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Biology > LG 5-7 > Flashcards

LG 5-7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The importance of transfer of electrons

A
  • fuel cell functions
  • allows the cell to transfer and use energy in an incremental fashion in small packages
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2
Q

REMEMBER

A

REMOVAL of an electron results in a DECREASE in POTENTIAL ENERGY

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3
Q

the energy currency of a cell

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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4
Q

REMEMBER

A

Excess free energy = increase heat in cell (will damage & destroy cell)

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5
Q

it is released when ATP is broken down, usually by the removal of terminal phosphate group

A

energy

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6
Q

-It is composed of an adenine molecule bound to a ribose molecule and to a single phosphate group

  • Located at the heart of ATP
A

Molecule of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

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7
Q

a five carbon sugar found in RNA

A

Ribose

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8
Q

one of the nucleotides in RNA

A

Adenine

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9
Q

addition of a second phosphate group to this core molecule results in what?

A

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

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10
Q

the addition of third phosphate group results in what?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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11
Q

Three phosphate groups

A

closest to furthers from ribose sugar:

  1. Alpha
  2. Beta
  3. Gamma
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12
Q

The process of breaking complex macromolecules apart

A

Hydrolysis

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13
Q

it is produced through the hydrolysis of ATP

  • it is reversible
A

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

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14
Q

Equation for the formation of ADP

A

ATP + H2o → ADP + PI + Free energy

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15
Q

Equation for the formation of ATP

A

ADP + PI + Free energy → ATP + H2o

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16
Q

Where does the energy came from?

A

metabolism of glucose

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17
Q

REMEMBER

A

ATP is SUBSTRATES

ADP is PRODUCT

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18
Q

The addition of phosphate (-p)

A

Phosphorylation

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19
Q

The two mechanism during the breakdown of glucose

A
  1. Substrate-level phosphorylation
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation
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20
Q

The very direct method of phosphorylation

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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21
Q

this process takes place in:

  • Mitochondria of Eukaryotic
  • Plasma membrane of prokaryotic
A

Chemiosmosis

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22
Q

A process of ATP production in cellular metabolism

  • used to generate 90% of ATP
  • method use to harness the energy of sunlight
A

Chemiosmosis

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23
Q

The production of ATP using chemiosmosis

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

24
Q

-ONLY biological process that can capture energy that originates in outer space and convert it into carbohydrates

  • plants and animals depend on it
A

photosynthesis

25
Q

the only organisms capable of performing photosynthesis

A
  • plants
  • algae
  • cyanobacteria
26
Q

they use light to manufacture their own food

A

photoautotrophs

27
Q

They rely on sugar produces by photosynthetic organism

A

heterotrophs

28
Q

a group of bacteria that synthesize sugars by extracting energy from inorganic chemical compound

A

Chemoautotrophs

29
Q

Substrates of photosynthesis

A
  1. water
  2. sunlight
  3. carbon dioxide
30
Q

Equation of photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2

31
Q

the middle layer of a leaf where photosynthesis occur

A

Mesophyll

32
Q

where does gas exchange of CO2 and O2 occur?

A

Stomata

33
Q

What is an organelle where photosynthesis takes place?

A

Chloroplast

34
Q

The stacked disc-shaped structures within the chloroplast

A

Thylakoids

35
Q

it is responsible for the initial interaction between light and plant material

A

Chlorophyll

36
Q

internal space that was enclosed by thylakoid

A

thylakoid lumen

37
Q

stack of thylakoid

A

Granum

38
Q

Two stages of Photosynthesis

A
  1. Light-dependent reactions
  2. Light-independent reactions
39
Q

stage where energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and is converted into stored chemical energy

A

Light- dependent Reactions

40
Q

the harvested chemical energy drive the assembly of sugar molecules from CO2

A

Light-independent reactions

41
Q

The light dependent reactions utilize certain molecule to temporarily store the energy

A

Energy carriers

42
Q

Steps of light-dependent reactions

A
  1. Pigment absorbs energy from sunlight
  2. energy travels to reaction center (contains chlorophyll)
  3. then to the thylakoid interior that build up high concentration of ions
  4. ion flow to ATP synthase (formation of ATP)

*Photosystem 1 absorbs light to form NADPH molecule

43
Q

steps of Light-independent Reactions

A
  1. The calvin cycle & Light-dependent reactions will take CO2 through the use of energy carriers
  2. after 3 cycles, 3-carbon molecule of G3P became part of carbohydrate molecule
44
Q

a process that helps in forming energy cycle on plants

A

cellular respirations

45
Q

-The first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism

  • takes place in cytoplasm
  • anaerobic
A

Glycolysis

46
Q

two molecules of a three carbon sugar

A

pyruvate

47
Q

two phases of glycolysis

A
  1. modification of glucose molecules so it can split evenly into three-carbon molecules
  2. energy are extracted and restored in the form of ATP and NADH
48
Q

First Half of glycolysisenzyme with broad specificity that catalyzes phosphorylation of six carbon sugar

A

hexokinase

49
Q

more reactive form of glucose

A

Glucose 6 phosphate

50
Q

an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a molecule into one of its isomers

A

Isomerase

51
Q

Outcomes of Glycolysis

A

two pyruvate molecules

4 ATP and 2 NADH

52
Q

the process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen

A

Aerobic

53
Q

fermentation method used by animals and certain bacteria

  • used in mammalian red blood cells and skeletal muscle that hs insufficient oxygen supply
A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

54
Q

chemical reaction of lactic acid fermentation

A

Pyruvic Acid + NADH&raquo_space;>lacttic Acid + NAD+

55
Q

it produce ethanol

A

alcohol fermentation

56
Q

Checmical reaction of alcohol fermentation

A

Pyruvic Acid&raquo_space;> CO2 + acetaldehyde + NADH&raquo_space;> Ethanol + NAD+

Biology (1 decks)

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