LF Question Bank

Question 1

Question 1.
According to STP - What are the 3 Golden rules to follow when applying foam?

Answer 1

Do not begin to apply foam unless you have enough to extinguish the fire or cover the fuel spill
Point branch away from fire until good finished foam is being produced
You cannot mix different foam concentrates

Question 2

Question 2.
According to STP - List 3 hazards/considerations when using CAFS at a structure fire

Answer 2

CAFS hose lines have a build up of pressure when the branch is closed, this causes a larger jet reaction than a standard hose
Slug flow – When the proportion of foam, air and water is wrong. It will cause the finished foam to “shudder” or “pulsate” as it is exiting the branch
Does not contain enough water for internal attack

Question 3

Question 3.
According to STP - List 5 actions to take when combatting a natural gas leak with no fire involved.

Answer 3

Structural PPE and SCBA
Evacuate all persons from the immediate area
Remove all sources of ignition
Respond Gas company
Only use intrinsically safe equipment
Dampen ground around the site of the gas release to prevent static electricity
Keep protection line in place using fog
If possible, crimp line to stop release of gas

Question 4

Question 4. 
According to STP - Acetylene is a very volatile gas, exploding cylinders can penetrate double brick walls or metal freight containers & land 200m away. How many hours after the cylinder is removed from the fire or heat source, if it is not cooled, can this explosion occur?

Answer 4

The explosion can occur up to 24 hours after the cylinder is removed from the fire or heat source, if it is not cooled

Question 5

Question 5.
According to STP - When reading a fire, we need indicators to base our decisions on, what are the most important indicators?

Answer 5

Building - SMOKE, AIR TRACK, HEAT & FLAME / B - SAHF

Question 6

Question 6.
According to STP - What techniques enable us to control the interior environment during a structure fire?

Answer 6

Direct attack - To extinguish a fire by direct surface cooling of the burning combustibles using a straight ‘jet’ or spray.
Indirect attack - To extinguish a fire by creating large amounts of steam.

Gas Cooling
Tactical Ventilation
Hose Stream Techniques - Short/Long Pulse

Question 7

Question 7.
According to STP - List 2 common hose laying techniques that can be used by firefighters?

Answer 7

Attack and Lay Pack Combination
Cleveland Load, S Lay

Question 8

Question 8.
Complete the following in relation to the Fire and Rescue NSW Act 1989 Part 3, Division 1, Section 11 Brigades to proceed with speed to suspected fires or hazardous material incident………?

Answer 8

11. Brigades to proceed with speed to suspected fires or hazardous material incidents
    (1) When there is an alarm of fire, a fire brigade must, despite anything to the contrary in any Act, proceed with all speed to the fire and try by all possible means to extinguish it and save any lives and property that are in danger.
    (2) When there is a report of a hazardous material incident, a fire brigade must, despite anything to the contrary in any Act—
    (a) proceed with all speed to the site of the incident, and
    (b) try by all possible means to render the site of the incident safe and save any lives and property that are in danger.

Question 9

Question 9. 
Complete the following in relation to the Fire and Rescue NSW Act 1989 Part 3, Division 1, Section 12 of the FRNSW Act, Investigation of reported fires and Hazardous material incident…

Answer 9

Investigation of reported fires and hazardous material incidents
(1) The officer in charge may, with or without members of a fire brigade, enter any place
(a) in respect of which an alarm of fire is raised to ascertain whether there is a fire at the place, or
(b) in respect of which a report of a hazardous material incident has been made to ascertain whether there is any hazardous material at the place that is, or is about to be, the subject of a hazardous material incident.
(2) Reasonable force, whether by breaking down gates or fences or breaking open doors or otherwise, may be used to gain entry.

Question 10

Question 10.
Section 13, of the FRNSW Act states the “General Powers of Officers at fires and hazardous material incidents”. State this provision.  

Answer 10

(1) At a fire, the officer in charge—
(a) may take such measures as the officer thinks proper for the protection and saving of life and property and for the control and extinguishing of the fire, and
(b) is to control and direct the operations of any fire brigade.
(1A) At the site of a hazardous material incident, the officer in charge—
(a) may take such measures as the officer thinks proper for the protection and saving of life and property, for confining and ending the incident and for rendering the site safe, and
(b) is to control and direct the operations of any fire brigade.
The site is taken to be such area in the vicinity of the incident as is for the time being determined by the officer in charge.
(2) If the fire is a bush fire (including a grass fire), the officer in charge is, as far as practicable, to carry into effect any plan of operations in force under section 52 of the Rural Fires Act 1997 in relation to the place where the fire occurs.

Question 11

Question 11.
Section 19 of the FRNSW Act lists the powers at fires and hazardous material incidents. State the provisions of this Section: “General power to remove persons or obstacles.”  

Answer 11

General power to remove persons or obstacles
The officer in charge at a fire or hazardous material incident may cause to be removed any person, vehicle, vessel or thing the presence of whom or which at or near a fire or hazardous material incident might, in the officer’s opinion, interfere with the work of any fire brigade or the exercise of any of the officer’s functions.

Question 12

Question 12. At an incident that has been declared a crime scene, a member of the public seeks details from you, the senior firefighter/officer on duty, about the incident. State your response according to the Fire Brigades Regulation (2014) Clause 22, Disclosure of information.   (STATE WORD FOR WORD)

Answer 12

A firefighter must not disclose any information obtained in the firefighter’s capacity as a firefighter unless the disclosure is made:
(a) in the exercise of the firefighter’s functions, or
(b) about factual matters that are generally available to the public, or
(c) by an approved firefighter to media representatives concerning operations at a fire or other incident, or
(d) at the direction or with the permission of the Commissioner, or
(e) with other lawful excuse.

Question 13

Question 13.
Section 17 of the Fire Brigades Regulation (2014) refers to unacceptable behaviour. List five circumstances when a firefighter’s behaviour would be deemed unacceptable.

Answer 13

A firefighter must not:
(1) come on duty while under the influence of alcohol or a drug, or
(2) while on duty, consume, use or possess any alcohol or drug, or
(3) smoke at a fire or drill, in any departmental premises or in any departmental vehicle, or
(4) smoke in any public place while in uniform, or
(5) while off duty, enter or remain on departmental premises without authority, or
(6) while on duty, by words or action, harass, intimidate or threaten another firefighter,

Question 14

Question 14.
As stated in the Standing Orders, to avoid serious accidents at intersections when responding to an emergency, What actions should drivers of responding vehicles approaching a stop sign or red signal take?  

Answer 14

Don’t cross unless it’s safe to do so.
Proceed at 8km/h

drivers of responding vehicles approaching a stop sign or red signal light must slow down and
enter the intersection at a speed of not more than 8 kph.

Having assessed the traffic conditions, and determined that it is safe to proceed, the driver may then continue across the intersection.

Whenever passing through the stop sign or red light would involve the vehicle in an accident, the driver must come to a halt and not move off again until it is safe to proceed.

Question 15

Question 15.
According to Standing Orders, when are seatbelts required to be worn when travelling in FRNSW vehicles (including tankers)?  

Answer 15

All Fire and Rescue NSW employees are required to wear a seat belt, properly adjusted, when travelling in Fire and Rescue NSW vehicles. Any member travelling on a vehicle (including a water tanker) is to be seated inside the vehicle and must wear a seat belt.

Question 16

Question 16. According to Standing Orders, with no impact of the service delivery, List the procedures to be followed if drivers of FRNSW vehicles are involved in an accident.
Information to be given to injured party

Check!

Answer 16

advise the other driver to contact Fleet Unit to obtain the relevant claim number and contact details for FRNSW’s insurer.

Drivers of Fire and Rescue NSW vehicles are to be suspended from driving for the balance of the shift on duty unless the exigencies of the service dictate to the contrary.

In the case of retained firefighters suspension is to be for 24 hours unless there are exigencies to the contrary.

Generally a member of the permanent staff will be reinstated by an officer above the rank of Station Officer at the next rostered shift unless there are contrary circumstances such as medical evidence or unmistakable evidence that the persons suspended may cause injury to persons or damage to property by neglect or lack of skill if reinstated. The same conditions apply to retained firefighters except that the period be 24 hours.
The reinstatement to be affected by verbal instruction and occurrence book entry at the station
concerned. Any additional suspension from driving, in connection with a particular incident, to be as a result of the findings of an inquiry.

Station Commanders and supervisors must complete an Agency member motor vehicle claim form for all accidents involving Fire and Rescue NSW vehicles, including fire appliances,
and submit it to their Duty
Commander or manager with a covering memo explaining how the accident occurred.

The Duty Commander or manager must undertake an initial investigation of the accident to determine if any action is required.

The Agency member motor vehicle claim form must then be forwarded to the Fleet Management Unit who will process the insurance claim.

If the accident involved an injury, illness, exposure or near miss, a Notification of injury, illness, exposure or near miss form must also be submitted.

Question 17

Question 17.
Fire Brigades Regulation, Part 3, Section 14: Firefighters to acquire and maintain knowledge of legislation, orders, and functions.
List the provisions.

Answer 17

Firefighters to acquire and maintain knowledge of legislation, orders and functions
(1) A firefighter must acquire and maintain a thorough knowledge of, and must comply with the requirements of, the Act, this Regulation and the Commissioner’s Orders.
(2) A firefighter must acquire and maintain the knowledge and skills that are relevant to
the performance of the firefighter’s functions.

Question 18

Question 18.
According to STP -The National Construction Code classes buildings “Class 1” through to “Class 10”. The class of building is a measure of the buildings likely: 
List these four points.

Answer 18

Fire Load
Use
Population
Mobility of the occupants, such as if they are sleeping or alert

Question 19

Question 19.
According to the Fire Investigation toolkit on the Intranet, when should you request FIRU for assistance?

Answer 19

WHEN TO REQUEST FIRU
Contact the Fire Investigation and Research Unit (FIRU) for assistance if:
There has been a loss of life at a fire, or a person is not expected to live from their injuries, or
The fire is considered major (i.e. 4th Alarm or above, significant community impact or unusual fire behaviour), or
The Origin and Cause of the fire is not apparent.

Question 20

Question 20.
As listed in STP - What form populated by firefighters gives the Fire Investigator a summary of firefighter actions at an incident.

