Liberalism

Question 1

What are the constraints of Realism? (3 points)

Answer 1

1) Power ratio- countries deter war by military strength. If a country has great military dominance that exceeds every other country. Ergo, a country will not go to war over survival if they know the results are obviously negative for them. Based on military, economic and demographic capabilities
2) Allies- share an important strategic and security interest. Military disputes are unlikely between allies as this would weaken their common front against the common enemy. E.g. NATO enemies did not fight each other in Cold War
3) Long distance makes it harder and expensive to exert military power whilst neighbouring countries can readily fight

Question 2

Why is it rare for liberal countries not to fight? (4 points)

Answer 2

1) Democracies will rarely fight or even threaten other democracies due to sharing common principles. They believe all conflicts should be resolved peacefully by negotiation and compromise. Ergo, these liberal principles will be upheld in IR. However, dictators operate on Hobbesian principles and believe all states are enemies and war is the only solution.
2) Institutions- Democratic leaders who fight a war are held accountable by the general public. Wars have extreme costs on the general public and thus democratic leaders who start wars are more likely to be voted out, especially if these wars are long and costly. However, dictators repress opposition and thus can stay in power after wars.
3) international trade has become essential in a ever globalised world, violent conflict endangers markets, imports and capital.
4) International organisations like the UN have specific mutual goals concerning military, human rights, trade, environment