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liberalism Flashcards

1
Q

what’s individualism?

A

Individualism places values on rights of the individual over the rights of the group of society.
Individuals have responsibility for their actions, and it’s rational being and so an individual right to choose their own actions should be protected.

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2
Q

who said “over his own body and mind the individual is sovereign”

A

John stuart mills

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3
Q

What do liberals believe in individualism?

A

They believe that individual is a means to an end in themselves, rather than means to an end.

Kant.

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4
Q

what do liberals believe on state with individuals?

A
  1. Liberals believe that the state should not harm the rights of the individuals, and dislike strong and paternalistic states which intervene on individual’s right.
  2. Believe that the individual should have as much freedom as possible.
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5
Q

Why do some liberal thinkers oppose government intervention?

A

Some liberal thinkers oppose government intervention in the free market, government welfare and other state policies that restricts the individual rights, freedom, and responsibility.

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6
Q

What do liberals think about freedom and individuals?

A

Believe that the individual should have as much freedom as possible.

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7
Q

What does egoistical individualism mean?

A

Individual freedom involves satisfying one’s desires and needs.

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8
Q

An example of egoistical individualism ideologies?

A

Some part of Thatcherism held egoistical individualism views like they don’t believe in society, instead that we live as a collection of rational self interested individuals.

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9
Q

What does egoistical individualism support? What is another name for this?

A

This view of liberalism supports a state that is as small as possible, and individuals should have as few state restrictions as possible.
This view is also known as atomism and is held by classical liberals.

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10
Q

What is Developmental individualists?

A

Developmental individualists believe in a society, and although they support the ideas of individualism, they believe that individuals wish to live alongside one another.

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11
Q

Does developmental individualists support state intervention?

A

Developmental individualists support more state intervention than egoistical individualists.
Developmental individualists support the idea that the state can make individuals more free by providing them with welfare and support.
Developmental individualism is a view often held by social liberals.

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12
Q

What does freedom mean in liberalism?

A

Individual freedom is the focus of liberalism. However, this doesn’t include absolute freedom as this may harm other people.
Individuals have the right to freedom, but also a duty not to abuse others with it.

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13
Q

In liberalism what is the role of the state?

A
  • The state should have a role in ensuring individual liberty, and should not extend beyond what is necessary to ensure individual liberty.
  • The extent of the state depends on whether positive or negative liberty is supported.
  • The state should guarantee freedom under the law - and so should protect individual freedoms from coercion and external restrictions.
  • For example, the 1st Amendment to the US Constitution protects freedom of religion and freedom of speech.
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14
Q

What does liberalism say about capitalists?

A
  • Liberals believe in the principle of free choice, and therefore that the capitalist system is the best way to ensure individual freedom in society and the economy.
  • The capitalist market is based around ideas of free choice.
  • Some liberals believe in government interventions in the free market, but all support capitalism in one form or another.
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15
Q

What is the harm principle? Whose idea was it?

A

The harm principle is when individual liberty can be restricted if an individuals action may risk harm to others. This ensures freedom in the economy.

John stuart mills proposed the idea.

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16
Q

What is negative liberty?

A

Negative liberty is when an individual is free from external constraints and interference to do as they wish.

For example, freedom from a tyrannical government means that an individual can speak and act as they wish without fear of harm from the government.
Negative liberty supports a smaller role for the state.

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17
Q

What is positive liberty?

A

Positive liberty is when an individual is given freedom to do as they wish by an authority.

For example, the state giving social welfare to an individual may give them the income to do actions they wish to do.
Positive liberty supports a larger role for the state.

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18
Q

What do liberals think about the state?

A

The state is a necessary evil.

Necessary because it provides the structures that avoid disorder and harm to individuals.
Evil because it has the power to coerce individuals and restrict individual liberty.
Because of this, liberals believe in restricting the power of the state, especially in the economy.

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19
Q

What do Liberals think about paternalism?

A

Liberals disagree with paternalism

Paternalism does not respect the individual as a rational being and does not respect individual freedom.

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20
Q

What is paternalism?

A

the restriction of an individual’s freedom by an external body in the individual’s perceived interest.

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21
Q

What do liberals think about the states power, should it be limited?

A

The state should be limited as much as possible.
Liberals support limiting the state through constitutionalism (having a constitutional-style government, especially one that promotes individual liberty), having an independent judiciary, and supporting the rule of law.
Some state intervention is needed to keep order in society, but this is minimal.

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22
Q

Why do liberals support limited intervention?

A

Liberals support limited intervention because they see humans as being rational and able to improve themselves.
Therefore, we should trust humans to make the right choices when given individual freedom, and the state isn’t needed to steer us in the right direction.

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23
Q

what do classical liberals support with limiting the state?

A

Classical liberals support laissez-faire economics and support only limited state intervention in the economy.

24
Q

What do modern liberalism believe in limiting state intervention?

A

Modern liberals are more likely to support more state interventions in the economy and society to promote positive freedoms.

25
Q

What does rationalism mean?

A

Belief that human beings are rational, reasonable and logical.

26
Q

What does rationalism have to do with liberalism?

A

Rationalism supports individual freedom and self-determination (freedom to choose one’s own path and future).
Humans make decisions and moral choices according to reason and logic, and so must be entrusted to make them free from interference.

27
Q

What does paternalist ideologies say about individualism? Does liberalism ideology agree with this?