Answer 20

SOFA Forms – a form populated by firefighters that gives the Fire Investigator a summary of the firefighters actions at an incident.

Question 21

Question 21.
STP - Details how a structure fire will burn within one of two burning regimes. List and describe the regimes.  

Answer 21

fuel-controlled, initial phase of fire development the fire grows as a direct function of the fuel itself with little or no influence from the compartment environment.

If we continue to add fuel the fire will grow in size. If we remove fuel, the fire will decrease in size.
Therefore fires with more than enough air for combustion are said to be Fuel Controlled.

ventilation-controlled.

Fire development and the Heat Release Rate (HRR) is now dictated by the availability of oxygen.
This occurs during a fully developed fire when the fire is pyrolyzing more fuel than can be burnt with the available oxygen in the compartment.
It will also occur prior to this if the enclosure has insufficient openings.
Simply put, fire growth (and HRR) is limited by the available air (O2) supply.

Question 22

Question 22.
STP - Identifies the search priority in multi storey buildings, list the priorities.
In multi-storey buildings, search priority should be given to:

Answer 22

The fire floor
The floor above and
The top floor

check roof?

Question 23

Question 23.
STP - Outlines when a working at a task/tactical level and a firefighter becomes trapped, injured missing or overdue. What message should be sent to draw attention to the situation? 

Answer 23

Mayday, Mayday, Mayday

Question 24

Question 24
According to STP - When is an Incident Management System required to be used at incidents FRNSW attends?

Answer 24

An IMS is a standardised method used to manage all types of incidents.
This method is used at every incident FRNSW attends.
From the start of incident.

Question 25

Question 25. According to STP -There are eight strategic functions of command the Incident Commander needs to address. List all eight.

Answer 25

1. Deployment – ensuring a steady, adequate and timely stream of appropriate resources at the incident, and knowing the position and function of each resource at all times. 2. Command – having a strong command presence from the outset of an incident. 3. Situation evaluation – continuously collecting and evaluating information about the incident in order to determine critical factors. 4. Incident action planning – having an incident action plan that addresses the critical factors. 5. Incident communications – having efficient and effective incident communications to describe the flow of information within and out of the incident. 6. Incident structure – having an incident structure that is flexible and able to be scaled to meet the incident size and needs, with the ability to delegate functions and responsibilities as span of control is reached. 7. Review and revision – once in operation, reviewing and revising the strategy and plan, to keep it current with the changing needs of the incident. 8. Escalation and de-escalation – as additional officers or an Incident Management Team arrive, scaling up the strategic management level of the incident; and scaling down as operations conclude.

Question 26

Question 26. According to STP - At every incident there must be a steady, adequate, and timely stream of resources.  Who is the only person to deploy resources at an incident? 

Answer 26

The Incident Commander (IC) must be the only person to deploy resources.

Question 27

Question 27. A driver in a road tunnel noticed smoke coming from the engine compartment of their car and immediately pulled into the emergency break down bay and called 000. The Tunnel Control Centre closed the tunnel allowing attending fire crews access to extinguish the fire. Peak hour traffic is starting to build at the entrance to the tunnel and thick smoke is throughout. List the Smoke Management Systems found in road tunnels that could assist in clearing the smoke?

Answer 27

* longitudinal ventilation (jet fans) * ducted ventilation * natural ventilation * a combination of the above.

Question 28

Question 28. According to SOGs -As an incident develops and crews become fatigued, they will need to be rested. Name and describe the two ways crews can be rested.

Answer 28

Recycle – Crew stops work for a short period just outside the Hot Zone, to rest, rehydrate, and replenish air cylinders if relevant. They remain accountable to IC or Sector, Group or Division commander (SGD Commander), as per the incident structure. Full rehabilitation – Crew is released and moves to the rehabilitation area. Once there, they are accountable to a Rehabilitation Officer.

Question 29

Question 29. According to SOGs - List and describe the three incident phases.

Answer 29

− Life at risk phase: There are savable human lives. The incident is uncontrolled and requires rapid actions to control the risks to lives. A higher level of risk may be acceptable. − Expanding phase: the incident is likely to expand beyond accepted limits. The incident is uncontrolled and requires rapid actions to control risks to lives and property. Some level of risk may be acceptable. − Contained phase: there are sufficient resources to contain the incident within a defined area. There is no life at risk, or lives and property are already

Question 30

Question 30. According to Standing Orders who are the people authorised to ride on FRNSW appliances?

Answer 30

The people who are authorised to ride on an appliance are: * firefighters in the course of their duty; * employees of Fire and Rescue NSW whose duty requires their attendance at an emergency; * members of other emergency services at the discretion of the member in charge; or * other persons authorised by the Commissioner. The member in charge of an appliance is responsible for enforcing this instruction.

Question 31

Question 32. According to STP - List and describe three ways foam controls and extinguishes fire.

Answer 31

Foam controls and extinguishes a fire by: Excluding the fire’s supply of oxygen (smothering) Suppressing flammable vapours to stop them from igniting Cooling the surface temperature to prevent re-ignition

Question 32

Question 33. According to STP – What are the characteristics of liquid petroleum gas?

Answer 32

ODOURLESS COLOURLESS HEAVIER THAN AIR

Question 33

Question 34. According to STP - What is the term used when a liquid within a container reaches a temperature well above its boiling temperature, boils, expands and the container fails sending flammable gas outwards where it ignites.

Answer 33

BOILING LIQUID EXPANDING VAPOUR EXPLOSION

Question 34

Question 35. According to STP - What can be used to conduct a thermal check of an acetylene cylinder.

Answer 34

TIC Infrared thermometer Wetting test

Question 35

Question 36. Expand the Acronym - SISIACMR

Answer 35

S Safe approach I Incident control S Scene security I Identify hazardous materials A Assess potential harm and minimise environmental contamination C Call in resources M Monitor information R Render safe and decontaminate

Question 36

Question 37. According to STP - What is the most suitable extinguishing agent for rubber fires?

Answer 36

Water - most suitable extinguishing agent

Question 37

Question 38. According to STP -There are several stages of Lithium-Ion battery failure list and describe the stages.

Answer 37

Stage 1 - Abuse Factor - Thermal, electrical or mechanical abuse Stage 2 - Off Gas Generation - Occurs regardless of cell form factor Stage 3 - Smoke Generation - Catastrophic failure imminent Stage 4 - Fire Generation - Likelihood of propagation drastically increases

Question 38

Question 39. According to the Workplace Safety toolkit on the intranet, what should you complete when a work-related injury, near miss, exposure or illness occurs and in what timeframe after the occurrence should it be submitted?

Answer 38

NIIENMs should be submitted within 24 hours of occurrence.

Question 39

Question 40. According to the toolkit on the intranet - If you are unable to submit or fill out a NIIENM who else can submit one for you?

Answer 39

If the injured person is unable to submit the report, their Supervisor or co-worker can submit it on their behalf.

Question 40

Question 41. In New South Wales, Emergency Services carry out land-based rescues under what Act?

Answer 40

SERM Act,1989 State Emergency and Rescue Management

Question 41

Question 42. As stated in the SERM Act,1989 who is responsible for coordinating rescue operations and for determining the priorities of action to be taken in rescue operations?

Answer 41

NSW Police Force

Question 42

Question 43. According to STP - FRNSW uses the YOU principle to establish priorities of safety at a rescue incident. What are these priorities of safety?

Answer 42

Yourself Others Unfortunate Other rescuers, persons uninvolved. The unfortunate person(s)

Question 43

Question 44. According to STP -What is the correct PPC and procedure for fire protection at an MVA?

Answer 43

The pumper should ideally be positioned in a safe area at least 15-30 metres from the incident. A 38 mm hose line, charged to 400 kPa with an Akron spray branch with 90o angle of spray, the pump recirculating valve must be opened to prevent the pump from overheating The branch must be hand-held by a firefighter in full turnout gear and BA The firefighter holding the branch must be positioned close to the risk, ready to provide immediate protection should a fire ignite and be prepared to: 1. Secure an escape path for the rescue crew; and 2. Isolate the fire from the passenger cell of the vehicle. If the hose line is used, the pump operator should close the recirculating valve and increase the pump pressure to 800 kPa

Question 44

Question 45. According to STP - What environments should SCBA be worn in?

Answer 44

H - Heated or extremely low temperatures O - Oxygen deficient or enriched environments T - Toxic atmospheres S - Smoke

Question 45

Question 46. Owners and occupiers of premises can deposit keys at their nearest fire station so that firefighters can gain access without causing unnecessary damage. Located in the Forms filing cabinet on the intranet, name the two forms that need to be completed when receiving keys to private premises.

Answer 45

Keys to private premises - Applicant form Keys Deposit - Station Commander form.

Question 46

Question 47. As stated in the Health, Fitness and Wellbeing Toolkit- What is it a mandatory requirement to complete prior to undertaking the annual Fitness Drill?

Answer 46

FRNSW Fitness Drill Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PARQ)

Question 47

Question 48. According to Operations Bulletin 2020-04 - Failure to report damage. When an appliance is found to have unreported damage, the Fleet Operations Officer or Regional Maintenance Officer will notify the Station, Duty, and Zone Commander in writing. The responsible station must submit what form within 8 days?

Answer 47

The responsible station must submit an Agency Member Motor Vehicle Claim Form within 8 days.

Question 48

Question 49. According to the Fire ePermit policy, a fire permit issued within the ‘Bush Fire Danger’ period will be valid for a period of how many days from the date of issue?

Answer 48

7 Days Maximum

Question 49

Question 50. According to the Fire ePermit policy, what aspect of the planned fire does the permit take into account.

Answer 49

The safety aspect covered in the standard conditions of the permit, as well as any variable and/or custom conditions that are specified by the Fire and Rescue NSW Issuing Officer. Covering off the safety of the fire in the fire permit is FRNSW's direct responsibility.

Question 50

Question 51. According to STP - Where should Warden Intercom Points be in a building?

Answer 50

At EICIE - Fire Detection Control and Indicating Equipment (Chief Wardon Handset) FIP Within 4m of exit within each emergency zone Within emergency lift shafts Adjacent to FDCIE if remote from EICIE

Question 51

Question 52. According to STP, name the components in an AS 2118.1 sprinkler alarm valve room. NEED TO ADD IMAGE

Answer 51

(1) Main stop valve (2) Test drain (3) Sprinkler test facility (4) Sprinkler alarm valve (5) System pressure gauge (6) Deluge valve (7) Water supply with water supply pressure gauge

Question 52

Question 53. According to STP, there are two control measures when dealing with live power at an incident. List and describe them.

