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U1 PBT LGS > LGS 1 > Flashcards

LGS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

The biological basis for disease; the functional changes that accompany a particular syndrome or disease.

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2
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study (scientific, systematic, data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in specified populations (patient is community, individuals viewed collectively) and the application of the study to the control of health problems (CDC, 2020).

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations and the application of the study to the control of health problems.

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3
Q

What is etiology?

A

The cause of a disease of condition.

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4
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Something that increases a person’s chances of developing a disease.

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5
Q

What is differential diagnosis?

A

A list of possible conditions that could be causing an individual’s signs and symptoms.

Diagnosis –> the identification of the nature of an illness or other problem.

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6
Q

What are signs and symptoms?

A

Clinical manifestations of a condition

Sign –> objective evidence of a condition that can be observed by others
Symptom –> subjective experience

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7
Q

What is natural history?

A

The usual course of development/ progression of a condition, especially in the absence of treatment

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8
Q

What is prognosis?

A

The chance of recovery or recurrence; the likelihood that symptoms will resolve.

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9
Q

What does SMART stand for (i.e. SMART goals)?

A

-Specific
- Measurable
- Attainable
- Realistic
- Timed

(improved A by B in C, as measured by D)

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10
Q

What is the role of a tutor in PBT?

A
  • Facilitate learning
  • Share experiences
  • Evaluate
  • Professional Accountability
  • Oversee group process
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11
Q

What are some key points regarding self-directed learning?

A
  • Set your own learning goals
  • Understand how you learn best (your learning style and preferences)
  • Use different approaches to learn
  • Use methods of feedback and self-evaluation
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12
Q

What is the role of a student in PBT?

A
  • Take responsibility of own learning
  • Participate in teaching/ facilitating
  • Have a positive attitude
  • Be open to feedback
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13
Q

What is the clinical decision-making model?

A

A complex process that involves information processing, evaluation of evidence, and application of relevant knowledge to select interventions that provide safe and high-quality care and reduce the risk of patient harm.

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14
Q

What are some key components of the CDM model? (5)

A
  • Health condition (disease or disorder)
  • Body functions and structures (impairments)
  • Activity (limitations)
  • Participation (restrictions)
  • Environmental Factors (facilitators/ barriers)
  • Personal Factors
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15
Q

What is the goal of PBT LGS?

A

to ensure all students have an appropriate understanding, at the appropriate depth of content, of conditions being studied within the health care problems in tutorials

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16
Q

What is prevention?

A

‘Action to reduce or eliminate or reduce the onset, causes, complications or recurrence of disease’

17
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Reduce the likelihood that something harmful will occur

(total population, selected groups & healthy individuals)
ex. systematic immunization, population education, environmental improvement

18
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Minimize harm if it does occur

  • prevent progression though early detection & intervention
    (diseased asymptomatic individuals or individuals with high risk)

ex. pre-diabetes programs, breast cancer screening

19
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Minimize harm if it does occur

  • reduce consequences of established disease
  • prevent progress & complications of disease

(patients)
ex. rehab of stroke patients, glycaemic control in diabetics, relapse prevention in mental health, self-management programs for people with chronic conditions.

20
Q

What are the two main components that are required for prevention?

A
  • Identification of modifiable risk and protective factors
  • Implementation of strategies to eliminate or reduce risk factors and / or maximize and increase the protective factors
21
Q

Public health usually have ______ prevention as their goal.
(Hint: level of prevention)

A

Public health usually have PRIMARY prevention as their goal.

  • aims to prevent through an organized effort the occurrences of health problems in whole populations before they occur.
22
Q

What is health promotion?

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.

To reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, an individual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment

23
Q

Health Promotion goes along with every level of prevention. True or False?

A

True.

24
Q

What are the components of health promotion?

A
  • Advocate
  • Enable
  • Mediate
25
Q

What are some examples of “Health Promotion Action”?

A
  • Build healthy public policy
  • Create supportive environments
  • Strengthen community action
  • Develop personal skills
26
Q

When is the start and end of adolescence?

A
  • Start of adolescence = onset of puberty
  • End of adolescence = Key social-role transitions (completion of education, employment, marriage, and childrearing)

Chronological age of adolescent is variable depending on region:
* WHO: Adolescence: 10-19 years
* UN: Youth: 15-24 years

27
Q

How many people around the world are aged 10-24? Where do they typically live?

A
  • 1.8 billion people aged 10-24 years
  • A quarter of the world’s population
  • Nearly 90% live in low and middle-income countries
    (Higher fertility rates)
28
Q

The number of adolescents has increase significantly due to a reduction in…

A
  • Infectious disease
  • Mal-nutrition
  • Infant / childhood mortality
29
Q

Now, to ensure that the health of adolescents continues, we need to place attention on…

A
  • Sexual / reproductive health
  • Substance misuse
  • Mental health
  • Injury
  • Obesity
  • Chronic physical illness
30
Q

What are social determinants of health?

A

Policies and environments that support access to education, provide relevant resources for health (eg, contraception), and create opportunities to enhance young people’s autonomy, decision-making capacities, employment, and human rights.

31
Q

What are the leading risk factors for incident disability-adjusted life years (DALYS) in people aged 10-24?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Unsafe sex
  • Iron deficiency
  • Lack of contraception
  • Illicit drug use
32
Q

_____% of the worldwide disease burden is accounted for by DALYs in 10-24 year olds.

A

15%

33
Q

Approximately ______ million people aged 10-24 years die each year?
This is an _________ (increased/ decreased) mortality from before.

A

Approximately 2.6 million people aged 10-24 years die each year?
This is an INCREASED mortality from before.

34
Q

The death rates of adolescents are 4x higher in middle/ low-income countries. What are some factors (3) that affect the rate/ cause of death?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Region
35
Q

What are the leading causes of death in adolescents?

A
  • Injuries (unintentional: MVA and self-inflected: suicide)
  • Maternal causes
  • Communicable, nutritional, perinatal diseases (tuberculosis, meningitis, HIV/AIDS)
  • Non-communicable diseases (diabetes, cancer)
36
Q

What is the largest contributor to non-fatal burden of disease in adolescents?

A

Mental disorders (45%)

37
Q

What are some contributors to non-fatal burden of disease in adolescents?

A
  • Mental disorders (45%)
  • Unintentional injuries (12%)
  • Infectious and parasitic diseases (10%)

U1 PBT LGS (3 decks)

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