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LFZ Flashcards

1
Q

Where do you put non-visible content about the HTML document?

A

head element

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2
Q

Where do you put visible content about the HTML document?

A

body element

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3
Q

Where do the and tags go in a valid HTML document?

A

inside the html element

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4
Q

What is the purpose of a declaration?

A

to tell a browser which version of HTML the page is using

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5
Q

Give five examples of HTML element types.

A

html, head, title, body, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, div, span, a

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6
Q

What is the purpose of HTML attributes?

A

Attributes provide additional information about the contents of an element.

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7
Q

Give an example of an HTML entity (escape character).

A 
Less-than sign - & lt;
Greater-than sign - & gt;
Ampersand - & amp;
Quotation mark - & quot;
Cent-sign - & cent;
Pound sign - & pound;
Yen sign - & yen;
Euro sign - & euro;
Copyright symbol - & copy;
Registered trademark - & reg;
Trademark - & trade;
Left single quote - & lsquo;
Right single quote - & rsquo;
Left double quotes - & ldquo;
Right double quotes - & rdquo;
Multiplication sign - & times;
Division sign - & divide;
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8
Q

How do block-level elements affect the document flow?

A

A block-level element always starts on a new line and takes up the full width available (stretches out to the left and right as far as it can).

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9
Q

How do inline elements affect the document flow?

A

An inline element does not start on a new line and only takes up as much width as necessary.

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10
Q

What are the default width and height of a block-level element?

A

The default height of a block-level element is the height of the content.
The default width of a block-level element is the length of the page.

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11
Q

What are the default width and height of an inline element?

A

The height of an inline element is the height of the content.
The width of an inline element is the width of the content.

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12
Q

What is the difference between an ordered list and an unordered list in HTML?

A

Ordered list displays numbered list. Unordered list displays bullet point list.

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13
Q

Is an HTML list a block element or an inline element?

A

block element

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14
Q

What HTML tag is used to link to another website?

A

<a> (anchor element)</a>

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15
Q

What is an absolute URL?

A

the full web address for the site

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16
Q

What is a relative URL?

A

link to other pages within the same site

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17
Q

How do you indicate the relative link to a parent directory?

A

Use ../ to indicate the folder above the current one, then follow it with the file name.

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18
Q

How do you indicate the relative link to a child directory?

A

For a child folder, use the name of the child folder, followed by a forward slash, then the file name.

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19
Q

How do you indicate the relative link to a grand parent directory?

A

Repeat the ../ to indicate that you want to go up two folders (rather than one), then follow it with the file name.

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20
Q

How do you indicate the relative link to the same directory?

A

To link to a file in the same folder, just use the file name. (Nothing else is needed.)

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21
Q

What is the purpose of an HTML form element?

A

An HTML form is used to collect user input.

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22
Q

Give five examples of form control elements.

A 
input
label
select
textarea
button
fieldset
legend
datalist
output
option
optgroup
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23
Q

Give three examples of type attribute values for HTML input elements.

A

text, password, radio, checkbox, file, submit, image, hidden

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24
Q

Is an HTML element a block element or an inline element?

A

inline element

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25
Q

What are the six primary HTML elements for creating tables?

A

table, tr, th, td, thead, tbody

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26
Q

What purpose do the thead and tbody elements serve?

A

The headings of the table should sit inside the thead element.
The body should sit inside the tbody element.

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27
Q

Give two examples of data that would lend itself well to being displayed in a table.

A

Examples of tables include financial reports, TV schedules, and sports results.

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28
Q

Give 6 examples of comparison operators.

A

==, !=, ===, !==, > < >= <=

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29
Q

What data type do comparison expressions evaluate to?

A

boolean

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30
Q

What is the purpose of an if statement?

A

to execute code if a condition evaluates to true

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31
Q

Is else required in order to use an if statement?

A

no

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32
Q

Describe the syntax (structure) of an if statement.

A 
if key word
condition
opening curly brace
code to execute if value is true
closing curly brace
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33
Q

What are the three logical operators?

A

&&
||
!

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34
Q

How do you compare two different expressions in the same condition?

A

and operator

or operator

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35
Q

What is the purpose of a loop?

A

Loops are all about doing the same thing over and over again.

