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Linux > LFS101x > Flashcards

LFS101x Flashcards

1
Q

When was Linux’ inception?

A

1991

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2
Q

The world’s largest and most pervasive open source software project in history

A

Linux

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3
Q

What does the Linux Foundation do?

A

Partners with the world’s leading developers and companies to solve the hardest technology problems and accelerate open technology development and commercial adoption

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4
Q

Who is the creator of Linux?

A

Linus Torvalds as a student in Helsinki, Finland, in 1991

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5
Q

The three major families of Linux distributions?

A
  1. ) Red Hat (including CentOS, Fedora, Oracle Linux)
  2. ) SUSE (including openSUSE)
  3. ) Debian (including Ubuntu and Linux Mint)
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6
Q

Which distribution is used as a testing platform for future RHEL releases?

A

Fedora

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7
Q

The most popular Linux distribution in enterprise environments?

A

RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux)

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8
Q

The basic version of what distribution is also virtually identical to RHEL?

A

CentOS

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9
Q

Which distribution provides by far the largest and most complete software repository to its users of any Linux distribution?

A

Debian

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10
Q

Which distribution is a pure open source community project? (Not owned by any corporation)

A

Debian

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11
Q

What is a LTS version of a distribution?

A

Long term support

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12
Q

This distribution is widely used for cloud deployments

A

Unbuntu

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13
Q

The umbrella organization for many critical open source projects that power corporations, spanning all industry sectors

A

The Linux Foundation

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14
Q

The original operating system Linux was developed for?

A

Intel x86-based personal computers

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15
Q

Linux borrows heavily from which well-established operating system?

A

UNIX

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16
Q

The core of the operating system

A

The Linux Kernel

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17
Q

What does a full Linux distribution consist of?

A

The kernel plus a number of other software tools for file-related operations, user management, and software package management

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18
Q

Why might a Linux distribution use an older version of the kernel?

A

It’s extremely stable

19
Q

The procedure for initializing the system

A

The Linux boot process

This consists of everything from when the power is first switched on until the user interface is fully operational

20
Q

Steps in the boot process

A
  1. Power On
  2. BIOS
  3. Master Boot Record (MBR)
  4. Boot Loader (e.g. GRUB)
  5. Kernel
  6. Initial RAM disk (initramfs)
  7. /sbin/init
  8. Command Shell Using Getty
  9. X-Windows System (GUI)
21
Q

What does BIOS stand for?

A

Basic Input/Output System

22
Q

Where is the BIOS software is stored?

A

On a Read-Only Memory (ROM) chip on the motherboard

23
Q

What happens when the computer is powered on?

A

POST (Power On Self Test)

24
Q

What happens during POST (Power On Self Test)?

A

The BIOS initializes the hardware, including the screen and keyboard, and tests the main memory

25
Q

Once the POST is completed what happens?

A

The system control passes from the BIOS to the boot loader (GRUB)

26
Q

Where is the boot loader is usually stored?

A

The boot sector (for traditional BIOS/MBR systems)

The EFI partition (for more recent (Unified) Extensible Firmware Interface or EFI/UEFI systems)

27
Q

Where is information on date, time, and the most important peripherals loaded from?

A

CMOS - A battery-powered memory store which allows the system to keep track of the date and time even when it is powered off

28
Q

The most common boot loaders?

A

GRUB (for GRand Unified Boot loader)

ISOLINUX (for booting from removable media)

DAS U-Boot (for booting on embedded devices/appliances)

29
Q

What is the boot loader responsible for loading?

A

The kernel image and the initial RAM disk or filesystem

This contains some critical files and device drivers needed to start the system

30
Q

For systems using the BIOS/MBR method where does the boot loader reside?

A

The first sector of the hard disk, also known as the Master Boot Record (MBR)

31
Q

What is the size of the Master Boot Record (MBR)?

A

512 bytes

32
Q

What are the two distinct stages of the boot loader? (BIOS/MBR)

A
  1. ) The boot loader examines the partition table and finds a bootable partition
  2. ) Then it searches for the second stage boot loader (GRUB), and loads it into RAM
33
Q

What are the two distinct stages of the boot loader? (EFI/UEFI)

A
  1. ) UEFI firmware reads its Boot Manager data to determine which UEFI application is to be launched and from which disk and partition the EFI partition can be found
  2. ) The firmware then launches the UEFI application (GRUB) as defined in the boot entry in the firmware’s boot manager
34
Q

Where does the second stage boot loader reside?

A

/boot

35
Q

What happens when the second stage boot loader is run?

A
  1. ) A splash screen is displayed, which allows us to choose which operating system (OS) to boot
  2. ) The boot loader loads the kernel of the selected operating system into RAM and passes control to it
  3. ) The kernel uncompresses itself
  4. ) The kernel checks and analyzes the system hardware and initializes any hardware device drivers built into the kernel
36
Q

What contains programs and binary files that perform all actions needed to mount the proper root filesystem?

A

The initramfs filesystem image

37
Q

This program instructs the operating system that a filesystem is ready for use

A

mount

38
Q

This handles the mounting and pivoting over to the final real root filesystem

A

init

39
Q

What starts a number of text-mode login prompts?

A

init

40
Q

How can the terminals which run the command shells be accessed?

A

Using the ALT key plus a function key

Within a graphical environment, switching to a text console requires pressing CTRL-ALT + the appropriate function key (with F7 or F1 leading to the GUI)

41
Q

What does bash stand for?

A

Bourne Again Shell by GNU

42
Q

What happens when the kernel is loaded in RAM?

A

It immediately initializes and configures the computer’s memory and also configures all the hardware attached to the system

43
Q

What is init responsible for?

A
  1. ) Starting the system
  2. ) Keeping the system running
  3. ) Shutting it down cleanly

Linux (3 decks)

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