Life and Physical Sciences Flashcards
Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches, which the body breaks down into glucose.
Enzymes
A type of protein that acts as a catalyst. They are not consumed in the reaction. They speed up reactions by lowering the energy required by the system to initiate the reaction.
Endothermic
Involving absorption of heat
Exothermic
Involving release of heat
Lipids
Fatty acids and their derivatives that are insoluble in water.
Macromolecules
A molecule that contains a large number of atoms.
Monomers
A molecule that can bond to identical molecules to form a polymer.
Nucleic Acids
Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA.
Polymer
A substance composed of similar units bonded together.
Proteins
Molecules composed of amino acids, joined by peptide bonds.
Chromatid
One of two strange a chromosome divides into during mitosis.
Chromosome
A structure made of protein and one molecule of DNA.
Deoxyribose Sugar
The sugar obtained from DNA by hydrolysis.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The material that contains genetic information
Gene
A string of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity.
Hydrogen Bond
The attraction between hydrogen atoms and highly electronegative atoms.
Nucleotide
The building block of DNA and RNA
Nucleus
The core of an atom
Phosphate Group
A phosphorus atom bound to 4 oxygen atoms.
Dihybrid
The cross between parents with different alleles for two genes.
Dominant
The most powerful trait.
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an individual
Inheritance
Transmission of characteristics to offspring
Mendelian
Inheritance of parents to offspring
Monohybrid
The cross between parents with different alleles for one gene
Non-Mendelian
Inheritance of traits that do not follow Mendelian patterns
Phenotype
Physical appearance formed by genetics and environment
Recessive
Traits that that are makes if dominant alleles are also present.
Anion
A negatively charged ion
Atom
The most basic complete unit of an element
Cation
A positively charged ion
Covalent Bond
A chemical bond in which electron pairs are shared between atoms
Electron
A negatively charged atomic particle
Group
A column of elements in the periodic table
Ion
A positively or negatively charged atom or molecule
Ionic Bond
The bond between two oppositely charged ions.
Neutron
An atomic particle with no electric charge
Orbital
An area around the nucleus where an electron can be found
Period
One of seven horizontal rows in the periodic tables
Periodic Table
The table of elements expressed as columns and rows.
Proton
A positively charged atomic particle
Valence Electron
An electron in an outer orbital that can from bonds with other atoms
Boiling Point
The temperature at which a liquid boils and turns into vapor.
Chemical Properties
Characteristics of a material that is present during a chemical reaction or chemical change.
Density
The amount of mass per volume (m/v)
Diffusion
Mingling of substances and movement from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Extensive Properties
An extensive property is a property that changes when the size of the sample changes. Examples are mass, volume, length, and total charge.
Intensive Properties
An intensive property doesn’t change when you take away some of the sample. Examples are temperature, color, hardness, melting point, boiling point, pressure, molecular weight, and density.
Malleability
The ability of a metal to be shaped.
Melting Point
The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid.
Nonpolar
A type of covalent bond in which two atoms share electrons.
Osmosis
Passage of fluid through a membrane
Physical Properties
Observable properties of matter
Polar
A molecule that has negative and positive sides
Specific Heat Capacity
The amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree Celsius
Boiling
Liquid at a temperature at which it is changing to a vapor
Condensation
Changing of vapor to gas or liquid
Critical Point
The temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance have the same density.
Freezing
Changing form a liquid to a solid due to temperature
Gas
A state of matter composed of molecules in constant random motion
Liquid
A state of matter that has definite volume but no definite shape.
Melting
Changing form a solid to a liquid due to temperature.
Phase Diagram
A graph of physical states of a substance under varying temperature and pressure.
Solid
A state of matter that retains its shape and density when not contained.
Sublimation
Changing from a gas to a solid without becoming a liquid.
Triple Point
The temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and vapor phases of a pure substance coexist.
Acid
A substance with a pH less than 7
Base
A substance with a pH greater than 7.
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent chemical change.
Chemical Equation
Mathematic representation of a chemical reaction.
Compound
A substance made of 2 or more elements.
Element
Pure substances that cannot be broken into simpler substance.
Enzyme
A substance produced by a living thing that acts as a catalyst.
Metal
A substance that is a good conductor of electricity and heat, forms cations by loss of electrons, and yields basic oxides and hydroxides.
Nonmetal
Any element or substance that is not a metal.
Organic Molecule
A molecule found in a living thing that contains carbon.
pH
The measure of acidity of alkalinity.
Salt
A chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, with at least part of the hydrogen of the acid replaced by a cation.