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36
Q

What is the purpose of a condition expression in a loop?

A

The conditionExpression expression is evaluated. If the value of conditionExpression is true, the loop statements execute. If the value of condition is false, the for loop terminates.

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37
Q

What does “iteration” mean in the context of loops?

A

one loop

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38
Q

When does the condition expression of a while loop get evaluated?

A

before a loop begins

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39
Q

When does the initialization expression of a for loop get evaluated?

A

it’s executed once at the beginning of the first loop

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40
Q

When does the condition expression of a for loop get evaluated?

A

before each loop

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41
Q

When does the final expression of a for loop get evaluated?

A

end of the loop

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42
Q

Besides a return statement, which exits its entire function block, which keyword exits a loop before its condition expression evaluates to false?

A

break

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43
Q

What does the ++ increment operator do?

A

adds one

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44
Q

How do you iterate through the keys of an object?

A

for…in loop

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45
Q

What are the names of the individual pieces of a CSS rule?

A

selectors, declarations

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46
Q

In CSS, how do you select elements by their class attribute?

A

.class-name

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47
Q

In CSS, how do you select elements by their type?

A

element-name

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48
Q

In CSS, how do you select an element by its id attribute?

A

id-name

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49
Q

Name three different types of values you can use to specify colors in CSS.

A

RGB values, hex codes, color names

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50
Q

What CSS properties make up the box model?

A

content, padding, border, margin

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51
Q

Which CSS property pushes boxes away from each other?

A

margin

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52
Q

Which CSS property add space between a box’s content and its border?

A

padding

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53
Q

What is a pseudo-class?

A

A CSS pseudo-class is a keyword added to a selector that specifies a special state of the selected element(s).

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54
Q

What are CSS pseudo-classes useful for?

A

allow you to change the appearance of elements when a user is interacting with them

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55
Q

Name two types of units that can be used to adjust font-size in CSS.

A

pixels, percentages, ems

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56
Q

What CSS property controls the font used for the text inside an element?

A

font-family

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57
Q

What is the default flex-direction of a flex container?

A

row

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58
Q

What is the default flex-wrap of a flex container?

A

no wrap

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59
Q

Why do two div elements “vertically stack” on one another by default?

A

div elements are block-level elements by default

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60
Q

What is the default flex-direction of an element with display: flex?

A

row

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61
Q

What is the default value for the position property of HTML elements?

A

static

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62
Q

How does setting position: relative on an element affect document flow?

A

The element is positioned according to the normal flow of the document, and then offset relative to itself based on the values of top, right, bottom, and left.

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63
Q

How does setting position: relative on an element affect where it appears on the page?

A

The offset does not affect the position of any other elements; thus, the space given for the element in the page layout is the same as if position were static.

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64
Q

How does setting position: absolute on an element affect document flow?

A

The element is removed from the normal document flow

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65
Q

How does setting position: absolute on an element affect where it appears on the page?

A

, and no space is created for the element in the page layout. It is positioned relative to its closest positioned ancestor, if any; otherwise, it is placed relative to the initial containing block. Its final position is determined by the values of top, right, bottom, and left.

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66
Q

How do you constrain an absolutely positioned element to a containing block?

A

containing block position should be set to relative

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67
Q

What are the four box offset properties?

A

top, bottom, right, left

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68
Q

What are the four components of “the Cascade”.

A

source order, inheritance, specificity, importantance

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69
Q

What does the term “source order” mean with respect to CSS?

A

Source order is, simply put, the order that your CSS rules are written in your stylesheet.

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70
Q

How is it possible for the styles of an element to be applied to its children as well without an additional CSS rule?

A

inheritance

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71
Q

List the three selector types in order of increasing specificity.

A

type, class, id

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72
Q

Why is using !important considered bad practice?

A

Using !important, however, is bad practice and should be avoided because it makes debugging more difficult by breaking the natural cascading in your stylesheets.

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73
Q

The transition property is shorthand for which four CSS properties?

A

transition-property, transition-duration, transition-timing-function, and transition-delay

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74
Q

What is the purpose of variables?

A

store information

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75
Q

How do you declare a variable?

A

var variable;

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76
Q

How do you initialize (assign a value to) a variable?