Answer 52

Turning Off at switchboard - Firefighters can turn off the main switch, removing fuses and switching off circuit breakers at the switchboard involves turning off the main switch, removing fuses and switching off circuit breakers at the switchboard. This removes power from the circuits within the structure supplied through that switchboard. When power is turned off at the switchboard the wiring from the electricity network to the switchboard remains live until the power is isolated by the electricity company. The consumers mains, the wiring inside the property that is still live after the switchboard is isolated, is a very real hazard for firefighters, especially because it is often hidden –in the roof, the eaves, the ceiling and/or the walls. If a conducting material comes in contact with the consumers mains it may become electrified. Fire, water or structural collapse can increase the likelihood of an electrical fault occurring. Isolating power is the best way to control an electrical hazard but this can only be done by the electricity company, and this takes time. The electricity company needs to drive to the site, work out how the power is supplied and then disconnect the power from the network to the site. As an interim measure, firefighters can turn off power at the switchboard.

Question 53

Question 54. According to STP - Firefighters can ‘turn off’ a solar power system to stop electricity feeding into the structure’s circuits or back to the electricity network if configured to do so. State the recommended procedure. STATE WORD FOR WORD

Answer 53

On-site consultation: Determine whether it is appropriate to turn solar system off and how best to do so. Assume switch board is live: don electrical safety gloves and then over gloves. Have your helmet visor down and look away. Follow the shutdown procedure. This may be on or near the switchboard or inverter. If not found, turn off the inverter main switch then turn off the solar panel main switch. Consider if the benefits outweigh the risks: Restrict work as far as resonably practical to that required to protect life or prevent dangerous expansion of the incident Isolate the power: If required, have the owner/occupier contact their electrician to isolate the power.

Question 54

Question 55. According to STP -When a battery energy storage system is present at a residence, there should be an indicator to alert you to this. What is an example of an indicator, located outside the switchboard.

Answer 54

ES sticker outside the switchboard

Question 55

Question 56. Operations Bulletin 2023-01- Lists operational actions to follow when dealing with Lithium-ion battery failure in small devices. List these actions.

Answer 55

* Use caution when approaching the device as thermal runaway and vapour release may occur without warning. * If the device is connected to mains electricity (eg charging) ensure that electricity is switched off prior to applying water. * Knock-down any fire using copious amounts of water. * Cool the battery with a cooling stream of water. * Submerge the device in a suitable container of water if safe to do so. Use a tool such as a long-handled shovel to move the device. * If unable to submerge the device, continue cooling and conduct thermal checks every 15 minutes until ambient temperature is maintained for 60 minutes. Note: an increasing temperature is an indication that a thermal runaway event is occurring. * Ensure that all cells are accounted for by searching the area around the device. * Failure to account for all cells may lead to a secondary fire event. * Notify FireCOM that the incident involves a lithium-ion device. FireCOM will send a notification to FIRU.

Question 56

Question 57. According to STP - If solar panels, or the attached isolators, are on fire, in addition to the considerations with turning off an alternative power source what actions should firefighters take?

Answer 56

Conduct firefighting from the ground floor or an aerial appliance. Do not get onto the roof to exitngush the fire. Do not put a ladder against the roof as the gutter may be electrified. Extinguish the fire with a spray nozzle, using a pulse spray in a dispersed pattern If the solar panel is at ground level consider using co2 to extinguish the fire, ensuring that there is at least 250 mm air gap between the CO2 extinguisher nozzle and any electrified components. NSW fair trading notification form to be completed at completion of incident.

Question 57

Question 59. According to STP - Overhaul is a procedure we follow after we attend an incident and extinguish the fire. For your safety during overhaul what is it essential for you to do?

Answer 57

1. Wear SCBA and a full set of firefighting PPC 2. Perform atmospheric monitoring with gas detector

Question 58

Question 60. According to STP - What is the minimum PPE that can be worn at a bush fire?

Answer 58

Mp jacket Goggles MP helmet GP gloves FF gloves direct attack FF boots P2

Question 59

Question 61. According to STP - Property protection is the act of protecting property from the impact of a wildfire. At a major wildfire, FRNSW crews generally engage in property protection roles. We generally have 3 strategies for carrying out property protection. Name and describe them.

Answer 59

Line Ember Backstop Need to describe each

Question 60

Question 62. Operations Bulletin 2023-01- Lists the hazards and risks at incidents involving Lithium-ion batteries in small devices. List all as stated in the bulletin. CHECK

Answer 60

Thermal runaway Hazardous materials and leaked electrolytes. Extreme fire behaviour Release of toxic vapour and gases. Projectiles Stranded energy. Secondary ignition Thermal runaway is a term used to describe the rapid uncontrolled release of heat energy from a battery cell – a condition when the battery creates more heat than it can effectively dissipate. Once in thermal runaway the cell is in an uncontrollable, selfheating state and there can be extremely high temperatures, violent cell venting, flammable vapour, and fire. Surrounding cells may also be affected through thermal propagation, which can then send them into thermal runaway. Anyone in close proximity to a battery in thermal runaway may be injured. * Extreme fire behaviour. If thermal runaway occurs, it can lead to extreme fire behaviour where the build-up of flammable vapours in a compartment exceeds the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL). Firefighters entering the compartment may be exposed to a vapour cloud exposion when an airpath is created. * Release of toxic vapour and gases. The chemical compound of the battery depends on the battery design and manufacture. Vapours and gases that may vent include: − Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as alkyl-carbonates, methane, ethylene, and ethane. − Hydrogen gas. − Carbon dioxide. − Carbon monoxide − Soot. − Particulates containing oxides of nickel, aluminium, lithium, copper, and cobalt. − Phosphorus pentafluoride, Phosphoryl fluoride, or Hydrogen fluoride vapours. Toxic vapour can ignite and cause an explosion. Anyone in the vicinity may be injured by an explosion. Firefighters may inhale vapour or gas if not fully protected by PPE. * Hazardous materials and leaked electrolytes. Electrolytes contain volatile hydrocarbon-based liquid and dissolved lithium salts. Spills are likely to evaporate rapidly, leaving a white salt residue. Evaporated electrolyte is flammable and contains alkyl-carbonate compounds. Leaked electrolyte is colourless and characterised by a sweet odour. Firefighters may be injured by ignition of the electrolyte or it may lead to expansion of the incident. Firefighters may suffer skin irritation and respiratory illness if not protected by PPE. * Stranded energy. There may be stranded energy – energy that cannot be removed – in the battery, creating an electrical hazard. FRNSW is unable to discharge, recover, or identify cells or modules containing stranded energy. There is the risk to firefighters of electric shock from Direct Current (DC), Alternating Current (AC), or energised conductive material in contact with the battery. * Projectiles. There may be projectiles as cells are ejected under pressure from the battery case during fire or explosion. Firefighters may be hit and injured by a projectile. * Secondary ignition. Secondary ignition may occur without warning at any time after the initial event, even up to months later. A secondary ignition is a fire occurring as a result of a second thermal runaway event (not directly related to the initial event). This second event has the same risks as the initial even

Question 61

Question 63. As described in STP - When conducting ventilation using a fan, what is the most effective inlet/outlet ratio?

Answer 61

1:4 (Oulet 4x larger than inlet)

Question 62

Question 64. According to SOGs - When an LPG container is involved in fire, what area of the container is considered most crucial and a high priority area for cooling?

Answer 62

The container’s vapour space (area above the liquid) is most crucial and is to be considered a high priority area for cooling. Cool all containers by using sprays in preference to jets of water.

Question 63

Question 65. As recommended in STP - When conducting ventilation with a fan, the fan should be set back approximately how far from the door.

Answer 63

Height of the door

Question 64

Question 66. According to Work Instruction- “Bagging contaminated gear” What equipment is required for bagging contaminated gear (not PPC) at an incident to minimise the risk presented by hazardous contaminants during storage or transport?

Answer 64

* The appropriate bag for the type of contaminant: − Asbestos containment bags where asbestos is a suspected contaminant. − Yellow clinical waste bags for waste produced from providing first aid. − Clear contaminated gear bags for other contaminants, including smoke. * Cable ties or strong tape to seal the bags. * A contaminated equipment tag to attach to the bag with relevant details.

Question 65

Question 67. You are responded to a bushfire with four Fire Rescue NSW pumpers two RFS tankers and one inspector, according to SOGs what class is the fire?

Answer 65

Class 2 or class 1 depending on area

Question 66

Question 68. According to the guideline support document for electricity SOGs - Electrical transformers in high density areas of cities maybe situated in underground vaults, if a fire occurs in one of these vaults, CO2 can be injected via a wall mounted or footpath CO2 connection box. What does the number on the connection box indicate?

Answer 66

indicates the number of CO2 cylinders to be injected

Question 67

Question 69. According to the guideline support document for electricity SOGs - What factors affect voltage gradient at wires down?

Answer 67

The voltage gradient varies depending on: * Composition of the ground – eg concrete, road surface, soil * Moisture content * Voltage of the electrical source

Question 68

Question 70. According to the guideline support document for electricity SOGs - Conductors allow electricity to easily pass through them. List five conductors.

Answer 68

Conductors allow electricity to easily pass through them. Examples are: * Metals (eg copper, aluminium, steel) – including ladders, fences, guttering, roofing * Human body * Timber and trees * Flame and dense smoke * Vehicle tyres * Some fire extinguishing mediums * Wet or dirty rope * Water – including hose lines

Question 69

Question 71. According to the guideline support document for electricity SOGs - Name four measures to control the risks associated with electricity.

Answer 69

* Stay away from the hazard. Always regard it as live until you know otherwise. * Assess the risks from at least 8 metres away from the hazard. * If suspected to be electrically hazardous, establish an Exclusion Zone. * Have the electricity company isolate power. * When leaving the incident site, if possible, provide information to the owner or other responsible person on the hazards still present at the site and the control measures in place.

Question 70

Question 72. As listed on the SIMS Worksheet: Electrical safety kit - State the inventory stored in the green canvas bag of the electrical safety kit.

