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IR > Liberalism > Flashcards

Liberalism Flashcards

1
Q

Liberalism is a theory of…

A
  • Government
  • of Institutions
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2
Q

What are the main differences between Liberalism and Realism?

A
  1. Realism: International system is anarchic; international organizations don’t have importance
  2. Liberalism: Importance of International Organizations
  3. Realism: the ACTOR is the STATE
  4. Liberalism: the ACTOR is the INDIVIDUAL
  5. Realism: negative conception of human beings
  6. Liberalism: positive conception of human beings
  7. Realism: short-term prospective
  8. Liberalism: long-term prospective
  9. Realism: states are RATIONAL
  10. Liberalism: states are NOT Rational
  11. Realism: International Peace is impossible
  12. Liberalism: International Peace and Cooperation is possible, through:
    * TRADE
    * INSTITUTIONS
    * DEMOCRACY
  13. Realism: High Security
  14. Liberalism: Low Security
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3
Q

What is the AGENT of Liberalism?

A

The Agent of Liberalism is the INDIVIDUAL.

In Liberalism the focus of analysis is the individual plus various collectivities of individuals: states, corporations, international organizations, associations etc

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4
Q

What are the three PHASES of Liberal thinking + the time period in which they were developed

A
  1. LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM: (XIX century)
  2. IDEALISM (beginning XX century)
  3. NEOLIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM / NEO-LIBERALISM: (end of XX century)
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5
Q

What does LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM says/claims?

A

Liberal Internationalism claims that reason can generate freedom and justice in the international affairs

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6
Q

What does IDEALISM says/claims?

A

Idealism claims that peace is not a natural condition but it can be politically built

+ Idealism -> Domestic Analogy: what you do domestically you can also do internationally

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7
Q

What is NEOLIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM ‘s main focus ?

A

NeoLiberal Institutionalism’s main focus is transnational politics and interdependence

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8
Q

Can Globalization and Capitalism be considered “achievements” of Liberalism?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What are the Three Dimensions of Liberalism? (to which correspond the three ways to reach PEACE according to Liberals)

A

1) COMMERCIAL -> (peace through Trade)

2) INSTITUTIONALISM -> (peace through Institutions)

3) REPUBLICAN -> (peace through democracy)

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10
Q

What are the three LIBERAL ways to SOLVE CONFLICTS/ Achieve peace?

A

1) Peace through TRADE
2) Peace through INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
3) Peace through DEMOCRACY

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11
Q

What are the four Liberal Assumptions?

A
  1. MULTI-CENTRIC APPROACH: monolithic state is downgraded, in fact it’s not all about state but a key role is played also by IOs, MNCs, NGOs
  2. THE STATE IS NOT A UNITARY ACTOR
  3. THE STATE IS NOT RATIONAL
  4. THE AGENDA IS WIDE AND DIVERSIFIED it’s not only about power and war
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12
Q

What is the “free rider problem”?

A

Its a problem concerning PUBLIC GOODS: since the market doesn’t take care of public goods, I don’t have incentives to invest in them since I can make a free rider, i.e: enjoying the benefit without paying for it.

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13
Q

What are the three ACTORS in the INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM that take care of public goods?

A
  1. Collective Security
  2. International Law
  3. International Institutions
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14
Q

What are the 5 Permanent Members of the Un Security Council?

A
  • Uk
  • Usa
  • China
  • France
  • Russia
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15
Q

Summarize SOCIOLOGICAL LIBERALISM:

A

According to Sociological Liberalism, IR scholars also study relations between private individuals, groups and societies (TRANSNATIONAL RELATIONS).

Overlapping interdependent relations between people are bound to be more cooperative than relations between states. Therefore, according to Sociological Liberals, a PLURALIST world with a large number of transnational networks is more peaceful.

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16
Q

What is the main point of Interdependence Liberalism

A

The fact that:

Reciprocal INTERDEPENDENCE and entanglement between the different countries generates INCENTIVES for cooperation and PEACE, because if two countries are interdependent to one another it means that the action of country A has an effect also on country B

17
Q

What is the main claim of Institutional Liberalism?

A

Institutional Liberalism claims that international INSTITUTIONS help to PROMOTE COOPERATION between states

18
Q

How do Institutions, according to Liberals, promote COOPERATION among states?

A
  • By building MUTUAL TRUST among states
  • By providing a forum for negotiation between states
19
Q

What are the four different types of Institutions and what are their main characteristics?

A
  • INTERGOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS = they are formalized institutions (e.g: Un)
  • INTERNATIONAL REGIMES = international regimes are collection of formal, informal agreements, conventions and treaties that all together manage to regulate a certain domain in international affair
  • INSTITUTIONS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE = institutions that have a public role but it’s membership is open also to private actors
  • SUPRANATIONAL INTEGRATION / WORLD GOVERNMENT : «integration is a process of an ever closer union among states through the creation of international or supranational institutions».
20
Q

Which one of these is NOT an International Regime:
- Bretton Woods
- For the control of missile technology (MTCR)
- Of non proliferation
- United Nations Global Compact

- Guarantee of Human Rights

A

United Nations Global Compact

(it’s an example of Global Governance)

21
Q

Why do states create and preserve institutions?

A
  1. Rational Institutionalism: interested based explanation, i.e Institution remain over time because they serve the interests of the states
  2. Historical Institutionalism: there is an institutional inertia + once an institution is built, it is very difficult to dismantle it.
  3. Sociological Institutionalism: institutions remain over time because its members believe in the values and principles of that institution
22
Q

What is the main claim of Republican Liberalism:

A

Democracies don’t go to war against each other

23
Q

What are the reasons why democracies don’t go to war against each other?

A
  1. Because democracy itself is based on the existence of domestic political cultures and norms based on peaceful conflict resolution
  2. Because of Common Moral Values
  3. Because of economic cooperation and interdependence between democracies
24
Q

What are the two Realist claims that NeoLiberal have accepted?

A
  1. That the States are RATIONAL actors
  2. That the International System is ANARCHIC
25
Q

What trade-off is present in international institutions (when you increase the number of members) ?

A

In International institution there is always a trade-off between participation and efficiency: the more you increase the members, the more is difficult to take decisions.

26
Q

Give a specific definition of Global Governance

A

Global Governance is a new form of institutional setting in international affairs, in which non-state and private actors are involved in international relations:

«it is a set of regulatory mechanisms that are not emanating from a single authority, but are produced by the proliferation of networks in an interdependent world».

27
Q

What are the main points of Global Governance?

A
  • Greater scope: multilevel system, global, regional, national, and local at the same time
  • More limited but more inclusive participation
  • It is Multilateral, it entails principles of diffused reciprocity 

  • It is polyarchic, different authorities formally with unequal power 

28
Q

What are the 2 models of Integration (NB: Integration is an International Organization)

A
  1. FEDERALISM: it is a political system in which power is divided and shared between two or more levels of government: the national/central government and the states, so there is a division of competences.
    in Federalism, every citizen is subject to two powers (dual loyalty)
  2. FUNCTIONALISM: decisions made almost without politicians but mainly by technocrats.

IR (2 decks)

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