A

var variable = value;

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77
Q

What characters are allowed in variable names?

A

letters, numbers, dollar signs, underscore

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78
Q

What does it mean to say that variable names are “case sensitive”?

A

variables with the same name but different cases are different variables

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79
Q

What is the purpose of a string?

A

working with text

80
Q

What is the purpose of a number?

A

counting or calculating

81
Q

What is the purpose of a boolean?

A

logic

82
Q

What does the = operator mean in JavaScript?

A

assign value

83
Q

How do you update the value of a variable?

A

declare the variable and assign new value

84
Q

What is the difference between null and undefined?

A

null is the given value of no value

undefined is no value given

85
Q

Why is it a good habit to include “labels” when you log values to the browser console?

A

to help you debug

86
Q

Give five examples of JavaScript primitives.

A

undefined , null , boolean , string and number

87
Q

What data type is returned by an arithmetic operation?

A

number

88
Q

What is string concatenation?

A

combining strings

89
Q

What purpose(s) does the + plus operator serve in JavaScript?

A

adding numbers and combining strings

90
Q

What data type is returned by comparing two values (, ===, etc)?

A

boolean

91
Q

What does the += “plus-equals” operator do?

A

The addition assignment operator (+=) adds the value of the right operand to a variable and assigns the result to the variable.

92
Q

What are objects used for?

A

Objects group together a set of variables and functions to create a model of a something you would recognize from the real world. In an object, variables and functions take on new names, properties and methods.

93
Q

What are object properties?

A

variables that are part of an object

94
Q

Describe object literal notation.

A

The object is the curly braces and their contents. The object is stored in a variable. Separate each key from its value using a colon. Separate each property and method with a comma.

95
Q

How do you remove a property from an object?

A

delete

96
Q

What are the two ways to get or update the value of a property?

A

dot notation or bracket notation

97
Q

What are arrays used for?

A

store a list of values

98
Q

Describe array literal notation.

A

var array = [value1, value2, value3, etc.];

99
Q

How are arrays different from “plain” objects?

A

for arrays, the key for each value is its index number

100
Q

What number represents the first index of an array?

A

0

101
Q

What is the length property of an array?

A

number of items in an array

102
Q

How do you calculate the last index of an array?

A

array.length - 1

103
Q

What is a function in JavaScript?

A

A JavaScript function is a block of code designed to perform a particular task.

104
Q

Describe the parts of a function definition.

A

The function keyword to begin the creation of a new function.
An optional name. (Our function’s name is sayHello.)
A comma-separated list of zero or more parameters, surrounded by () parentheses. (Our sayHello function doesn’t have any parameters.)
The start of the function’s code block, as indicated by an { opening curly brace.
An optional return statement. (Our sayHello function doesn’t have a return statement.)
The end of the function’s code block, as indicated by a } closing curly brace.

105
Q

Describe the parts of a function call.

A

Notice that we are simply writing the name of the function and placing () parentheses next to it.

106
Q

When comparing them side-by-side, what are the differences between a function call and a function definition?

A 
// defining the sayHello function
function sayHello() {
  var greeting = 'Hello, World!';
  console.log(greeting);
}
// calling the sayHello function
sayHello();
107
Q

What is the difference between a parameter and an argument?

A

parameter is for function definition

argument is for function calling

108
Q

Why are function parameters useful?

A

we can pass information or instructions into our functions

109
Q

What two effects does a return statement have on the behavior of a function?

A

Causes the function to produce a value we can use in our program.
Prevents any more code in the function’s code block from being run.

110
Q

Why do we log things to the console?

A

console.log() is a powerful tool for debugging and an easy way to inspect your variables in the browser.

111
Q

What is a method?

A

A method is a function which is a property of an object.

112
Q

How is a method different from any other function?

A

A function is independent, whereas a method is a function linked with an object.

113
Q

How do you remove the last element from an array?

A

array.pop()

114
Q

How do you round a number down to the nearest integer?

A

Math.floor()

115
Q

How do you generate a random number?

A

Math.random()

116
Q

How do you delete an element from an array?

A

array.splice()

117
Q

How do you append an element to an array?

A

array.push() or array.unshift()

118
Q

How do you break a string up into an array?

