Life and Disability Exam Flashcards
Stages of Human Development:
Development occurs in stages, including prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
Continuity vs. Discontinuity:
Continuity is gradual development, while discontinuity involves distinct stages.
Nature vs. Nurture:
Development is influenced by both genetics (nature) and environment (nurture).
Lifespan Perspective:
Development is lifelong, multidimensional, and influenced by biology, culture, and history.
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory:
Freud’s stages focus on how early experiences influence personality development.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Erikson emphasized social and cultural factors, with eight stages of psychological crises.
Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning:
Learning occurs through association, as in Pavlov’s dogs.
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning:
Behavior is shaped by reinforcement or punishment.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory:
Learning occurs through observation and imitation, with modeling playing a key role.
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory:
Children move through stages of thinking, from sensory experiences to abstract reasoning.
Information-Processing Theory:
The mind processes, stores, and retrieves information like a computer.
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory:
Development is driven by social interaction and cultural tools, with the zone of proximal development being key.
Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory:
Development is influenced by various environmental systems, from immediate surroundings to societal norms.
Thelen’s Dynamic Systems Theory:
Development results from the interaction of multiple factors, including body, environment, and goals.
Bowlby’s Attachment Theory:
Early attachment to caregivers forms the foundation for future relationships.
Critical vs. Sensitive Periods:
Critical periods are times when certain abilities must develop, while sensitive periods allow for more flexibility.
Disability Justice:
Focuses on collective liberation and the intersectionality of ableism with other forms of oppression.
Medical vs. Social Model of Disability:
The medical model views disability as a condition to fix, while the social model sees societal barriers as the problem.
Person-First vs. Identity-First Language:
Person-first language emphasizes the individual, while identity-first language emphasizes the disability.
Stages of Prenatal Development:
Prenatal development includes the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.
Teratogens:
Harmful substances can interfere with prenatal development and cause birth defects.
APGAR Scale:
A test that assesses a newborn’s health at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.
Reproductive Justice:
Advocates for the right to have or not have children and to parent in safe environments.
Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal Development:
Growth occurs from head to toe (cephalocaudal) and from the body outward (proximodistal).
