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Z: GCSE History (Paper 2) > Liberal Reforms > Flashcards

Liberal Reforms Flashcards

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1
Q

True or False?

In order to vote, you had to be a property owner.

A

True.

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2
Q

Could women vote?

A

No.

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3
Q

What was Parliament (House of Commons and House of Lords) dominated by?

A

The rich.

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4
Q

True or False?

MPs were paid.

A

False - MPs (Members of Parliament) were not paid.

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5
Q

How many male adults had the right to vote?

A

1 in every 3.

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6
Q

Which other country had already begun its reforms, and meant Britain was falling behind?

A

Germany.

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7
Q

How many of the world’s ships were built in Britain?

A

Half.

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8
Q

How much of the world’s trade was produced by British manufacturers?

A

One third.

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9
Q

What was there a huge production of in Britain’s industry?

A

Textiles, coal, machinery, ships and railway engines.

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10
Q

How much of the world was ruled by British empire?

A

A quarter.

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11
Q

Name some of Britain’s colonies.

A

Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India and South Africa.

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12
Q

Why was Britain so rich?

A

Because British manufacturers produced one third of the world’s trade.

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13
Q

What percentage of people in Britain were living below the poverty line?

A

45%

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14
Q

How many working class children would die before the age of 1?

A

33 out of every 1000

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15
Q

How many children born into rich households would die before the age of 1?

A

4 out of every 1000

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16
Q

What did the poverty in Britain mean for the Boer war?

A

Many men that volunteered to serve in the Boer War were rejected on health grounds.

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17
Q

How many men were rejected to serve in the Boer War due to poor health?

A

Two thirds.

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18
Q

Who was the Boer War between?

A

Between the British and the Africans.

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19
Q

Where was the Boer War being fought?

A

South Africa.

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20
Q

What is the meaning of the term “reforms”?

A

A change for the better.

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21
Q

When did Germany introduce social reforms?

A

In the 1880s.

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22
Q

What was there a fear of?

A

That Britain was lagging behind on reforms.

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23
Q

How much of Britain’s population was made up of the working classes?

A

Over 50%.

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24
Q

What did the government fear?

A
  • That there would be a revolution of the working classes

- That people would vote for the newly formed Labour Party

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25
Q

Which social class did the Labour Party support in particular?

A

The working classes.

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26
Q

Which two main political parties were in government before the Labour Party was formed?

A
  • The conservative party

- The liberal party

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27
Q

Which social class did the Liberal Party support in particular?

A

The middle classes.

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28
Q

Which social class did the Conservative support in particular?

A

The rich/upper classes.

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29
Q

What did people say were the causes of poverty?

A
  • Laziness
  • Old age (unable to earn a living)
  • Unemployment (loss of a job meant loss of an income)
  • Sickness (unable to work meant loss of an income)
  • Large families (people had to support their elderly relatives who didn’t receive pensions, there was no contraception and no child benefits for families with lots of children)
  • Low wages
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30
Q

What were the three options for those unable to work?

A
  • Relying upon family
  • Upon charities and churches
  • Entering the workhouse
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31
Q

Who was David Lloyd-George at this time?

A

Chancellor of the Exchequer (not prime minister yet)

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32
Q

What did David Lloyd-George introduce that increased taxation to pay for the social reforms?

A

The People’s Budget.

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33
Q

When did Lloyd-George introduce the People’s Budget?

A

1909

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34
Q

What did the upper classes think about the People’s Budget?

A

Thought that it would make the working classes less independent and more dependent on the state.

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35
Q

What was introduced to help the elderly who were out of work.

A

The Old Age Pension

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36
Q

When was the Old Age Pensions Act passed?

A

1908

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37
Q

If you were over 70 with an income of less than £21 per year, how much was your pension?

A

5 shillings a week.

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38
Q

True or False?

The more you earned, the higher pension you got.

A

False - the more you earned every year, the smaller pension you would get through the Old Age Pensions Act.

39
Q

How were pensions paid?

A

Out of taxation.

40
Q

Why was the Old Age Pension thought of as a ‘gift’?

A

Because it was non-contributory (people did not have to contribute towards it)

41
Q

What were two things that opponents of the Old Age Pensions Act said?

A
  • Discourage people from saving

- Rob them of their independence

42
Q

By 1918 how many old people were receiving a pension?

A

1 million.

43
Q

When was the first every pension payment?

A

January 1st 1909

44
Q

What happened if you were ill or unemployed BEFORE 1911?

A

There was no insurance and so you would have become poor

45
Q

The National Insurance Act meant that health insurance was now compulsory if you earned how much per year?

A

£160 or less

46
Q

Was the National Insurance Act contributory or non-contributory?

A

Unlike the Old Age Pensions Act it was contributory.

47
Q

Because the National Insurance Act was a contributory system, how much did people have to pay into it?

A
  • Workers paid 4d a week
  • Employers paid 4d
  • Government paid 2d
48
Q

How much did workers pay out of their wages towards the National Insurance Act per year?

A

£2 - but for every 4d they paid, they got back 10d

49
Q

Why did workers have their cards stamped?

A

If they became ill they could claim sick pay of 10 shillings per week for 26 weeks and free medical care.

50
Q

a) How did workers feel about having to contribute towards National Insurance?
b) What did they say about David Lloyd-George who introduced it?

A

a) They did not like it because they had to pay out of their wages into it
b) “Taffy is a Welshman, Taffy is a thief!”