Answer 70

1 pair of insulating gloves 1 pair of leather over gloves 2 non contact AC voltage detectors - either modiwark rescue or GLM mini rescue

Question 71

Question 73. According to Recommended practice - When using the gloves from the electrical safety kit, what is the correct donning sequence?

Answer 71

CHECK Remove all jewelery Check for holes and damage To wear electrical gloves: * Put on electrical gloves first. * Put over-gloves on over the electrical gloves to protect the electrical glove from damage. * The cuff of the electrical glove must extend beyond the cuff of the over-glove. * The cuff of the electrical glove must be above the cuffs and sleeves of your PPC.

Question 72

Question 74. According to SOGs - FRNSW has an interagency notification policy, list the reasons NSW Police are required to be notified.

Answer 72

?? NEED MORE Possible terrorist threat Crime investigation eg If an illicit lab is suspected: Site, crowd, traffic and evacuation management Rescue incidents

Question 73

Question 75. You are responded to fire in a Correctional facility, centre or complex operated by government agencies or private contractors. As stated in FRNSW SOGs on arrival what actions should be taken?

Answer 73

1. Identify and liaise with the Emergency Coordinator. 2. While waiting to enter, start developing the IAP by accessing information – eg pre-incident plans, SOGs, and utilities. 3. Where entry to the facility is delayed, nominate a staging area and advise FireCOM to inform responding resources. Remain in the staging area until met by the Emergency Coordinator. Notify FireCOM if entry is delayed. 4. Always remain outside facility on standby if it is unsafe to enter. 5. At the main entry, access the Red Fire Emergency Plan Box containing the FRNSW pre-incident plan, safety data sheets folder, site plans, and Local Emergency Plans (LEPs) and brief crew about the facility. 6. Prepare the appliance and secure equipment before entering the facility. List all equipment to be taken in.

Question 74

Question 76. According to the Preventing and Managing Unreasonable Behaviour and Bullying Policy, what is the definition of workplace bullying?

Answer 74

Workplace bullying is repeated and unreasonable behaviour directed towards a worker or a group of workers that creates a risk to health and safety.

Question 75

Question 78. According to the ‘Firefighter’ role description found on the Intranet, list 5 Duties/Accountabilities required in this role.

Answer 75

* Contribute to stations community prevention, risk reduction. * Attend fire and other Emergency Incidents, providing expert knowledge and assistance. * Contribute to stations operational readiness - maintain tools, appliances & equipment. * Assist with investigations into causes of fire. * Station Duties - Completion of records, correspondence, running of station. Support station officer to achieve FRNSW goals and plans.

Question 76

Question 79. According to STP - What rule should be followed when tasking crews at a residential structure fire?

Answer 76

In the absence of visible victims or in situations where victim location is unknown, the first arriving crew will be tasked with Fire Attack. It is to gain Fire Control and stop conditions from worsening.

Question 77

Question 80. According to STP -What is recommended configuration for relay pumping operation?

Answer 77

- Pump with the largest output capacity is always the base pump, smallest pump closest to fire ground. - Minimum 2 lines hose between pumps if one line bursts the relay can continue. - Maximum number of lengths between pumps is 5 lengths (150M) between the base pump and the first pump and 7 lengths (210M) between the 1st pump and consecutive pumps.

Question 78

Question 81. According to STP – ‘Fire Safety and Investigation’ there are four classifications of cause. Name and describe them.

Answer 78

- NATURAL - A fire caused without human intervention. eg lightening, earthquake, flood. - ACCIDENTAL - Does not involve an intentional human act to light or spread the fire into an area where it should not be. - INCINDIARY - Intentionally ignited i an area where there should not be fire. - UNDETERMINED - Cause can not be determined with any level of certanity.

Question 79

Question 82. Whilst participating in a community event at the local oval and armed offender attack occurs. According to SOGs, what actions should you take?

Answer 79

ESCAPE As a priority, remove yourself and others from close proximity to the offender/s or areas they might reasonably access. Consider removing or leaving cumbersome equipment so you can move quickly. If it is safe to do so, snatch and grab as many casualties as possible when exiting. Do not stop to provide first aid. HIDE If you don’t believe you can safely escape, consider sheltering in place. Mute all communications equipment, including private mobile phones, so as not to give away your hiding place. Do not turn off phones as text messaging may be used to update you on the situation. Constantly re-assess the situation and your options, based on the best available information. TELL The more information you can pass on to FireCOM or the Police, the better, but never at the risk of your own safety or the safety of others.

Question 80

Question 83. According to SOGs - There are many duties of the BA Control Operator, List five.

Answer 80

* Establish BA Control as close to the entry/exit point as possible. * Check and enter all details on the BA Control Board. * Calculate and monitor entry and exit times. * Monitor all radio communications within the sector. * When exit time is reached: − Immediately contact the individual wearer or BA team leader. − If unable to contact, notify their Commander. − Activate the RIT immediately when required and notify the IC. * Indicate to exiting BA crews the locations of the BA staging area and Rehabilitation Area.

Question 81

Question 84. According to Firefighters Training Manual - The numbers relayed back from FireCOM for the Hazmat Action Guide (HAG) sheet are used to determine PPE, form, hazards, effect with water, action, firefighting, and personnel decontamination. TX at the end of the transmission means there is text.  What does the text usually refer to?

Answer 81

TX at the end of the numbers in the transmission means there is also text. This TX or text usually relates to Additional Personal Protection (APP).

Question 82

Question 85. According to SOGs - What can P2 particle masks be used to protect against?

Answer 82

Use P2 masks to protect against: * Known low concentrations of inert dust, such as those produced when cutting metal or wood. * Concrete, stone and masonry cutting operations where the work piece can be kept wet. * The particles, but not the gases such as CO, in bushfire smoke. * Contamination by body fluids.

Question 83

Question 86. According to SOGs - At any incident, the Incident Commander will consider the incident phase and the risk that may be accepted. Describe the life at risk phase.

Answer 83

− Life at risk phase, is where there are savable human lives. The incident is uncontrolled and requires rapid actions to control the risks to lives. A higher level of risk may be acceptable.

Question 84

Question 87. According to Firefighters Training Manual -You attend a house fire at 2am and on arrival notice a small amount of smoke issuing from the ground level of a 2-storey residence. Two cars are parked in the driveway. What three principles should you keep in mind when forcing entry?

Answer 84

- Enter without delay * enter with the minimum of structural damage; and * enter so as to provide access to as much of the building as possible.

Question 85

Question 88. According to SOGs -You respond to a building fire and the contaminated runoff/pollutant is impacting a canal that runs into a creek. Which agencies are you required to notify?

Answer 85

EPA - Environmental Protection Agency RMS - Roads and Maritime Services Transport for NSW. Ports Authority NSW Police.

Question 86

Question 90. According to SOGs - What are the three basic principles for communication at incidents?

Answer 86

- Use the principals of ICS and ensure effective span of control. - Establish a flow of information at all levels of the incident, without overwhelming the OIC or comcen with superlative data. - Ensure the safety of the firefighters by using effective communication.

Question 87

Question 92. According to SOGs - Emergency Response Teams have varying levels of skills, equipment, and training. Depending on the hazards involved, the IC must determine, from Pre-Incident Planning and discussion with the Emergency Response Team Leader, their role at an incident. Name three activities Emergency Response Team can participate in.

Answer 87

* Specialist advice to the IC relating to hazards, industrial processes and installed fire systems. * Operation of valves and other industrial processes. * Fire attack under the control of NSWFB officers

Question 88

Question 93 SOGs describe how to de-escalate an incident. What is de-escalation?

Answer 88

De-escalation is the scaling back of FRNSW involvement at an incident. Both the strategic and tactical levels scale back and delegated functions are handed back to the IC. The IC determines that the incident has been contained and that resources can be released. Eventually the incident terminates and the incident is completed.

Question 89

Question 94. According to SOGs - The Emergency Control Organisation may consist of people identified by coloured helmets, hats, caps, vests, or tabards. Name the members and the identifying colour.

Answer 89

Chief warden / Deputy chief warden / Communications officer - White Floor warden /Area wardens - Yellow Wardens - Red First aid officer - White cross on a green background

Question 90

Question 95. What are the correct meanings for the numerical codes: * Code 3 * Code 6 * Code 4  * Code 1 * Code 7

Answer 90

Code 3 - Once scene at Incident or move up station. Code 6 - Incident in RFS district. Code 4 - Available for response - If not Returning to station give destination. Code 1 - Responding to incident Code 7 - Unavailable for response.

Question 91

Question 96. You are completing a pre-incident plan for an occupancy located within your station area. Your priorities are confirming correct keys and swipe cards, along with updating information for the MDT.  The SO directs you to inspect the Fire Control Room. According to the SOGs, What features are included in a Fire Control Room?

Answer 91

* a fire isolated room with a 2-hour fire rating and separate ventilation * two exit points, to the front of the building and directly into a fire exit * Fire Indicator Panel * Fire Fan Control Panel * Master Emergency Control Panel * controls for fire pumps * Security Alarm and Control Panels * telephone (direct line outside) * whiteboard, corkboard and plan table * Tactical Fire Plans (maps and schematics).

Question 92

Question 97. You are attending an incident at a large cold storage facility. Your SO has directed you to cut into an Insulated Sandwich Panel (ISP). Prior to cutting the ISP, you conduct a risk assessment. According to the SOGs, list the important issues to consider?

Answer 92

* if there is sufficient time and resources available. * leaked refrigerant gas which may be pocketed behind panels or in ducting * electrical wiring or refrigerant gas pipes that may be located behind the panels * the potential to generate sparks that could ignite flammable refrigerant gas or ESP panel cores * Weakening of the structure when multiple panels are cut. * An increase in fire activity due to the introduction of air; Have a charged line of hose in place for protection before cutting ISPs.

Question 93

Question 98. You are attending a 3rd Alarm structure fire and note the current incident commander is being overwhelmed by radio messages. According to SOGs, following span of control rules, what is the optimal amount an individual resources you should communicate with?

Answer 93

5 people reporting to them (optimal is 1:5 ratio), but this can vary between 1:3 to 1:7, depending upon the activity, geography, or nature of the incident.

Question 94

Question 99. It is the responsibility of the Incident Commander (IC) to ensure that in general, each tactical priority has been addressed, according to the SOGs, involving structure fires the IC should consider how many sides of the fire?

