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Foundation of Medicine (Year 1) > Life at the cellular level > Flashcards

Life at the cellular level Flashcards

1
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A
  • bacteria, archaea
  • lack nuclear membrane
  • no membrane bound organelle
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2
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A
  • animals, plants, fungi, algae, protozoa
  • nucleus with membrane
  • membrane bound organelles
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of cell membranes?

A
  • also called plasma membrane or plasmalemma
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • selective barrier
  • receptors embedded in membrane to detect chemical signals
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • supports and maintains cell shape
  • internal cell order
  • intracellular transport
  • movement
  • assembly of cells into tissues
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5
Q

What are the three types of cytoskeleton?

A

1.) microfilaments
2.) intermediate filaments
3.) microtubules

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6
Q

What are microfilaments?

A
  • thinnest cytoskeleton
  • units of actin put together (globular protein)
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7
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Made up of fibrous proteins such as keratin and neurofilament protein

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8
Q

What are microtubules?

A
  • largest cytoskeleton
  • lots of functions
  • made of tubulin put together (globular protein)
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9
Q

What are the two types of cell surface projections?

A

Cillia and flagella

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10
Q

What is cillia?

A
  • short
  • usually many present
  • move with stuff power stroke and flexible recovery stroke
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11
Q

What is flagella?

A
  • longer than cillia
  • usually one of two present
  • movement is stroke like
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the nucleus?

A
  • contains DNA
  • nucleoli are sites of RRNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly
  • enclosed in nuclear membrane/envelope (phospholipid bilayer)
  • closely associated with RER
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • membrane bound organelle
  • rough and smooth variations
  • RER has ribosomes attached
  • RER modifies proteins
  • SER has no ribosomes attached
  • SER is mainly associated with lipid and steroid hormone production and metabolism of toxins
  • ribosomes synthesise proteins
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of golgi apparatus?

A
  • membrane bound organelle
  • packages up protein in preparation for transport out of the cell
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of mitochondria?

A
  • membrane bound organelle
  • outer membrane contains pores
  • inner membrane has cristae (folds)
  • matrix contains most of the enzymes required for metabolising food molecules
  • circular DNA
  • can self-replicate
  • synthesise most of their own proteins
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of lysosomes and peroxisomes?

A
  • membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes
  • lysosomal enzymes are degradative, responsible for digestion of biological materials or engulfed particles
  • peroxisomal enzymes degrade long-chain fatty acids and other foreign toxic molecules and breakdown the hydrogen peroxide produced by the reactions
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17
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Controlled, programmed cell death

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18
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Untimely death of cells

19
Q

What form to monosaccharides occur in?

A

D- from

20
Q

What form to amino acids occur in?

A

L- form

21
Q

What is OIL RIG?

A

Oxidation
Is
Loss

Reduction
Is
Gain

22
Q

What is an example of a reducing agent?

A

NADH

23
Q

What is an example of an oxidising agent?

A

NAD+

24
Q

What are characteristics of tricylglycerides?

A
  • also called triglycerides or fats
  • glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
  • insoluble in water
  • storage lipids (in adipocytes)
  • non polar, hydrophobic
25
Q

What is a non-polar covalent bond?

A

Two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other

26
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

A pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, the more electronegative atom pulls the electron towards itself becoming partially negative

27
Q

Is water a polar or non polar molecule?

A

Polar

28
Q

What is a hydrophilic molecule?

A

Molecules that dissolve in water

  • sugars
  • alcohols
  • aldehydes
  • ketones
  • compounds with N-H groups
  • charged particles such as ions

Water forms a “screen” around charged particles

They are all polar molecules

29
Q

What is a hydrophobic molecule?

A

Molecules that do not dissolve in water, but do dissolve in lipid

  • fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
  • lipids
  • steroid hormones
  • oxygen

Arrange themselves in water so as to minimise contact with surrounding water molecules —> called hydrophobic effect

They are non polar molecules

30
Q

What is an amphipathic molecule?

A

Molecules which contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

  • many proteins are amphipathic
  • hydrophobic regions of the protein chain are on the inside and hydrophilic regions on the outside
  • therefore water soluble

examples —> cholesterol, phospholipids

31
Q

What are liposomes and micelles used as?

A

Drug-delivery systems

32
Q

What values for blood pH are normal?

A

7.35-7.45

33
Q

What values for blood pH are acidosis?

A

7-7.35

34
Q

What values for blood pH for alkalosis?

A

7.45-7.8

35
Q

What are the two most important buffer systems?

A

Phosphate buffer system and bicarbonate buffer system

36
Q

What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation?

A

pH = [A-] / [HA]

37
Q

What does an increase in CO2 cause?

A

Respiratory acidosis

38
Q

What does a decrease in HCO3- cause?

A

Metabolic acidosis

39
Q

What does a decrease in CO2 cause?

A

Respiratory alkalosis

40
Q

What does an increase in HCO3- cause?

A

Metabolic alkalosis

41
Q

What is the 1st law that governs energy change?

A

Energy can be converted from one form to another but the total energy of the universe remains constant

42
Q

What is the 2nd law that governs energy change?

A

All energy transformations ultimately lead to more disorder in the universe i.e. increase that entropy

43
Q

What is entropy?

A

A gauge of randomness or chaos within a closed system, as usable energy is irretrievably lost, disorganisation, randomness and chaos increase

Foundation of Medicine (Year 1) (6 decks)

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