in October or November, it celebrates the victory of good over evil and the gaining of knowledge, and lasts for 5 days.
The is a famous celebration of it in Leicester.
298
What is Hanukkah?
It's celebrated for 8 days, in November or December, and it remembers the Jew's struggle for religious freedom.
On each day of the festival, one candle is lit on a menorah (a stand of eight candles) to remember the story of the festival, where oil that should have lasted for only one day lasted for eight.
299
What is Eid al-Fitr?
Celebrated at the end of Ramadan, where Muslims have fasted for a month. The date changes every year.
300
What is Eid ul Adha?
It remembers that the prophet Ibrahim was willing to sacrifice his son to God.
301
What is Eid ul Adha?
It remembers that the prophet Ibrahim was willing to sacrifice his son to God.
302
What is Vaisakhi?
A Sikh festival which celebrates the founding of the Sikh community, known as Khalsa. Celebrated on 14 April, each year, with parades, dancing and singing.
303
When is Mother's day (Mothering Sunday)?
The Sunday three weeks before Easter.
304
When is Father's Day?
Third Sunday in June
305
What is Bonfire Night?
5 November - 1605 Guy Fawkes and his co-conspirators failled at a Catholic attempt to assassinate the Protestant king with a bomb in the Houses of Parliament.
306
What is Rememberance Day?
11 November - commemorates those who died fighting for the UK and its allies. People wear a poppy, the flower found on the battlefields of WWI. People observe a 2-minute silence at 11.00 am. Wreaths of flowers are laid at the Cenotaph in Withehall.
307
When has the UK hosted the Olympic games?
1908, 1948 and 2012
308
Who championed the Paralympic games?
Dr. Sir Ludwig Guttman
309
Who championed the Paralympic games?
Dr. Sir Ludwig Guttman
310
Who championed the Paralympic games?
Dr. Sir Ludwig Guttman
311
Who competes in the Six Nations Rugby union competition? What is the other major league rubgy competition?
England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, France and Italy.
The Super League.
312
What are the most famous horse-racing events in the UK?
Royal Ascot: a five-day event that some memebers of the royal family attend.
The Grand national at Aintree, near Liverpool.
The Scottish Grand National at Ayr.
313
Where is the home of golf?
St. Andrews, in Scotland
314
Where was the first tennis club established?
Leamington Spa, 1872
315
Where does Wimbledon take place?
The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club.
316
Who organizes the Proms?
The BBC, since 1927.
317
Who was Henry Purcell?
1659-95
Famous british composer
318
Who was George Frederich Handel?
1685-1759
German-born composer who became a british citizen in 1727.
Famous works include "Water Music", "Music for the royal fireworks" and "Messiah".
319
Who founded the Aldeburgh festival?
Benjamin Britten, in Suffolk. Classical music.
320
Which play has had the longest initial run in history?
The Mousetrap, by Agatha Christie, in London's West End (a.k.a. theater land).
321
What is The Fringe?
A Scottish theater festival that often showcases experimental work. It takes place in Edinburgh.
322
Where are the Laurence Oliver Awards presented?
Ususally in London
323
When did the Turner Prize start being awarded?
1984
324
What famous UK festival showcases gardens?
The annual Chelsea Flower Show.
325
Name 3 British Literature Nobel Prize winners?
Novelist Sir William Golding
Poet Seamus Heaney
Playright Harold Pinter
326
What is the Man Booker prize?
A literary award presented to authors or the Commonwealth, Ireland or Zimbabwe.
327
What flowers are associated with the 4 parts of the UK?
1. England : rose
2. Scotland: thistle
3. Northern Ireland: shamrock
4. Wales: daffodil
328
What is a traditional dish in Wales?
Welsh cakes, made from flour, dried fruit and spices, and served either hot or cold.
329
What is Haggis?
A traditional Scottish dish, consisting of a sheep's stomach stuffed with offal, suet, onions and oatmeal.
330
What's a traditonal dish of Northern Ireland?
Ulster fry - Full monty with potato bread and soda bread.
331
What were the 6 demands of the Chartists?
* Vote for every man
* Political equality for every region
* Yearly elections
* Every man to be able to run for MP
* MPs to be paid
* Secret ballots