Answer 94

Consider the "seven sides" of the fire: front, rear, both sides, top, bottom and inside.

Question 95

Question 100. On arrival at an incident, you observe the EWIS is operating. Upon closer inspection you note it has defects. According to the SOGs, what actions should you take?

Answer 95

Advise FRNSW Fire Safety Division to have the matter investigated. Do not initiate any action yourself.

Question 96

Question 101. You attend a Hazmat incident involving Phosgene, you appreciate the importance of correct spelling of a substance when transmitting messages to Comms. You are requested to relay the message using the phonetic alphabet. What is the correct phonetic alphabet transmission for Phosgene?

Answer 96

P - Papa H - Hotel - O - Oscar - S - Sierra - G - Golf - E - Echo - N - November - E - Echo

Question 97

Question 102. An MVA has occurred between a truck and two cars requiring the attendance of a rescue unit, the MVA has occurred on the M5 Motorway in the GSA. There are multiple emergency services within NSW that are responsible for rescue incidents. According to SOGs, who determines which emergency service will send a rescue unit to this rescue incident?

Answer 97

Police Rescue Coordinator.

Question 98

Question 103. Fumigation is a process of applying a pesticide chemical to a sealed area for a period, generally to treat insects or other vermin. The pesticide is applied in gas form (or a state that produces a gas) to the area. According to SOGs if a firefighter is exposed to chemicals at a fumigation what actions need to be taken on arrival back at station?

Answer 98

On return to station 1. Have the firefighter shower and dress in clean clothing. 2. Record the exposure in the Occurrence Book and in the eAIRS report. 3. Ensure that Notification of Injury, Illness, Exposure or Near-Miss (NIIENM) form is completed.

Question 99

Question 104. According to SOGs - FRNSW priorities guide the strategy and incident action plan (IAP) for the incident. What are our priorities at an incident?

Answer 99

* The first priority is the safety of firefighters. * The second priority is protecting savable lives. * The third priority is protecting savable property and the environment. Resources should not be committed to save what is already lost.

Question 100

Question 105. According to FRNSW fatigue management procedure permanent firefighters, what is the recommended consecutive hours break taken after completion of their second 24-hour shift, prior to recall, part change of shift or any other overtime in order to minimise fatigue risk.

Answer 100

8HRS

Question 101

Question 106. According to the clean firefighter policy describe onsite decontamination.

Answer 101

Onsite decontamination occurs as people and equipment leave the Hot Zone to recycle, when entering rehabilitation, or when leaving the incident. Designed to remove contaminents and reduce the risk of cross contamination.

Question 102

Question 107. According to the Toolkit on the intranet during a bushfire with CFUs. List the roles and responsibilities of CFU members.

Answer 102

OPERATIONAL MEMBER - * Prepare and protect their home and other properties in their area of activity from spot fires and ember attack in accordance with ‘Prepare. Act. Survive.’ strategies. * Assist with mop up in their area of activity after the fire front passes, releasing fire services to respond to the fire front. ASSOCIATE MEMBER - * Monitor public warnings on bushfire activity and relay information to the team. * Patrol the area of activity, to alert operational members to outbreaks of spot fires and ember attacks. * Pass information between operational members, and other communication tasks. * Assist in the coordination of food and drink supplies for CFU members. * Provide appropriate first aid where trained.

Question 103

Question 108. According to SOGs - A medical emergency access incident is an actual or probable situation where either the Police Rescue Coordinator or the Ambulance Service of NSW (ASNSW) Communication Centre Manager considers serious. What do they consider a person at risk of if access is not gained quickly?

Answer 103

* a patient is at risk of further serious injury or death if medical assistance is not provided quickly.

Question 104

Question 109. According to FRNSW Alcohol and other drugs policy, workers must not be in the workplace with a blood alcohol concentration of how many grams or above of alcohol per 210 litres of breath.

Answer 104

0.02

Question 105

Question 110. According to STP - What actions should you take upon noticing signs of structural collapse?

Answer 105

- Notify all personnel in the collapse zone. - Notify SO, Sector Commander - Evacuation premises - Set up exclusion zone - Use appropriate water stream

Question 106

Question 111. According to SOGs - Radio codes for automatic fire alarms (AFAs) are used by the Incident Commander (IC) to send an incident completed (Stop) message to FireCOM at the conclusion of an AFA-reported incident. When AFA call is to an actual fire – i.e., one which FRNSW has been alerted to by the activation of an AFA or manual call point. What is required to be reported to FireCOM?

Answer 106

100 where an AFA call is to an actual fire. Add a detailed message along with it and add message to eAirs report,

Question 107

Question 112. According to SOGs - Safety is paramount at all bushfires. A safety briefing must be completed and communicated to firefighters. Firefighters should constantly review LACES. Describe each letter of the acronym LACES.

Answer 107

LOOKOUTS – ensure a clear appreciation of current fire behaviour, location and size of the fire in relation to crew location. AWARENESS − the impact of changes in fire behaviour caused by variations to fuel, weather and topography − observation of smoke colour, direction and column − fireground and urban hazards including the potential for falling rocks and trees − hydration of themselves and others. COMMUNICATIONS – maintain communication in accordance with the communications plan and ensure safety issues are discussed and addressed immediately. ESCAPE ROUTES – At least two escape routes should be agreed and made known to all relevant personnel. The suitability of escape routes should be reviewed continually to ensure they remain effective. SAFETY ZONES – Safety zones (refuge areas) should be identified and made known to all relevant firefighters. Firefighters need to consider escape time and safety zone size requirements, which may change as fire behaviour changes.

Question 108

Question 113. According to SOGs-Fire danger ratings (FDR) give an indication of the consequences of a bushfire. The higher the fire danger, the more dangerous the conditions. List the ratings.

Answer 108

CATASTROPHIC FBI 100 + * Uncontrollable extremely fast and intense, spot fires 20 km. * No structure is guaranteed safe, lives may be lost EXTREME FBI: 50 – 99 * Uncontrollable, very fast and intense, spot fires 6 km. * Only prepared houses offer safety; house and life loss possible. HIGH FBI: 25 – 49 * Difficult to control, spot fires 2 km. * Housing may come under increased threat. MODERATE FBI: 12 – 24 * Controllable, spot fires very close and less likely. * Prepared houses offer good safety. NO RATING FBI: 0 – 11 * Fires easily controllable, spot fires very unlikely.

Question 109

Question 114 According to SOGs when sending radio messages, to ensure they are easy to understand and hear. How should they be formulated?

Answer 109

All radio messages must follow the Conditions, Actions, Needs (CAN) format, to succinctly describe the conditions present, the actions being taken, and any needs.

Question 110

Question 115. According to SOGs - There are three strategies used during bushfires operations. Name and describe them.

Answer 110

Offensive strategies Direct attack is at the fire edge to extinguish or control the flames directly eg applying water, smothering with foam or soil, beating, or starving of fuel by raking the fuel into the fire. Parallel attack is used to control the intensity of the fire. A fire line is constructed parallel to, and just far enough from the fire edge, to allow firefighters and equipment to work effectively away from heat and smoke. Indirect attack involves falling back some distance from the fire perimeter — this could be up to a few kilometres at times — and burning back from a strong control line such as natural barriers, roads, tracks, firebreaks, or from trails or fire lines constructed. Defence strategies Line defence is used when conditions would normally allow an offensive attack (eg the fire is not intense, weather conditions are favourable), but there are not enough resources to mount an offensive attack in time. It involves preventing the approaching line of fire from closely approaching the property. Ember defence is used when the approaching line of fire is too intense to be suppressed by offensive means and is producing significant ember attack. It involves extinguishing small fires that occur in and around buildings. Backstop defence is used when there is no safe defensible space around buildings; the approaching fire is so intense that buildings cannot be safely protected. Withdraw temporarily a short distance away to suitable safe refuges, with the intention of coming back after the fire passes. Safeguarding strategy When offensive or defensive strategies are no longer viable with intense fires under the worst conditions, safeguarding warns escorts (moves) protects community members to ensure their safety.

Question 111

Question 116. According to SOGs - To minimise the risk of heat related illness, what is the minimum level of PPE that should be worn at a bushfire.

Answer 111

1. Multipurpose helmet 2. T-Shirt 3. Duty wear trousers 4. Multipurpose Jacket 5. Structual Gloves 6. FF boots

Question 112

Question 117. Heat stress is the most common condition which affects firefighters. It all too frequently affects their welfare, but more importantly, it affects their judgement and competence in the field. All firefighters must be able to recognise the symptoms, name three symptoms as stated in SOGs.

Answer 112

Dizziness Weakness Nausea

Question 113

Question 118. According to SOGs - The status of a bushfire is the degree to which it is under control. What terminology is to be used in radio messages and sitreps to FireCOM?

Answer 113

Going - The fire is spreading on one or more flanks, and effective control strategies are not in place for the entire perimeter. Being Controlled - Effective strategies are in operation or planned for the entire perimeter. Contained - The entire perimeter is behind identifiable control lines. Mop up and patrol have started. Patrol - Firefighting resources are only required for patrol purposes and major reignition is unlikely. Out - The fire is totally blacked out and can be removed from the list of current fires.

Question 114

Question 120. According to SOGs - Describe offensive and defensive firefighting strategies.

Answer 114

Offensive operating close proximity to the hazard Defensive operating away from hazards Offensive – operating in close proximity to the hazards. Consider an offensive strategy to save saveable lives. Consider an offensive strategy, in a highly calculated manner, to save saveable property. Defensive – operating away from the hazards. Consider a defensive strategy and not risk lives for what is already lost – people or property.

Question 115

Question 121. As stated in SOGs - What does the Incident Action (IAP) usually describe?

Answer 115

An Incident Action Plan (IAP) is the plan developed by the IC that describes, at any one point, how the IC plans to resolve or control the incident. The IAP usually describes: * The risk assessment. * The strategy and objectives, including notes relating to critical factors. * The incident structure, showing the resources being used or needed. * The layout of the incident (mud map). * Any other information relevant to resolve or control, such as incoming resources. The IAP must address the objectives for all incidents: − To save and protect lives. − To prevent the incident from expanding beyond a deliberately chosen boundary. − To minimise further consequences of the incident on the community.

