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LG 5-7 Flashcards

1
Q

The importance of transfer of electrons

A
  • fuel cell functions
  • allows the cell to transfer and use energy in an incremental fashion in small packages
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2
Q

REMEMBER

A

REMOVAL of an electron results in a DECREASE in POTENTIAL ENERGY

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3
Q

the energy currency of a cell

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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4
Q

REMEMBER

A

Excess free energy = increase heat in cell (will damage & destroy cell)

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5
Q

it is released when ATP is broken down, usually by the removal of terminal phosphate group

A

energy

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6
Q

-It is composed of an adenine molecule bound to a ribose molecule and to a single phosphate group

  • Located at the heart of ATP
A

Molecule of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

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7
Q

a five carbon sugar found in RNA

A

Ribose

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8
Q

one of the nucleotides in RNA

A

Adenine

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9
Q

addition of a second phosphate group to this core molecule results in what?

A

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

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10
Q

the addition of third phosphate group results in what?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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11
Q

Three phosphate groups

A

closest to furthers from ribose sugar:

  1. Alpha
  2. Beta
  3. Gamma
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12
Q

The process of breaking complex macromolecules apart

A

Hydrolysis

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13
Q

it is produced through the hydrolysis of ATP

  • it is reversible
A

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

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14
Q

Equation for the formation of ADP

A

ATP + H2o → ADP + PI + Free energy

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15
Q

Equation for the formation of ATP

A

ADP + PI + Free energy → ATP + H2o

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16
Q

Where does the energy came from?

A

metabolism of glucose

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17
Q

REMEMBER

A

ATP is SUBSTRATES

ADP is PRODUCT

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18
Q

The addition of phosphate (-p)

A

Phosphorylation

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19
Q

The two mechanism during the breakdown of glucose

A
  1. Substrate-level phosphorylation
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation
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20
Q

The very direct method of phosphorylation

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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21
Q

this process takes place in:

  • Mitochondria of Eukaryotic
  • Plasma membrane of prokaryotic
A

Chemiosmosis

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22
Q

A process of ATP production in cellular metabolism

  • used to generate 90% of ATP
  • method use to harness the energy of sunlight
A

Chemiosmosis

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23
Q

The production of ATP using chemiosmosis

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

24
Q

-ONLY biological process that can capture energy that originates in outer space and convert it into carbohydrates

  • plants and animals depend on it
A

photosynthesis

25
the only organisms capable of performing photosynthesis
- plants - algae - cyanobacteria
26
they use light to manufacture their own food
photoautotrophs
27
They rely on sugar produces by photosynthetic organism
heterotrophs
28
a group of bacteria that synthesize sugars by extracting energy from inorganic chemical compound
Chemoautotrophs
29
Substrates of photosynthesis
1. water 2. sunlight 3. carbon dioxide
30
Equation of photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
31
the middle layer of a leaf where photosynthesis occur
Mesophyll
32
where does gas exchange of CO2 and O2 occur?
Stomata
33
What is an organelle where photosynthesis takes place?
Chloroplast
34
The stacked disc-shaped structures within the chloroplast
Thylakoids
35
it is responsible for the initial interaction between light and plant material
Chlorophyll
36
internal space that was enclosed by thylakoid
thylakoid lumen
37
stack of thylakoid
Granum
38
Two stages of Photosynthesis
1. Light-dependent reactions 2. Light-independent reactions
39
stage where energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and is converted into stored chemical energy
Light- dependent Reactions
40
the harvested chemical energy drive the assembly of sugar molecules from CO2
Light-independent reactions
41
The light dependent reactions utilize certain molecule to temporarily store the energy
Energy carriers
42
Steps of light-dependent reactions
1. Pigment absorbs energy from sunlight 2. energy travels to reaction center (contains chlorophyll) 3. then to the thylakoid interior that build up high concentration of ions 4. ion flow to ATP synthase (formation of ATP) *Photosystem 1 absorbs light to form NADPH molecule
43
steps of Light-independent Reactions
5. The calvin cycle & Light-dependent reactions will take CO2 through the use of energy carriers 6. after 3 cycles, 3-carbon molecule of G3P became part of carbohydrate molecule
44
a process that helps in forming energy cycle on plants
cellular respirations
45
-The first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism - takes place in cytoplasm - anaerobic
Glycolysis
46
two molecules of a three carbon sugar
pyruvate
47
two phases of glycolysis
1. modification of glucose molecules so it can split evenly into three-carbon molecules 2. energy are extracted and restored in the form of ATP and NADH
48
First Half of glycolysisenzyme with broad specificity that catalyzes phosphorylation of six carbon sugar
hexokinase
49
more reactive form of glucose
Glucose 6 phosphate
50
an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a molecule into one of its isomers
Isomerase
51
Outcomes of Glycolysis
two pyruvate molecules 4 ATP and 2 NADH
52
the process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic
53
fermentation method used by animals and certain bacteria - used in mammalian red blood cells and skeletal muscle that hs insufficient oxygen supply
Lactic Acid Fermentation
54
chemical reaction of lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvic Acid + NADH >>>lacttic Acid + NAD+
55
it produce ethanol
alcohol fermentation
56
Checmical reaction of alcohol fermentation
Pyruvic Acid >>> CO2 + acetaldehyde + NADH >>> Ethanol + NAD+

Biology (1 decks)

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