A

Paternalist ideologies such as one-nation conservatism believe that some individuals are not able to make the right, or most rational decisions for themselves and so must be helped.
Liberalism disagrees with this idea.

28
Q

Does liberalism promote a progressive society?

A

Liberalism promotes a progressive society, as it supports the idea that individuals are rational rather than ruled by forces out of their control (such as religion).

29
Q

In liberalism can an individual be more rational than another?

A

liberalism supports the idea that no human is less rational than any other, and supports equal rights and freedoms for women, people of all ethnicities and people of all social backgrounds.
As a result, liberals support progressive societies where all people have the same rights and freedoms.
Liberals promote tolerance.

30
Q

what does tolerance mean?

A

Tolerance is a willingness to respect opinions, values, customs and beliefs (religious, political etc.) with which you disagree.

31
Q

What does john Locke say about tolerance?

A

John Locke is associated with tolerance. He called for Catholic emancipation at a time when people in England were not free to practice Catholicism.

32
Q

What does equality and social justice mean?

A

Equality and social justice is the belief that individuals are of equal value and that they should be treated impartially and fairly by society.

33
Q

Do liberals believe in equality?

A

Yes.

34
Q

What is foundational equality?

A

It means the right people have simply by being born. These rights can’t be taken away.
They are also known as NATURAL RIGHTS

35
Q

What would socialism ideology say about foundational equality?

A

Socialists also believe in foundational equality as they believe all humans are born equal and deserve equal rights & outcomes.

36
Q

What would conservatives say about foundational equality?

A

Conservatives do not believe in foundational equality as they accept inequality as a natural part of society.

37
Q

Examples of foundational equality?

A
  • The US Declaration of Independence
    ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men
    are created equal, that they are endowed by their
    Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among
    these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness’.
  • The Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 is centered around foundational equality.
  • The HRA is based upon the European Convention on Human Rights.
38
Q

What is formal equality?

A

Formal equality is the idea that all individuals have the same legal and political rights in society.

39
Q

What is the difference between foundational and formal equality?

A

Formal equality is different to foundational equality as it means that the state has to provide rights by law to ensure this type of equality.

40
Q

Which early liberal thinker was opposed to formal equality?

A

Early liberal thinkers such as John Stuart Mill were opposed to formal equality, suggesting mechanisms such as weighted voting, where educated and land-owning voters had more of a say in elections.

41
Q

Example of formal equality?

A
  • Formal equality before the law is also part of the Rule of Law, written by A.V. Dicey in Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885).
  • The principles within it are considered part of the uncodified (not written down in one place) British constitution.
  • The Voting Rights Act 1964 in the US was aimed at providing equal voting rights across the US.
42
Q

What is equality of opportunity?

A

Equality of opportunity is the idea that all individuals should have equal chances in life to succeed or fail.

43
Q

What is equality of opportunity aimed at?

A

Equality of Opportunity is aimed at addressing inequalities caused by what TH Green identified as the ‘cycle of deprivation’ which provides barriers that prevent some people from progressing in life, such as poverty, lack of education and ill health.

44
Q

What is cycle of deprivation?

A

This is a shorthand for what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, crime, bad health and family breakdown. These problems are linked and mutually reinforcing.

45
Q

What is liberals belief on trying to make equality out of outcome?

A

Liberals believe that trying to create equality of outcome would lead to an unacceptable level of state intervention.

46
Q

What do socialist say about equality of outcome?

A

Socialists:
Democratic socialists believe in Equality of Outcome, where people end up with equal circumstances in terms of wealth and property.
Social democrats (another type of socialist) believe in equality of opportunity, like liberals.

47
Q

What do conservative say about equality of opportunity?

A

Conservatives:
Modern conservatives believe in equality of opportunity.
They accept the need for an enabling welfare state, which provides basic welfare to ensure no-one falls below a certain standard of living, and which provides services like universal healthcare & education.

48
Q

Example of equal opportunity?

A
  • The HRA enshrines equality of opportunity in UK law.
  • The creation of the NHS in 1947 by the Labour government, based on the ideas of Beveridge, a Liberal peer (Lord), commissioned to research the big challenges facing Britain after WWII.
  • Liberal PM Gladstone created primary education for working class children, the beginning of universal education in the UK, in 1891.
  • Liberal PM Lloyd George introduced National Insurance in 1911 and the People’s Budget in 1909, aimed at creating equality of opportunity.
  • The Race Relations Act 1967 was created to provide equality of opportunity regardless of race in the UK.
49
Q

What’s the idea of a liberal democracy?

A

A liberal democracy respects the will of the people and has regular free and fair elections.

50
Q

Who is held accountable in a liberal democracy?

A

In a liberal democracy the government is held accountable.

51
Q

What does john Stuart Mills argue about democracy?

A

John Stuart Mill argued that democracy helps individuals to develop.
By participating in democracy an individual can learn and develop and therefore become more rational and fulfilled.

52
Q

What do liberals argue about with democracy?

A

Liberals argue that a democracy should have a constitution to ensure that the government’s powers are checked.

53
Q

What does limited government mean?

A

Limited government means that the government’s role is limited by checks and balances, and a separation of powers to avoid too much power lying with one branch.

54
Q

What is check and balance?

A

Checks and balances are where the three branches of government (the executive, legislative and judiciary) each have distinct powers to check up on each other’s work and ensure there is not too much power in any one branch.

55
Q

What does separation of power mean in check and balance?

A

The separation of powers means that no one person can be in any more than one branch at any one time.

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