Question 116

Question 123. According to SOGs - At a high-rise structure fire, what are the actions of the first arriving Station Commander?

Answer 116

The first Station Commander becomes the Sector Commander for the fire floor, establishes a Forward Control Point and commences fire operations from the floor below the fire.

Question 117

Question 124. According to SOGs - Twin bore tunnels, where traffic flows occur in separate tunnels, the tunnels are usually separated by 4-hour fire-resisting construction. Crossover passages between the tunnels are usually how many metres apart?

Answer 117

120M and may be pressurised.

Question 118

Question 125. According to SOGs - List the roles of FRNSW at incidents involving bomb threats or detonations?

Answer 118

* Support NSW Police Force or the Australian Defence Force (ADF) by protecting life and property from the effects of fires or hazardous materials that may occur. * Act as the lead agency in urban search and rescue (USAR) operations, if required. * If requested, assist NSW Ambulance.

Question 119

Question 126. According to SOGs - When referring to storage facilities describe- * Bulk * Flatbed storage * Ventilated * Sealed

Answer 119

bulk more than 4 tonnes (net), or more than 4 cubic metres of a substance, not in individual packages. flatbed storage a single level building or other structure designed for the storage of solids in bulk of more than 40 tonnes. ventilated containers open to the atmosphere, including silos with explosion vents that have activated sealed a grain container is sealed during fumigation and semi sealed at other times – includes semi-sealed and oxygen limiting containers.

Question 120

Question 127. According to SOGs - Standards Australia refers to Breathing Apparatus (BA) as supplied air respirators. Fire and Rescue NSW uses positive pressure supplied air respirators to provide the highest level of protection. Name and describe them.

Answer 120

* Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). * Extended duration breathing apparatus (EDBA): An SCBA set in twin cylinder configuration which allows firefighters to work for approximately twice the time as single cylinder SCBA. * Airline respirator: An extension facemask with an airline supplied from a source of compressed air. These sources include: − Air trolley breathing apparatus (ATBA): A mobile trolley with compressed air cylinders, a valve assembly and an airline connected to an extension facemask. − An independent SCBA set. − SCBA worn by a firefighter: An extension facemask and airline worn by a second person which is attached to the auxiliary connection of an SCBA or EDBA set worn by a firefighter.

Question 121

Question 128. According to SOGs - Decontamination is the process of removing contaminants from people and equipment to prevent further injury and reduce the spread of the contaminant. What are the three ways decontamination can be implemented.

Answer 121

STANDARD decontamination is implemented where there is no life at risk. EMERGENCY decontamination is implemented where there is a life at risk (a person is rescued from the Hot Zone), or an immediate response is required due to an accidental contamination. MASS decontamination is implemented in an unexpected and dangerous situation which must be dealt with immediately where a group of people are contaminated.

Question 122

Question 129. A ccording to SOGs When dealing with radiological incidents, the first priority is to minimise the exposure to radiation while rendering the incident safe. What are the main considerations for protecting people at radiological incidents?

Answer 122

Minimise exposure: Time – minimise duration of exposure Distance – maximise distance from the radiological source Shielding – maximise shielding between the radiological source and people.

Question 123

Question 130. According to SOGs - What are three types of radiation.

Answer 123

alpha radiation beta radiation X-rays and gamma rays and neutrons.

Question 124

Question 131. According to SOGs - Materials that contain asbestos are known as asbestos containing materials (ACM). If asbestos is encountered at an incident, as far as practical, employ dust suppression tactics and leave ACM in situ. Provide three examples of dust suppression tactics.

Answer 124

* Minimise disturbance – ie restrict salvage and overhaul work. * Keep it lightly dampened down with fog spray. * Apply a bonding agent such as a foam blanket or coloured PVA/water mix. * Bag into marked asbestos containment bags. * Wrap or cover with salvage plastic sheeting.

Question 125

Question 132. Materials that contain asbestos are known as asbestos containing materials (ACM). There are generally two categories of ACM name and describe them.

Answer 125

Friable Friable ACMs are materials that are in powder form, or that can be crumbled, pulverised, or reduced to powder by hand pressure when dry. eg * Sprayed insulation * Fire door cores * Pipe lagging * Non-friable materials that have been fire damaged * Non-friable materials that have been severely damaged by force and reduced to powder. Non-friable ACMs are any materials that are not friable, including materials containing asbestos fibres reinforced with a bonding compound. * Fibre cement sheeting (‘fibro’) * Corrugated or moulded fibre cement * Gaskets and friction products * Electrical switchboards * Sealants and other waterproofing products

Question 126

Question 133. According to Standing Orders – The minimum number of new PIPs to be completed by each platoon yearly is?

Answer 126

A minimum of four new PIPs a year must be completed by each platoon at a 10/14 station.

Question 127

Question 134. According to Standing Orders - Why does FRNSW conduct hydrant inspections?

Answer 127

* ensure that hydrants work when needed * notify water authorities of problems with hydrants, and * familiarise crews with hydrants in their area.

Question 128

Question 135. According to the After-Action Review (AAR) Policy - AARs are held for the purpose of reviewing organisational performance, resulting in a series of observations, which are analysed to produce thematic insights. What timeframe should a Type 1 review be conducted?

Answer 128

Immediatly or as soon as possible

Question 129

Question 136. As stated in in the FRNSW Code of Conduct and Ethics - FRNSW has shared values with the NSW Government Sector. Name all the shared values.

Answer 129

Integrity Service Trust Accountability

Question 130

Question 137. According to FRNSW Policy Managing Gifts, Benefits and Hospitality Policy and Procedure - Any offer of a gift or benefit in excess of $50 or not token in nature, whether it is accepted or not, must be declared and registered with who?

Answer 130

Declared and registered with Professional Standards (PSB) by completing the ‘Gifts and Benefits Registration Form on the Professional Standards Gifts and Benefits intranet page

Question 131

Question 138. According to the infection prevention and control manual - An infection occurs when another organism enters your body and causes disease. There are six main transmission routes, list four.

Answer 131

Direct contact transmission with blood or body substances Indirect contact transmission Droplet transmission Airborne transmission

Question 132

Question 139. According to SOGs - What is the unit of measurement for external radiation?

Answer 132

The sievert is a large unit. Radiation dose equivalents are more commonly expressed in terms of: * millisievert (mSv), one thousandth of a sievert. * microsievert (μSv), one millionth of a sievert.

Question 133

Question 140. According to SOGs - The risk of developing asbestos related disease depends on many factors. List three factors.

Answer 133

* Concentration of exposure: Greater quantities of inhaled fibres will increase the likelihood of developing disease. * Duration of exposure: The longer the duration you are exposed, the greater the likelihood of developing disease. * Fibre characteristics: The type of fibres inhaled have an effect on the likelihood of developing disease. Shorter, straight fibres are more likely to be breathed deeper into the lungs. * Other exposures: Exposure to other hazardous materials may compound the likelihood of developing disease. For instance, people who have smoked have a much greater likelihood of developing an asbestos-related disease.

Question 134

Question 141. List and define the three zone systems as outlined in SOGs Scene Security.

Answer 134

Three Zone System * Hot Zone – where no personnel enter until a DRA determines appropriate actions and level of PPE. * Warm Zone – where Fire and Rescue NSW conducts its operations. * Cold Zone – where the Incident Control Point and support agencies are located and where the Police implement overall site control.

Question 135

Question 142. According to SOGs - Operators of aged care facilities have emergency plans, which include a staged evacuation plan. List the stage numbers including the stage FRNSW would likely be involved.

Answer 135

Stage 1 Residents removed from immediate danger – evacuated to an adjoining room or corridor. Stage 2 – FRNSW are likely to be involved from this stage Residents removed from adjoining rooms and corridors, away from the emergency (fire, smoke, gas) – evacuated to an adjoining fire or smoke compartment, or another floor below the emergency. Stage 3 Residents completely evacuated from the building – evacuated to a nominated safe assembly area.

Question 136

Question 143. According to SOGs - During bushfire operations safeguarding strategy is not fire suppression but can be used when defensive operations are not safe. Describe the actions taken in this strategy.

Answer 136

* warn – tailored to the current situation and locality * move – support, assist and move, particularly vulnerable people to a safer location * protect – when moving to a safe location is impossible provide protection in whatever form necessary. safeguarding strategy is not fire suppression but can be used when defensive operations are not safe.

Question 137

Question 144. According to SOGs - At a high-rise structure fire, what area provides a safe location with building communications, control equipment and plans?

Answer 137

The Fire Control Room (FCR) The IC will establish a control point in the FCR or send a firefighter there to operate the equipment and liaise with wardens.

Question 138

Question 145. SOGs state - In some cases, mostly at larger structures and complexes it may not be appropriate to turn off power to the entire structure. List three of these structures or complexes.

Answer 138

* Industrial complexes – some processes may be difficult to shut down quickly * High-rise buildings – lights or lifts may be needed during evacuation of residents * Health care facilities – life-sustaining equipment may be in use.

Question 139

Question 146. According to the FRNSW smoke alarm installation procedure - When installing a smoke alarm in a residential dwelling, what is the most suitable fixing method to attach to surfaces.

Answer 139

Double sided tape

Question 140

Question 147. Suspicious substance incidents (including suspicious package incidents) are multiagency incidents. FRNSW, the NSW Police Force and the Ambulance Service of NSW have developed multi-agency procedures to provide emergency services personnel with the knowledge, skills, and ability to ensure a consistent and safe approach for management and resolution of suspicious substance incidents. The level of risk can be identified by a colour. What are these colours?

Answer 140

RED - High Risk BLUE - Medium Risk Green - Low Risk

Question 141

Question 148. Sexual Harassment is against the law and never acceptable. FRNSW adopts the legal definition of sexual harassment as per the Anti- Discrimination Act 1977. What constitutes sexual harassment as described in the Act?

Answer 141

A person sexually harasses another person if the person makes a unwelcome sexual advance or an unwelcome request for sexual favours to the other person ( or ) The person engages in other unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature in relation to the person. Circumstances in which a person would have anticipated the other person to be offended, humiliated or intimidated.

Question 142

Question 149. According to the procedure, list the requirements regarding qualifications for a full or part change of shift.

Answer 142

Replacement firefighters must have similar qualifications to meet the needs of the position being filled for that shift.

