LG6.13 Pathology part III: Cell Adaptation Flashcards
Define Cellular Adaptation and differentiate the different cellular adaptation terms
Prolonged exposure of cells to adverse or exaggerated stimuli evokes cellular, tissue, and organ changes. After cause is removed most cells revert to normalcy.
Distinguish between physiologic and pathologic hypertrophy.
Increase in the size of tissues or organs due to ENLARGMENT of individual cells. Physiologic- enlargement of skeletal muscles in body builders. Patho- heart hypertrophy with HTN, cardiomyopathy.
Distinguish between hyperplasia and hypertrophy
Increase in the NUMBER of cells that can cause tissue or organ enlargment. ex: endometrial hyperplasia due to estrogen (result in heavy bleeding as more endometria would be broken down). Sometimes these are seen together pregnancy is a great example (uterine smooth muscle cells). Prostate (BPH) compresses the prostatic urethra.
Define metaplasia and be able to give examples
An adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit the environment. Smoking is a great example: tissue in the esophagus many progress from metaplasia (de-differentiate), to dysplasia (disorganised-pre-canerous), and then anaplasia (cancer). This is reversible if you stop smoking.
Identify changes in dysplastic tissue vs anaplastic tissue
Dysplaia-disordered growth of tissue resulting from chronic irritation or infection.
Identify the best example of a dysplastic change in the human body
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) based on PAP smear. (associated with HPV infection). This is a precancerous condition
Identify other names for Anaplasia pathologically and clinically
Cancer, malignancy, carcinoma, neoplasm
List the microscopic hallmarks of anaplasia
undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells, high NC ratio, large nuceoli, pleomorphism …
Distinguish between reversible and irreversible cell damage.
The cells ability to withstand stress depends on the cell type. Injuries for the brain and heart are only reversible if the stress is short lived. The nucleus is really what determines reversibility; if it’s damaged the condition is irreversible. Hydropic degeneration-water coming into the cell due to dysfunction of Na+ K+ pump (lack of ATP due anoxia), reversible when ATP function is restored. Swollen mitochondria generate less energy
Differentiate the different terms for nuclear damage
pyknosis-chromatin condensation
karyorrhexis-fragmentation of nucleus into small particles
karyolysis- dissolution of the nucleus and chromatin lysis by enzymes.
Differentiate the various intracellular accumulations
Anthrocotic pigment looks like coal in macrophages pollution.
Fat storage form ETOH on the liver= cirrhosis.
Hemosiderin-iron storage protein
Lipofuscin- “wear and tear” pigment-not pathologic
Physiologic vs pathologic atrophy-
physiologic shrinking of thymus (involution), breakdown of uterus (small endometrium), saggy breasts due to decreased estrogen post menopauseally. Pathologic- icschemic organs: testicular atrophy, or alzheimers (big craters, narrow gyrations).
How might you identify viral hepatitis or a MI based on blood work results?
cytoplasmic enzymes released from dead cells such as AST or ALT Liver. CPK (creatine phosphokinase) and troponin, can be measured in the blood and are useful signs of cell injury in a MI.
