Life and Disability Exam

Question 1

Stages of Human Development:

Answer 1

Development occurs in stages, including prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

Question 2

Continuity vs. Discontinuity:

Answer 2

Continuity is gradual development, while discontinuity involves distinct stages.

Question 3

Nature vs. Nurture:

Answer 3

Development is influenced by both genetics (nature) and environment (nurture).

Question 4

Lifespan Perspective:

Answer 4

Development is lifelong, multidimensional, and influenced by biology, culture, and history.

Question 5

Freud’s Psychosexual Theory:

Answer 5

Freud’s stages focus on how early experiences influence personality development.

Question 6

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

Answer 6

Erikson emphasized social and cultural factors, with eight stages of psychological crises.

Question 7

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning:

Answer 7

Learning occurs through association, as in Pavlov’s dogs.

Question 8

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning:

Answer 8

Behavior is shaped by reinforcement or punishment.

Question 9

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory:

Answer 9

Learning occurs through observation and imitation, with modeling playing a key role.

Question 10

Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory:

Answer 10

Children move through stages of thinking, from sensory experiences to abstract reasoning.

Question 11

Information-Processing Theory:

Answer 11

The mind processes, stores, and retrieves information like a computer.

Question 12

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory:

Answer 12

Development is driven by social interaction and cultural tools, with the zone of proximal development being key.

Question 13

Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory:

Answer 13

Development is influenced by various environmental systems, from immediate surroundings to societal norms.

Question 14

Thelen’s Dynamic Systems Theory:

Answer 14

Development results from the interaction of multiple factors, including body, environment, and goals.

Question 15

Bowlby’s Attachment Theory:

Answer 15

Early attachment to caregivers forms the foundation for future relationships.

Question 16

Critical vs. Sensitive Periods:

Answer 16

Critical periods are times when certain abilities must develop, while sensitive periods allow for more flexibility.

Question 17

Disability Justice:

Answer 17

Focuses on collective liberation and the intersectionality of ableism with other forms of oppression.

Question 17

Medical vs. Social Model of Disability:

Answer 17

The medical model views disability as a condition to fix, while the social model sees societal barriers as the problem.

Question 18

Person-First vs. Identity-First Language:

Answer 18

Person-first language emphasizes the individual, while identity-first language emphasizes the disability.

Question 19

Stages of Prenatal Development:

Answer 19

Prenatal development includes the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.

Question 20

Teratogens:

Answer 20

Harmful substances can interfere with prenatal development and cause birth defects.

Question 21

APGAR Scale:

Answer 21

A test that assesses a newborn’s health at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.

Question 22

Reproductive Justice:

Answer 22

Advocates for the right to have or not have children and to parent in safe environments.

Question 23

Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal Development:

Answer 23

Growth occurs from head to toe (cephalocaudal) and from the body outward (proximodistal).

Question 24

Neurogenesis and Synaptogenesis:

Answer 24

Neurogenesis is the creation of neurons, and synaptogenesis is the formation of neural connections.

Question 25

SIDS:

Answer 25

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is the unexplained death of an infant during sleep

Question 25

Synaptic Pruning and Myelination:

Answer 25

Unused synapses are eliminated through synaptic pruning, while myelination speeds up neural transmission.

Question 26

Gross and Fine Motor Skills:

Answer 26

Gross motor skills involve large movements, while fine motor skills involve small, precise actions.

Question 27

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Substages:

Answer 27

Infants progress from reflex actions to intentional behaviors and mental representations.

Question 28

Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust:

Answer 28

Infants learn to trust their caregivers if their needs are consistently met.

Question 29

Erikson’s Autonomy vs. Shame:

Answer 29

Toddlers develop independence and personal control.

Question 30

Bowlby’s Secure vs. Insecure Attachment:

Answer 30

Secure attachment reflects trust in caregivers, while insecure attachment indicates anxiety or avoidance.

Question 31

Temperament Types:

Answer 31

Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up temperaments describe how infants respond to their environment.

Question 32

Cause of Down Syndrome:

Answer 32

Down Syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (Trisomy 21).

Question 33

Characteristics of Down Syndrome:

Answer 33

Down Syndrome is associated with distinct physical traits and cognitive delays.