A

string.split()

119
Q

Do string methods change the original string? How would you check if you weren’t sure?

A

No, logging to the console

120
Q

Roughly how many string methods are there according to the MDN Web docs?

A

50

121
Q

Is the return value of a function or method useful in every situation?

A

no

122
Q

Roughly how many array methods are there according to the MDN Web docs?

A

40

123
Q

What three-letter acronym should you always include in your Google search about a JavaScript method or CSS property?

A

MDN

124
Q

What event is fired when a user places their cursor in a form control?

A

focus

125
Q

What event is fired when a user’s cursor leaves a form control?

A

blur

126
Q

What event is fired as a user changes the value of a form control?

A

input

127
Q

What event is fired when a user clicks the “submit” button within a ?

A

submit

128
Q

What does the event.preventDefault() method do?

A

to prevent the browser from automatically reloading the page with the form’s values in the URL

129
Q

What does submitting a form without event.preventDefault() do?

A

form’s values in the URL

130
Q

What property of a form element object contains all of the form’s controls.

A

elements property

131
Q

What property of a form control object gets and sets its value?

A

value property

132
Q

What is one risk of writing a lot of code without checking to see if it works so far?

A

if there is an error, it will be hard to find where the error is

133
Q

What is an advantage of having your console open when writing a JavaScript program?

A

catch errors early

134
Q

Why do we log things to the console?

A

easy way to inspect your variables in the browser

135
Q

What is a “model”?

A

representation

136
Q

Which “document” is being referred to in the phrase Document Object Model?

A

web page

137
Q

What is the word “object” referring to in the phrase Document Object Model?

A

web page and everything in it

138
Q

What is a DOM Tree?

A

model of a web page

139
Q

Give two examples of document methods that retrieve a single element from the DOM.

A

get El ement Byld ()

querySe 1 ector ()

140
Q

Give one example of a document method that retrieves multiple elements from the DOM at once.

A

querySelectorAll()

141
Q

Why might you want to assign the return value of a DOM query to a variable?

A

if your script needs to use the same element(s) more than once, you can store the location of the element(s) in a variable.

142
Q

What console method allows you to inspect the properties of a DOM element object?

A

console.dir()

143
Q

Why would a tag need to be placed at the bottom of the HTML content instead of at the top?

A

The browser needs to parse all of the elements in the HTML page before the JavaScript code can access them.

144
Q

What does document.querySelector() take as its argument and what does it return?

A

returns the first Element within the document that matches the specified selector, or group of selectors (valid CSS selector)

145
Q

What does document.querySelectorAll() take as its argument and what does it return?

A

The Document method querySelectorAll() returns a static (not live) NodeList representing a list of the document’s elements that match the specified group of selectors.

146
Q

Why do we log things to the console?

A

easy way to inspect your variables in the browser

147
Q

What is the purpose of events and event handling?

A

to have your web page react to the user

148
Q

Are all possible parameters required to use a JavaScript method or function?

A

no

149
Q

What method of element objects lets you set up a function to be called when a specific type of event occurs?

A

addEventListener()

150
Q

What is a callback function?

A

A callback function is a function passed into another function as an argument, which is then invoked inside the outer function to complete some kind of routine or action.

151
Q

What object is passed into an event listener callback when the event fires?

A

event object

152
Q

What is the event.target? If you weren’t sure, how would you check? Where could you get more information about it?

A

The read-only target property of the Event interface is a reference to the object onto which the event was dispatched.

point of interaction

153
Q

What is the difference between these two snippets of code?

element. addEventListener(‘click’, handleClick)
element. addEventListener(‘click’, handleClick())

A

function runs as the page loads vs function runs when the event fires

154
Q

What is the className property of element objects?

A

value of the class attribute

155
Q

How do you update the CSS class attribute of an element using JavaScript?

A

assigning an updated value to className

156
Q

What is the textContent property of element objects?

A

all the text inside

157
Q

How do you update the text within an element using JavaScript?

A

assigning an updated value to the textContent property of that element

158
Q

Is the event parameter of an event listener callback always useful?

A

no

159
Q

Would this assignment be simpler or more complicated if we didn’t use a variable to keep track of the number of clicks?

A

more complicated

160
Q

Why is storing information about a program in variables better than only storing it in the DOM?

