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A-Level Politics > Liberalism > Flashcards

Liberalism Flashcards

1
Q

What’s an Ideology?

A

A set of ideas that provides basis for organised political action. Whether intended to preserve, modify or overthrow current system of power

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2
Q

Main beliefs of Liberalism?

A
  • Freedom + the individual
  • Human nature
  • The role of state
  • Society ~> tolerant society
  • Economy
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3
Q

What’s egotistical Individualism?

A

People are self reliant + seeking + independent therefore society is atomistic with cooperative individuals

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4
Q

What’s negative freedom?

A

Liberty is an absence of constraint

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5
Q

What’s harm principle?

A

Everyone should only have freedom + J.S Mill argued that the gov should only intervene to prevent harm

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6
Q

What’s individualism?

A

Importance of the individual over the collective in political thought

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7
Q

What’s hedonism?

A

Happiness is ultimate good measured as pleasure and absence of pain
Quantity > Quality

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8
Q

Negative liberty

A

Freedom that involves people being left alone to peruse their destiny -> interference could be infringement of liberty

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9
Q

Mechanistic theory

A

John Locke argues humans are rational and can build a state that reflects their needs. Rejects divine right of kings

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10
Q

Developmental individualism

A

John Stuart Mill focused on what people could become, emphasis education

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11
Q

Economic liberalism

A

Capitalism - belief that private property is a natural right and that private enterprise allows for individual Liberty

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12
Q

Keynesianism

A

Based upon John Maynard Keynes, form of capita in that involves state directing and managing market forces for steady growth, full employment therefore greater liberty

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13
Q

Social contract

A

John Locke says state should be a deal between the government and the governed

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14
Q

Foundational equality

A

People born equal so entitled to equal treatment by the state eg laws and rights

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of liberalism?

A

Classical, Modern, Neo-liberalism

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16
Q

Atomism

A

Society is made up of self - sufficient and interested individuals

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17
Q

Heywoods 5 values of liberalism?

A

Individualism, freedom, reason, justice, tolerance + diversity

18
Q

Key views of classical liberalism

A

Government by consent, negative liberty, natural rights, minimal government, laissex Faire capitalism + ambivaent about democracy

19
Q

Minimal government

A

The government which governs best is that which governs the least, limited in power, how + whether they act, ‘when gov grows our liberty is restricted’ - J.S.M

20
Q

Laissex Faire capitalism

A

‘Leave alone’, capitalism limitless capacity to enrich individuals + society as long as state intervention in the economy was severely restricted - Adam Smith

21
Q

Government by consent

A

State should be serving not master, rejects divine right of kings

22
Q

Ambivaent about democracy

A

Karl Marx - only property owners should be able to vote, J.S.M thought only uni graduates should vote as they were rational

23
Q

John Locke views on human nature

A

Humans rational, optimistic + need gov to be night watchman
“Mankind is selfish yet empathetic”

24
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft views on human nature

A

Believe optimistic human nature applied to men + women

25
Q

John Stuart Mill views on human nature

A

Individualism leads to equal moral worth ~} development individualism
“It’s better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied”

26
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Applies principle of utilty - Greatest happiness for the greatest number

27
Q

John Lockes views on society

A

Full of sufficient people ( rationalism), atomistic

28
Q

John Lockes views on the state

A

Against feudal system for gov by consent + social contract, gov is necessary evil ‘night watchman’, ‘where laws don’t exist man has no freedom’

29
Q

John Lockes views on economy

A

Free market, defence of private property, believed in the Keynesian trickle down theory, votes for all could threaten natural right to property

30
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft’s view on society

A

Everyone has equal moral worth, becoming wives restricted female individualism as once married women had little legal protection against violence caused by spouse “such arrangements aren’t conditions where reason + progress may prosper”

31
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft’s view on state

A

against divine right of kings, thought that women not being able to vote was a blatant violation of gov by consent, though women should have education ~> develop rationality

32
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft view on economy

A

Thought that women were denied economic independence as they were rarely allowed land ownership or paid employment

33
Q

J. S Mill view on society

A

Universal education helped to promote developmental individualism

34
Q

J. S Mill view on the state

A

Argued for representative democracy (MP’s), min gov, though uni grads should vote ~> rational entities, supported voted for women, supported democracy ~> develop

35
Q

J. S Mill view on economy

A

Believed that a free market economy helps to enrich individuals

36
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Those who don’t thrive in a limited gov + negative freedom will be eliminated ( survival of the fittest)

37
Q

Positive liberty

A

Freedom to make choices, enabling state helps to ensure equality of outcome not just opportunity ( welfare state)

38
Q

Social liberalism

A

The endorsement of a regulated market economy and the expansion of civil + political rights

39
Q

Enabling state

A

State that allows people to choose to progress rather than 1 which intervenes + forces people to succeed

40
Q

Affirmative action

A

Positive action towards minority’s + given advantage over others to ensure equality of opportunity is enshrined

41
Q

Original aim of liberalism

A

Equality of opportunity

42
Q

Neo liberalism

A

A political approach which favours free market capitalism and limited gov intervention

A-Level Politics (6 decks)

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