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Soils Exam #3 > life in soil > Flashcards

life in soil Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four main ingredients in soil

A

air - 25
water 25
mineral 45
organic 5

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2
Q

organic definition

A

materials alive now or in the past

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3
Q

is adding organic matter a good thing or bad thing

A

good in the long run, bad in the short run

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4
Q

do humic colloids have high or low CEC

A

high

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5
Q

do humic colloids buffer soil pH

A

yes

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6
Q

do humic colloids retain cationic nutrients

A

yes

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7
Q

how does humus act like glue and stabilize soil aggregates

A

improves aeration
increase infiltration rate
increase plant avail water
decrease susceptibility to erosion

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8
Q

what does humus slow release (3 nutrirents)

A

N, P, S

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9
Q

negatives of fresh crop residue

A

initially negligible cation exchange capacity

little glue

interfere with plant nutrient uptake if incorporated directly into soil (less of a problem if left ontop of mulch)

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10
Q

do plant residues like straw or stardust tie up nitrogen

A

yes

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11
Q

does manure supply ammonium to plant roots

A

yes

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12
Q

soil organisms converts fresh plant residues to __________

A

humus

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13
Q

heterotroph

A

an organism that obtains the carbon atoms from which it builds its strucutre from organic molecules

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14
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

heterotrophs that obtain their energy from chemical reactions like respiration or fermentation

yogurt or mushrooms

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15
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

heterotrophs that obtain their energy from light

few exotic bacteria

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16
Q

autotroph

A

an organism that obtains its structural carbon atoms inorganic molecules

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17
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

autotrophs that get energy from inorganic chemical reaction

thiobacilli

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18
Q

photoautotrophs

A

autotrophs that obtain energy from light

plants, algae, diatoms

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19
Q

a photoheterotroph needs to grow with a _______ __________ who leaks inorgnic compounds

A

photoautotrophic partner

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20
Q

prokaryote def

A

no membrane bound nucleus

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21
Q

eukaryote def

A

keeps DNA in a membrane bound nucleus

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22
Q

Prokaryote or eukaryote? linear chromosomes

A

eukaryote

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23
Q

Prokaryote or eukaryote? reproduction through clining and binary fission

A

prokaryotes

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24
Q

Prokaryote or eukaryote? organelles

A

eukaryotes

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25
Q

Prokaryote or eukaryote? circular chromosomes

A

prokakryotes

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26
Q

are there curcular chromosomes in eukaryotes

A

in organelles yes

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27
Q

do all organisms have ribosomes in them

A

yes

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28
Q

job of ribosomes

A

assemble all protiens one amino acid at a time based on instructions copied from DNA into RNA messages (mRNA)

29
Q

TF DNA can’t tell you ancestral history

A

F

30
Q

3 domains

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

31
Q

When are archaea present in soil

A

nitrogen cycle

only they can create swamp gas

32
Q

is prokaryotic biomass equal to funal abundance

A

yes, prokakryotic biomass is more in ag soisl

33
Q

of all euakryotes, what organisms appear ot be the most significant

A

earthworms

33
Q

when macrofauna digests dead plant matter, does it emerge out of the other end fully digested

A

no

34
Q

why is amcrofauna not great at difesting dead plant matter (fully) (chemical)

A

cellulose

34
Q

TF macrofauna decreases the speed at which microbes can enter, decompose, and transform the fresh organic matter into CO2

A

F, increases it

35
Q

are earthworms macro or microfauna

A

macrofauna

36
Q

what types of things do earthworms like to eat

A

fine particles and organic things

37
Q

earthworm midden

A

burrow entrance sign- covered with availible debris

38
Q

TF worms don’t crap in their own burrows

A

T

39
Q

where do earthworms void their poop

A

surface

40
Q

do earthworms have an affect on the surface grain size, and if so - how

A

ingestion of silt and clay VS sand will make the surface finer grained

41
Q

fewer crop residue = more or less earthworms

A

less

42
Q

how much do earthworms like lime

A

a LOT

43
Q

does tillage reduce earthworm abundance

A

yes

44
Q

do earthworms like hot or cool soil

A

cool- when its hot they’ll drive deeper into the ground

45
Q

DDT affect on earthworms

A

doesn’t affect them directly but compounds in their tissue. Then robins eat them and their eggs become very weak

46
Q

nematodes

A

small round worms not related to earthworms
some are root infesting plant parasites
some eat pests

47
Q

do merigolds control nematodes

A

yes- reduce them
grow w tobacco

48
Q

three morphological types of protists in soil

A

flagellates, amoebae, ciliates

49
Q

flagellates

A

flagella to flap around
tail

50
Q

which are the smallest protists

A

flagellates

51
Q

how do amoeba consume organisms

A

wrapping themselves around them

52
Q

phagocytosis

A

ingesting orgnaic matter by wrapping them into a membrane and putting digestive enzymes into the pocket

53
Q

who can do phagocytosis

A

eukaryotes only

54
Q

two areas in which you can do your digestion

A

detritovores, saprotrophs

55
Q

detritovores

A

internal digestion

earthworms, milipedes, pill bugs

56
Q

saprotrophs

A

external digestion

all free living chemoheterotrophic bacteria
all fungi because they also have rigid cell walls

57
Q

does bacteria like moist soil

A

yes

58
Q

do fungi like moist conditions

A

yes but also able to thrive in dry better than bacteria (will take over)

59
Q

what pH do bacterial like

A

neutral

60
Q

can fungi survive low pH better than bacteria

A

yes

61
Q

Do bacteria require o2

A

no, they will only slow down

62
Q

do fungi require o2

A

yes

63
Q

who does better in an o2 shortage bacteria or fungi

A

bactera

64
Q

who does better in dry soil bacterial or fungi

A

fungi

65
Q

who tolerates acidity better bacteria or fungi

A

fungi

66
Q

who tolerates tillage better bacteria or fungi

A

bacteria

67
Q
A

Soils Exam #3 (6 decks)

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