51
Q

How was Unemployment Insurance similar to National Insurance?

A

The worker and the employer both had to pay into it.

52
Q

How much did people have to pay into Unemployment Insurance?

A

Both the worker and the employer paid 2.5d each

53
Q

How much could unemployed workers claim?

A

7 shillings per week for up to 15 weeks, so helping them until they found another job.

54
Q

True or False?

If you don’t make a claim, you lose contributions you made.

A

True.

55
Q

What was introduced by William Beveridge to help people to find work?

A

The Labour Exchange Act

56
Q

When did Beveridge set up the Labour Exchange Act?

A

1909

57
Q

Why did William Beveridge feel that the Labour Exchange Act was needed?

A

Because there was so much casual labour.

58
Q

a) Where could employers advertise jobs?

b) What did this mean for the unemployed?

A

a) In the Labour Exchange/Job Centre.

b) Unemployed people no longer had to travel around looking for work.

59
Q

a) By 1914, how many Labour Exchanges were there?

b) How many jobs were these filling every year?

A

a) 100

b) A million

60
Q

a) What was set up for those in ‘sweated industries’?

b) What did this do?

A

) The Trades Board Act

b) It set minimum wages and conditions in industries like dressmaking and nail making.

61
Q

What was a ‘sweated industry’?

A

Very hard work for very little money

62
Q

What things were introduced to help children and young people?

A
  • School Meals Act
  • School medical inspections
  • Free medical treatment
  • Children’s Charter
  • Child care committees
  • Probation and borstals
  • Illegal to sell tobacco, alcohol, and fireworks to those under 16
  • Limited working hours and not allowed to do unsuitable work
63
Q

a) When was the School Meals Act introduced?

b) What was it?

A

a) 1906

b) Local authorities provided free school meals for poorer children

64
Q

When did school medical inspections start?

A

1907

65
Q

In what year did children begin to receive free medical treatment?

A

1912

66
Q

When was the ‘Childrens Charter’ introduced?

A

1908

67
Q

What was the purpose of child care committees?

A

To support families in which children were suffering from poverty

68
Q

Why was probation and borstals introduced rather than sending young criminals to adult prisons?

A

Because rape was common.

69
Q

Complete the sentence.

There was high infant ______ amongst the working classes.

A

Mortality

70
Q

What is infant mortality?

A

Children dying at a young age

71
Q

What was the life expectancy in

a) the middle class London suburb of Hampstead?
b) working class Southwark?

A

a) 50

b) 36

72
Q

Studies were done about poverty in Britain by which two people?

A
  • Charles Booth

- Seebohm Rowntree

73
Q

When was Charles Booth’s research published?

A

1902

74
Q

Where did Charles Booth do his research?

A

London

75
Q

What did Charles Booth’s research say?

A

That 33% of all Londoners didn’t have enough money to live on because of low wages, old age, ill health or unemployment.

76
Q

When did Seebohm Rowntree do his research?

A

1899

77
Q

Where did Seebohm Rowntree do his research?

A

York

78
Q

What did Seebohm Rowntree’s research say?

A
  • A family of 5 needed £1 a week to live on, and 28% of families had less than this
  • Things were worse in Manchester and Newcastle
79
Q

What did all the poverty mean there was an urgent need for?

A

Direct government action to introduce measures to help alleviate poverty.

80
Q

Complete the sentence.

The Liberals brought in a series of ______ which set up the foundation of the _________ ______.

A
  • Reforms

- Welfare State

81
Q

What was the ‘Welfare State’?

A

Where the state or government looked after those people who were not able to look after themselves.

82
Q

What did the Welfare State provide?

A

Essential services to ensure that nobody fell below a minimum standard of living

83
Q

Complete the sentence.

Welfare gave security “from the…

A

…cradle to the grave.”

84
Q

What was the role of the ‘Chancellor of the Exchequer’?

A

To sort out finance

85
Q

As Chancellor of the Exchequer, what did Lloyd-George do in 1909?

A
  • Introduced the People’s Budget to pay for the Liberal Reforms
  • Raised duties (taxes) on tobacco and spirits because there was a high alcohol level in Britain
  • Income tax was raised by 16% (from 1 shilling to 1 shilling and 2d)
  • A new tax of 20% on the sale of land was introduced
86
Q

What does “__d” mean

A

“____ pence”

87
Q

What was 1 shilling worth?

A

5p

88
Q

What was 1 shilling also known as

A

A ‘bob’

89
Q

There was very little ____________ of wealth from the rich to the poor.

A

Redistribution.

90
Q

What was the figure of the amount of free school meals given to children?

A

150,000

91
Q

What was the problem with people finding work through the Labour Exchange?

A
  • The jobs were mostly temporary or part time

- The government didn’t do anything to increase the amount of jobs available (there was no job creation schemes)

92
Q

What was the problem with the Old Age Pension?

A

It was refused to people who had never worked in their life.

93
Q

What were the problems with National Insurance?

A
  • It was not a ‘gift’ like the pension, it was paid for through worker’s contributions
  • Unemployment pay and sickness pay lasted only for a short amount of time
  • The unemployment/sickness pay a family received was still not enough to live on for a week
  • Free medical treatment was great, but it was given only to the worker (not his wife or children)
94
Q

What the name for unemployment pay?

A

The dole

Z: GCSE History (Paper 2) (3 decks)

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