Question 143

Question 150. According to the procedure, arrangement for a full or part change of shift- The applicant must submit the form to their Station Commander or Supervisor at least how many hours in advance?

Answer 143

24HRS

Question 144

Question 151. According to the FRNSW Act 1989, what is the definition of a hazardous material incident?

Answer 144

An actual or impending land based spillage or other escape of hazardous material that causes or threatens to cause injury or death or damage to property.

Question 145

Question 152. According to the NSW RFS and FRNSW Memorandum of Understanding, when responding to AFAs within the jurisdictional responsibility of the RFS, the first arriving brigade can de activate the local alarm, who can carry out resetting of the alarm?

Answer 145

The attending crew RFS or FRNSW.

Question 146

Question 153. According to the Toolkit - Workplace Safety- Annual Workplace Safety Inspections aim to reduce the number of safety incidents by identifying and controlling a broad range of potential hazards in FRNSW-owned or leased workplaces. When must each FRNSW-owned or leased workplace be inspected by each year?

Answer 146

31st May each year.

Question 147

Question 155. According to SOGs - When using a hydrant booster, the IC will instruct the pump operator to run the hydrant booster system in one of three modes. List all three.

Answer 147

Standby - 70mm hoses connected but not charged, test movement of main wheel valve, note reading on booster pressure gauge. Activation - Determine operating pressure, pressurise the system, open feed hydrants and deliveries, close main wheel valve. Increase pressure 30kpa per floor. DeActivation - Reduce pressure and disengage. Open main wheel valve, re attach strap, shut off feed hydrants, deliveries, remove hose, shut down hydrant pump to further reduce pressure if necessary.

Question 148

Question 156. According to the workplace safety toolkit - Every workplace should have a prominently displayed Health & Safety Notice Board, list all documents that should be attached?

Answer 148

SS NR CW We SS FirstFire SIRA Poster - If you get injured at work Safety and Wellbeing Plan 2021-2022 NIIENM Submission Workflow Guide Return to Work Policy and Program Commissioner's Safety Statement Workplace Evacuation Diagrams WHS Issue Resolution Flowchart Safety information and Contacts Safety Representatives Template First Aid Officers Template (not necessary for stations) Fire Warden Template (not necessary for stations)

Question 149

Question 157. According to Standing Orders - Smoke screen security devices produce a barrier of dense white fog when a monitored security alarm system is activated. FRNSW may be responded to buildings where the smoke screen has been activated and mistaken for a fire. What are two things’ firefighters should consider before entering the building?

Answer 149

* intruders may still be in the building; * a real fire may have set off motion detectors and activated the smoke screen device. Breathing apparatus must be worn by firefighters when entering the building and until the fog is dispersed, as the fog may contain toxic products.

Question 150

Question 158. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what is the definition of thermal capacity?

Answer 150

The amount of heat absorbed for any given increase in temperature.

Question 151

Question 159. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, flash fires and dust explosions are similar in conditions. Three conditions occur in both flash fires and dust explosions. Which conditions do NOT occur in both?

Answer 151

Dust explosions are different in that the explosive chemical reaction must occur in a confined space.

Question 152

Question 161. During a bushfire, a helicopter is carrying out hot refuelling operations to prepare for ongoing water bombing operations. According to SOGs, a designated Fire Protection Crew should follow what procedures?

Answer 152

Locate the appliance uphill, upwind and at least 50 metres from: * the helicopter landing site * fuel pumps and fuel storage areas * any incident on the airbase. Firefighters in full PPE (structural & ear plugs) Not become involved in refueling stand by with lines of hose charged, foam eductor attached and B Class foam ready to be inducted. Prevent water or foam streams from hitting moving rotors as this may cause catastrophic failure of the rotors and cause serious injury or death for people nearby. When life is not at risk, advice should be sought on how to minimise damage to the aircraft before applying foam or water streams. When life is at risk, the NSWFB Commander should direct firefighters to apply foam to a fuel fire immediately.

Question 153

Question 162. A 6-level building has a fire burning on the 3rd level. Heat smoke and fire gases are gradually rising through vertical openings and spreading to floors above the fire. As per the Firefighters Training Manual, what factors will mostly affect the levels reached by these stratified layers?

Answer 153

* the type of fuel in the fire; * size of the fire; * size of the internal openings; * height of the building; and * the weather.

Question 154

Question 163. At a 4th alarm industrial unit fire, the Incident Commander (IC) had assigned Sector Commanders, a Safety Officer and a Staging Officer with four pumps initially in Staging. The IC later requested an extra six firefighters and a Station Commander from Staging, but there was only one pump in Staging. Why was this error not identified?

Answer 154

The staging officer has not notified the IC of the amount of pumps left in staging.

Question 155

Question 164. You are responding to a fire call in a Scania 320 pumper through small roundabouts in wet weather and the driver reports that the vehicle's brakes are operating independently and intermittently. In accordance with the Operations Bulletin 2014- 02, what actions should be taken?

Answer 155

If drivers of Scania P320 pumpers are continually activating the ESP system, they are travelling too quickly for the road conditions and must alter their driving behaviour.

Question 156

Question 165. According to the definitions in the STP, provide a detailed description of Hazard and Risk.

Answer 156

HAZARD - Anything in the workplace that has the potential to cause harm. Physical, Chemical, Ergonomic and Psychosocial. RISK - The harm that may occur to a person exposed to the Hazard. Level of risk dependant on severity of harm that may be caused and the likelihod of it happening.

Question 157

Question 168. You attend a 3rd Alarm structure fire, and the Incident Commander (IC) appoints you the Safety Officer. What is the Safety Officer responsible for? List five.

Answer 157

Identify unsafe conditions or operations and report these to the IC Confirm that all health and safety systems are in place – eg breathing apparatus control, rehabilitation, health monitoring. Confirm that all utilities are identified and rendered safe. Communicate with commanders, to identify safety concerns and the control measures implemented. Maintain awareness of the incident communications plan and incident action plan. EXTRAS Confirm that all those at the incident are aware of the location of the hazard zone, any exclusion zones, and any other designated areas. Request the appointment of additional Safety Officers if needed.

Question 158

Question 169. FRNSW use different methods to ventilate a structure. All ventilation methods require safety precautions. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what safety precautions should you practice during vertical or trench ventilation?

Answer 158

* don’t walk on spongy roofs. Sponginess in the roof is usually a sign that structural members have been weakened; * take care to prevent firefighters from sliding and falling; * exercise caution when working near electric wires; * ensure that firefighters making the opening are standing to the windward side of the cut and wearing the correct protective equipment; * watch for indications of weakening structure or other hazards; * apply extreme caution when using power tools; * keep a firm footing; * always have a means of retreat.

Question 159

Question 170. You are performing a fire duty after a fire at a factory. The cause is yet to be determined; the Fire Investigation and Research Unit (FIRU) and Police are at work. An employee asks if he can go and retrieve some personal belongings. According to Part 3 Section 32 of the Fire Brigades Regulation 2014, what is your correct course of action?

Answer 159

ensure a person does not enter, or interfere with or remove goods from, premises at the site unless the person establishes the person’s identity and authority to do so, and if a person unlawfully enters, or interferes with or removes goods from, premises at the site—report the person to the officer in charge at the site.

Question 160

Question 171. According to SOGs, as the Incident Commander, you may choose a fast attack command position. What does fast attack enable the IC to do?

Answer 160

Engage in task level actions which may be required to resolve the incident. * More fully size up the incident. * Directly supervise the crew. * Assist the crew with task level work if needed. * Take advantage of the limited window of opportunity available while the incident is in its early stages.

Question 161

Question 172. Hazardous chemical (Hazchem) emergency action codes provide information for the fire brigade and police on how to deal with a fire or spillage. What does the 3-digit code give basic information on?

Answer 161

The information for initial response to a Hazardous Material Incident.

Question 162

Question 173. To extinguish a fire, we must remove one or more factors that form the fire triangle or fire tetrahedron. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what methods are used to remove one of these factors. List four.

Answer 162

* starvation; * smothering; * cooling; and * interruption of the flame chain reaction.

Question 163

Question 174. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, the use of water as an extinguishing medium on ships has some disadvantages. List three of the disadvantages.

Answer 163

* it is likely to damage cargo; * it may react dangerously with cargo; * it can affect a ship’s stability; * it always presents a danger of flooding; and

Question 164

Question 176. According to STP - Crews operating on levels above the fire should be constantly alert for the potential of fire extension. List the actions should crews take.

Answer 164

Always have a charged line of hose Checking concealed spaces, including ducting and pipework with TIC Closing windows, moving flammable material away from windows Maintaining communications with outside crews, who can report any externally visible indicators of changing fire conditions.

Question 165

Question 177. You are responded to an aircraft on a runway with smoke issuing from behind the piston engine. All passengers and crew are out. It is a radial engine. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, how does the fire risk of this engine compare to an inline engine and what extinguishing medium would you use?

Answer 165

Radial engines present a greater risk than an inline engine. Halons or CO2 are most effective in controlling these fires. Foam should be avoided

Question 166

Question 178. According to FRNSW Fatigue Management Procedure - Short-term fatigue management is the management of acute fatigue that may occur as a result of tasks undertaken by firefighters during work hours. As a guide, a break from these tasks should be taken how often?

Answer 166

4HRS - 30 min break

Question 167

Question 179. You have been instructed to commence ventilation. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, when determining where ventilation needs to be carried out, what considerations need to be taken into account?

Answer 167

1. the nature and proximity of exposures; 2. the size of the fire; 3. the seat of the fire; 4. the wind and weather conditions; 5. the type of building construction; and 6. the presence of vertical or horizontal openings and how they may affect ventilation.

Question 168

Question 180. According to SOGs, if co2 is used to extinguish a fire in an underground vault substation what is the minimum time it needs to be kept sealed within the vault?

Answer 168

20 mins

Question 169

Question 181. According to SOGs, what is the definition of decontamination?

Answer 169

The process of removing contaminants from people and equipment to prevent further injury and reduce the spread of the contaminant.

Question 170

Question 182. During a bushfire, your sector contains an area where trees and grass are alight under high voltage power lines. According to SOGs, what are the safe working distances and what firefighting activities can you perform?

Answer 170

People and vehicles are to be 25M clear of a fire burning under power lines. Mop up only beneath.