A

access it faster

161
Q

What does the transform property do?

A

The transform CSS property lets you rotate, scale, skew, or translate an element. It modifies the coordinate space of the CSS visual formatting model.

162
Q

Give four examples of CSS transform functions.

A

rotate, translate, skew, scale

163
Q

Does the document.createElement() method insert a new element into the page?

A

no

164
Q

How do you add an element as a child to another element?

A

appendChild method

165
Q

What do you pass as the arguments to the element.setAttribute() method?

A

name and value of the attribute

166
Q

What steps do you need to take in order to insert a new element into the page?

A

createElement method

appendChild method

167
Q

What is the textContent property of an element object for?

A

manipulate the text content of the element

168
Q

Name two ways to set the class attribute of a DOM element.

A

setAttribute method

class = ‘’

169
Q

What are two advantages of defining a function to do create something (like the work of creating a DOM tree)?

A

saves time

less code writing

170
Q

What is a breakpoint in responsive Web design?

A

The points at which a media query is introduced

171
Q

What is the advantage of using a percentage (e.g. 50%) width instead of a fixed (e.g. px) width for a “column” class in a responsive layout?

A

width will scale with the page (more responsive)

172
Q

If you introduce CSS rules for a smaller min-width after the styles for a larger min-width in your style sheet, the CSS rules for the smaller min-width will “win”. Why is that?

A

when the specificity is equal, the sequence of declaration decides which css rule will apply, which is the last rule in the sequence.

173
Q

What is the event.target?

A

reference to the object onto which the event was dispatched

174
Q

Why is it possible to listen for events on one element that actually happen its descendent elements?

A

event bubbling

175
Q

What DOM element property tells you what type of element it is?

A

tagName property

176
Q

What does the element.closest() method take as its argument and what does it return?

A

selector string

Will return itself or the matching ancestor. If no such element exists, it returns null.

177
Q

How can you remove an element from the DOM?

A

remove method

178
Q

If you wanted to insert new clickable DOM elements into the page using JavaScript, how could you avoid adding an event listener to every new element individually?

A

add an event listener to the parent and find a match on child elements

179
Q

Give two examples of media features that you can query in an @media rule.

A

width

height

180
Q

Which HTML meta tag is used in mobile-responsive web pages?

A

viewport meta tag

181
Q

What is the event.target?

A

point of interaction

182
Q

What is the affect of setting an element to display: none?

A

Turns off the display of an element so that it has no effect on layout (the document is rendered as though the element did not exist)

183
Q

What does the element.matches() method take as an argument and what does it return?

A

Parameters
selectorString is a string representing the selector to test.

Return value
result is a boolean value.

184
Q

How can you retrieve the value of an element’s attribute?

A

getAttribute method

185
Q

At what steps of the solution would it be helpful to log things to the console?

A

each time you add in new functionality

186
Q

If you were to add another tab and view to your HTML, but you didn’t use event delegation, how would your JavaScript code be written instead?

A

each tab would have its own addEventListener method

187
Q

If you didn’t use a loop to conditionally show or hide the views in the page, how would your JavaScript code be written instead?

A

we would need to change the class name for all elements one at a time

188
Q

What is JSON?

A

JSON is a text-based data format following JavaScript object syntax

189
Q

What are serialization and deserialization?

A

Serialization is the process of turning an object in memory into a stream of bytes so you can do stuff like store it on disk or send it over the network.

Deserialization is the reverse process: turning a stream of bytes into an object in memory.

190
Q

Why are serialization and deserialization useful?

A

JSON exists as a string — useful when you want to transmit data across a network. It needs to be converted to a native JavaScript object when you want to access the data.

191
Q

How do you serialize a data structure into a JSON string using JavaScript?

A

JSON.stringify

192
Q

How do you deserialize a JSON string into a data structure using JavaScript?

A

JSON.parse

193
Q

How to you store data in localStorage?

A

setItem method

194
Q

How to you retrieve data from localStorage?

A

getItem method

195
Q

What data type can localStorage save in the browser?

A

strings

196
Q

When does the ‘beforeunload’ event fire on the window object?

A

The beforeunload event is fired when the window, the document and its resources are about to be unloaded.

LFZ (3 decks)

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