Liberalismus

Question 1

Liberal vs Conservative in U.S.

Answer 1

Liberal: more state Regulation

Conservative: liberal economists, free market, private property, limited state regulations

Question 2

Coherent liberal international theory?

Answer 2

There is none. Liberals are pluralists

Question 3

Orthodox Liberalism General?

Answer 3

Promoting „negative freedom“

Freedom of private sector

Minimal marketinterference from the state
(Adam smith, David Ricardo)

Question 4

Interventionist Liberalism

Answer 4

No certainty that private sector brings progression
More interventions from the state
Positive freedom + negativ
Want to bring More equality, fairness and justice in free market economy

Question 5

Institutional Liberalism

Answer 5

Favor of development of strong international institutions ( WTO, IMF, World Bank)

Question 6

Focus of Liberalism

Answer 6

Individuals

Question 7

3 major international economic organizers

Answer 7

IMF ( International Monetary Fund)

World Bank/IBRD ( Int.Bank for Reconstruction and development)

GATT ( General Agreement ob Tariffs and Trade)

Question 8

Politics and economics in liberalism

Answer 8

Separated strictly
Economic interests are always good for a nation
State should only provide infrastructure and national defense , and freedom for markets

Question 9

Orthodox liberalism origins and pesimism ?

Answer 9

Locke

Smith - Laisser-faire- invisible hand- against mercantilist believes of zero-sum game- believe in positive sum and growth

David Ricardo- advantages in production helps make fair Traids in international Anarchie

Question 10

3 important functions of the state

Adam smith

Answer 10

• national defense
• protect members of injustice and oppression
• provide Puplic goods that private wouldn’t provide on their own

Question 11

Keynes

Answer 11

Noted, that a balance in markets often still comes with high-rates of unemployment.
High unemployment rate—>low demand—>bad economic
So Keynes proposes: state should become involved in market dynamics, help increase demand when underemployement if necessary with investment or monetary policys
Or limit import, even though it s not financialy effective.
Interventionist liberalism
It’s still capitalistic

Question 12

Post war liberalism?

Answer 12

Interventionist
Try to not repeat mistakes in between war (great depression) so they give a bigger role to state and bargaining power to unions and Labour organization, which in response derqdicalize and step away from socialism

Question 13

Mont Pelerin Society

Answer 13

1947
Orthodox liberals who even hate the state more than a.smith

Friedmann, Hayek, mises…

50s/60s keynanism

70s oil crisis: power to neo-liberals: thatcher and Reagan

Sowjet-breakdown: global neo-liberalism: no accountability for international firms
Dependencies of global south

Question 14

Interdependence Theory

Answer 14

1968-Richard Cooper

Need for international policy making because of interdependence between stateseconomies

Focus on international organizations

1978- Keohanne, Nye…pessimistic view, interdependencys are asymmetrical, less dependent have more powe

Question 15

Cooperation in liberalism

Answer 15

No global centralized authority

Game Theory and Prisoners Filemaker

Can there be a Pareto-effective solution
Solution: - International Organizations
- global hegemonial powers (?)

Question 16

Regime ?

Answer 16

Set of implizit or explizit principals, rules, norms and decision-making procedures in an area of international relations

Question 17

Regime theory focuses on just a few areas , for example?

Answer 17

Traid and Monetary relations:

WTO: Global Trade Regime

IMF: Global Monetary Regime

Question 18

Orthodoxe Liberale zu nord-süd Beziehungen

Answer 18

Not much interest

LCD profit more from interdependencies than “developed”

The misfortune of the south is explained trough irrational or inefficient domestic policys

Modernization theory

Strengthening of the private sector is solution

Critisising ISI

LDCs need export-led economy to thrive

Question 19

Modernization theory

Answer 19

50s and 60s

Modern as conta to tradition

Deterministic

Traditional live is the problem of the south and reason why they should develope in a western way to overcome economical problems

Endet mostly in the 70s but orthodox liberals still believe it

Question 20

Walt Rostov

Answer 20

Author: the stages of economic growth

Modernization theoriest

Question 21

Critics to modernization theory

Answer 21

South now has different problems than the north in the last stages

Question 22

ISI?

Answer 22

LDC Policys in the 50s and 60s (some latinx country’s till 70s) to help protect local industry from OECD.

Question 23

Interventionist s on north-south relations

Answer 23

Efficient, market-orientated policys for LDCs, but also acknowledge of inequalities between south and north.

Removal of northern trade barriers to south + protectionism
Increased financial resources to LDCs trough IWF and World Bank
Multinational cooperations should not take advantage of LDCs position

No radical change of economy or distribution needed

Question 24

Critique of the liberal perspective?

Answer 24

Inattention to power and distribution

Realists: trade is rarely free, and equal. We need to focus on bargaining power.
Powerful states can injure the weaker by terminating linkage to trade, aid, foreign investment

Historical Strukturalist: liberals legitimize inequality and exploitation.
Misleading working class (they would benefit from liberal world-order).
Interdependence=exploitation & imperialism

Technical solution for distributional problems

Scarcer resources : positive sum—>zero-sum

South is not interdependent: it is dependent

Under-theorizing the role of the state