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History British Depth Study > Liberal reforms > Flashcards

Liberal reforms Flashcards

1
Q

When was the NHS created?

A

1948

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2
Q

What is the poverty line?

A

A line which shows the amount of money needed to provide the bare necessities (food, water, shelter)

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3
Q

What are the 6 factors which lead to the introduction of the liberal welfare reforms?

A 
Political rivalry 
The work of social reformers 
The boer war
Rise of socialism 
Industrial decline
David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill
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4
Q

How did political rivalry influence the introduction of the liberal reforms?

A

Their rivals the conservatives introduce - Unemployed Workmens Act in 1905 - very popular
Labour Party winning favour of the working class
Didn’t want to lose the vote to either
Hoped reforms would undermine labour

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5
Q

How did social reformers influence the introduction of the liberal reforms?

A

Seebohm Rowntree

  • 1901: Poverty A Study of Town Life
  • important influence behind old age pensions and national insurance acts
  • friend of David Lloyd George
  • 1913: asked by liberals to carry out a study into rural poverty
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6
Q

When did David Lloyd George become chancellor of the exchequer?

A

1908

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7
Q

How did the Boer War influence the introduction of the liberal reforms?

A

Alarmed the government they had no army because the potential recruits were so badly fed
Half the recruits found unfit to fight
Had to lower minimum height to gain enough men
Committee on physical deterioration
- investigated the problem

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8
Q

When was the Boer War?

A

1899-1902

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9
Q

How did the rise of socialism influence the liberal reforms?

A

Reforms were a way of fighting socialism - happy and healthy working class = less socialism

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10
Q

How did industrial decline influence the liberal reforms?

A

Britains position as leading industrial power threatened by USA and Germany
Lloyd George impressed with the welfare system in Germany that was introduced by Bismark (German chancellor) - better/healthier workforce = more development

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11
Q

How did David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill influence the introduction of the liberal reforms?

A

Lloyd George comes from a poor background - hated the difference between classes
Churchill switched from conservatives to liberals when reforms started in 1906
Felt poverty needed to be tackled

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12
Q

Who is William Booth?

A

One of the founders of the Salvation Army - one of many social reformers - motive is Christian morality

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13
Q

Where did Rowntree investigate into poverty?

A

York

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14
Q

What is Rowntree’s background?

A

Family of York based chocolate manufacturers

Family was Quakers so treated their workers well

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15
Q

What did Rowntree discover about poverty?

A

Primary poverty - would never escape poverty
Secondary poverty - living on the edge of poverty
Worked out when an individual may drop below the poverty line
28% in poverty in York

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16
Q

What are the two most important things that the work of social reformers showed?

A

Showed problem of poverty had not been solved

Showed the Victorian idea that poverty was the fault of the poor themselves was not true

17
Q

What did Charles Booth discover about poverty?

A

31% of London in Poverty
Divided poor into four groups
A - lowest class (criminals, street sellers)
B - casual earnings (widowers, part time labourers)
C - occasional earnings (trade depressions)
D - low wages (dock labourers)
85% of people in poverty were not in poverty because it was their own fault

18
Q

When were the first liberal reforms and what year did they last to?

A

1906-11

19
Q

Why did the liberals win the election in 1906?

A

Liberals were in favour of free trade meaning things were lower prices so as most of Britain was poor this was more popular than protectionism which would’ve caused there to be higher prices as the imports would be taxed

20
Q

What is new liberalism?

A

Extending the amount of laws to help improve the lives of the British
The belief that the state needed to help the poor because they couldn’t help themselves

21
Q

How important was new liberalism in 1906?

A

Because of all the social reformers it was important however in the election free trade was more important and education was mentioned more

22
Q

When was the Education (free school meals) Act?

A

1906

23
Q

What was the Education (free school meals) Act?

A

Local authorities empowered to raise 1/2 d rate to finance meals for needy children

24
Q

What was the limitations to the Education (free school meals) Act?

A

Voluntary about whether to provide meals so a limited number did
Government grant only covered half the cost

25
Q

When was the Education (school medic service) Act?

A

1907

26
Q

What was the Education (school medic service) Act?

A

School clinics introduced

27
Q

When was the Children Act?

A

1908

28
Q

What was the children act?

A

Legal rights of a child
Couldn’t claim insurance on a child
Remand houses and juvenile courts set up to deal with young offenders

29
Q

When was the Old Age Pensions Act?

A

1908

30
Q

What were the limitations to the Old Age Pensions act?

A

Pensions kept small and not intended to replace savings
Until 1911 on “deserving poor” got pensions
Pensions only paid to those with incomes less than £31 p.a
Costing the government £12 million by 1913

31
Q

What was the Trade Boards Act?

A

Minimum wages introduced in the sweated trades

32
Q

When was the Trade Boards Act?

A

1909

33
Q

When was the National Insurance Act?

A

1911

34
Q

What was the national insurance act?

A

Compulsory insurance against sickness: employee - 4d
Employer - 3d
State - 2d
Criticised for making deductions from already low wages
Compulsory insurance against unemployment only for certain trades (building, engineers, iron workers)

35
Q

How were these people helped before the liberal reforms?

  • children
  • the old
  • the sick
  • the unemployed
A

No real system - some charities offered help to poor families - orphans in workhouse
Charities, family, the workhouse
Charities, family, the workhouse
Outdoor relief, voluntary labour exchanges

36
Q

What is a workhouse?

A

A place people went of their families could t afford to keep them- the poorest of the poor

37
Q

In what ways were the liberal reforms ineffective?

A

Limited - not everyone helped
- pensions - only half a million elderly qualified
- national insurance - only 10m men and 4m women and only 2.25m unemployed
Wide range in quality of care in school clinics
Whole areas remained unreformed
Pensions and national insurance failed to go far enough
Education fell behind standards on the continent

38
Q

What are the arguments against the liberal reforms?

A

Encourage people to be lazy
Make them dependant
No the states job to help the poor they should help themselves

History British Depth Study (3 decks)

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