Question 171

Question 183. You need to attach a delivery to the hydrant outlet. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, hydrants have what types of deliveries?

Answer 171

* double delivery; 2 x 70MM Stortz fitting * elbow delivery; Single Strotz * standpipe delivery. Wheel deleviry and handles screw ball valve.

Question 172

Question 184. A BA team reports to a Breathing Apparatus Control Operator (BACO) two floors below the fire floor at a high-rise structure fire. They provide their BA tallies to the BACO and proceed to the fire floor but remain in the fire stairs for ten minutes before donning BA and beginning firefighting tasks. Ten minutes after that the BACO is trying to contact the Sector Commander urgently stating that they are running low on air when they are not. According to SOGs, what went wrong?

Answer 172

BA Wearers did not notify BACO when they actually donned their facemask and began on air.

Question 173

Question 185. According to SOGs, there are five members of a decontamination team. Name all members.

Answer 173

Decontamination Officer: Establishes the decontamination corridor, manages the decontamination team, debriefs crews exiting the Hot Zone, provides updates to the IC, and records exposures and potential exposures. Pump Operator: Manages pump, ensures Wash Operator: Manages the dirty area, directs people about to be decontaminated, decontaminates people, inspects decontaminated people, and manages extension airline for crews being decontaminated. Wash Assistant: Assists and relieves Wash Operator, monitors auxiliary air supply and directs decontaminated people to the disrobe area. Disrobe Assistant: Manages disrobe area, assists with the removal of PPE, bags and tags PPE, and provides water for rehydration.

Question 174

Question 186. At an incident, fire crews believe accelerants may have been used. According to Standing Orders, what are possible signs of accelerant use?

Answer 174

* characteristic burn pattern, * indication of fire trailers, * rapid fire development inconsistent with available combustible materials, * unusual odours, or * damage to building consistent with a vapour explosion.

Question 175

Question 187. You are in charge of firefighters providing fire protection during helicopter refuelling. You instruct them to wear full PPE. According to SOGs, what full PPE will they wear?

Answer 175

* Full structural firefighting ensemble, Jacket, pants, boots including helmet and gloves * Flash hood * SCBA * Ear plugs – which provide sufficient protection at 50 metres

Question 176

Question 188. Under the FRNSW Act 1989, define flammable matter?

Answer 176

"flammable matter" includes-- (a) any substance capable of ignition or combustion by the application of heat, by means of sparks or spontaneously, and (b) any substance prescribed as flammable for the purposes of this definition.

Question 177

Question 189. According to SOGs- Bushfire classes are determined by the level of resources committed to the fire, and its potential impact on the community, economy, essential infrastructure, and not its size. Describe a Class 3 bushfire?

Answer 177

Major Bushfire. Declared section 44 of Rural Fire Services Act. A Class 3 bushfire is a major bushfire or fires where an appointment is made or is imminent under the provisions of Section 44 of the Rural Fires Act 1997.

Question 178

Question 190. In relation to toxic chemicals, what are the four main types of military warfare agents?

Answer 178

Blood Blister Choking Nerve

Question 179

Question 191. You are first arriving Station Commander at a fire to find smoke issuing from a single level house. You have not conducted a 360° size up but have given your crew initial tasks. What actions would most assist in formally assuming command?

Answer 179

Initial radio report to FireCom needs to confirm that you are the IC in place and name the command. First on scene If you are first on scene, formally assume command of the incident as follows: * Confirm via initial radio report to FireCOM that an IC is in place. * Name command. * Select an appropriate command position – ie fast attack or stationary.

Question 180

Question 192. You respond to a High-Rise building. According to SOGs, High Rise buildings are generally described by what characteristics?

Answer 180

More than 25M in height OR Having more than 10 levels.

Question 181

Question 194. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what conditions should be determined before carrying out ventilation?

Answer 181

* the seat of the fire has been located; * crews are ready to enter with charged hose lines; * back-up crews are ready to enter; and * communications have been established amongst all crews. life at risk phase over???

Question 182

Question 195. You are the Incident Commander at a hazardous materials incident and find wastewater coming from an adjoining business is entering the Hot Zone and spreading contaminants. You order this water supply to be shut off, but the business owner next door complains that he will lose money by shutting down production. What are your general powers in this situation as stipulated under the FRNSW Act?

Answer 182

Part 3 division 1 clause 15 The office in charge at a fire or hazardous materials incident may for the purpose of extinguishing or controlling a fire or confining or ending the incident or rendering the site of an incident safe without payment (A )take and use any water from any source on any land and (b) cause water to flow into or be shut off from any main or pipe

Question 183

Question 196. FRNSW incident management is consistent with the Australasian Inter-service Incident Management System (AIIMS). What are the key principles of AIIMS?

Answer 183

* Flexibility – the method must be able to be applied across all types of incidents, with an incident structure and plans that reflect the needs of the incident. * Management by objectives – for every incident a set of objectives must be identified and a plan developed for managing those objectives. There can only be one set of objectives and one incident action plan. * Functional management – there are eight functional areas, or activates, that need to be managed – ie Control, Planning, Intelligence, Public Information, Operations, Investigation, Logistics and Finance. The Incident Commander is responsible for all functional areas but may choose to delegate one or more of the functions, depending upon the size and nature of the incident. * Unity of command – there must be only one Incident Commander; each individual must only report to one supervisor. * Span of control – an individual should only have 5 people reporting to them (optimal is 1:5 ratio), but this can vary between 1:3 to 1:7, depending upon the activity, geography, or nature of the incident.

Question 184

Question 197. According to SOGs, Describe the term “All Clear.”

Answer 184

The term all clear indicates that primary and secondary searches have been completed – ie primary all clear and secondary all clear – for a compartment, location, or the entire structure, at a fire or hazmat incident. This confirms to the IC that firefighters have checked for occupants in those locations and none have been located.

Question 185

Question 199. You are the Incident Commander at a large factory fire. There are 8 pumps code 3 at the incident. According to SOGs, list two combinations could you allocate these pumps to achieve three-deep deployment? CHECK

Answer 185

1. Crews in hazard zone with assigned tasks. 2. On Deck Crew - Unassigned and ready to rapidly intervene if required - next to hot zone. 3. Crews in staging.

Question 186

Question 200. FRNSW is committed to achieving the principles and requirements of the Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Policy, to achieve this what are all employees responsible for?

Answer 186

Creating a culturally safe workplace environment which is free from discrimination and everyone is valued and treated with respect; Working collaboratively to recognise and appreciate equity, diversity and inclusion; Identifying and addressing any form of discrimination in the workplace

Question 187

Question 201. According to the Transfer and Mobility Policy, list the reasons permanent Officers and Firefighters may seek transfer or be transferred to other locations. List? May not need to describe

Answer 187

Career development Operational capability (skills and qualifications development) Compassionate issues/staff welfare Location based transfers Performance /disciplinary . . 1. Career development FRNSW firefighters are expected to work in a variety of situations, and therefore need to be exposed to a variety of risk environments and situations to reinforce training and develop experience. This is particularly crucial for officers. Mobility, particularly in the first 10 years of a person’s career, is encouraged, as it helps in developing well-rounded experience. Those seeking progression to officer rank should be particularly mindful of the need to develop a comprehensive portfolio of experience, including specialised areas Career progression pathways can be influenced by the gaining of new skills and experience at a wide range of stations and different operational environments providing a mix of skills, experience and know-how. 3. Operational capability (skills and qualifications development) Opportunities for employees who wish to specialise, eg rescue, hazmat, bushfire, communications, fire investigation etc. Enabling commands to maintain appropriate capability profiles. 4. Compassionate issues/staff welfare Exceptional circumstances may warrant a transfer in the interests of an employee’s well-being or that of their family. Matters relating to workers’ compensation will be managed under the relevant legislative, statutory and return to work provisions. 5. Location based transfers Some employees, will not wish to progress further in rank and are happy and productive at their current rank. Many people in this position will seek transfers closer to their residence. This is beneficial in terms of service delivery as there is greater identification with and ownership of local community risk management. Self-initiated location based transfers may be made where an employee wishes to transfer to a specific location due to its geographical location. As far as is practicable having regard to operational requirements, Relievers will be based in their stated preferred Zone or in the Zone closest to their residence. 6. Performance /disciplinary Transfers cannot be used as an informal disciplinary tool, or to move a person demonstrating work performance issues in lieu of performance management. Transfers may, however, be used formally to address performance issues or as a result of a disciplinary outcome, provided it is part of a transparent process. Movements should be motivated by a desire or requirement to provide skills, experience or supervision that cannot be provided adequately at the current location. The outcome of some disciplinary processes may include transfers in order to achieve closer supervision, or as part of a penalty.

Question 188

Question 202. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what does the term latent heat of vaporisation refer to?

Answer 188

The amount of heat required to vaporise a unit weight of the extinguishing medium.

Question 189

Question 203. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, water is drawn from various types of water mains. Name the types of mains.

Answer 189

TRUNK MAINS supply water from the original source to a secondary distribution point DISTRIBUTARY MAINS supply water from the secondary distribution point to sub-divided areas such as a suburb; RETICULATED MAINS that feed off distributary mains and feed individual streets and buildings. heart 1

Question 190

Question 205. Insulated Sandwich Panels (ISPs), especially those with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) cores can create an extremely hazardous environment for firefighters and may force adoption of a defensive strategy from an early stage. According to SOGs, what are the reasons for this?

Answer 190

The rate of fire development— much of which occurs within the cavities and is not visible—renders standard structural firefighting tactics unsafe or ineffective. ISPs create rapid/intense fire spread and may cause early structural collapse. If the fire has taken hold, it is very unlikely that the spread of the fire can be easily and quickly stopped so direct all effort toward protecting exposures. Eps melts and flows. Is highly flammable causing rapid fire spread which can be undetectable to tic due to insulating properties and can spread remote from fire. Panel delamination increases rate of fire spread heats ceiling voids creating secondary fires and can cause collapse Increased risk of flashover and backdraught Large volumes of thick toxic smoke Sudden loss of structural integrity may lead to substancial building collapse.

Question 191

Question 206. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what are the main types of aircraft?

Answer 191

* civil; * military; and * helicopters (civil and military).

Question 192

Question 207. According to SOGs, when responding into a Rural Fire District, when are you required to send a Code 6?

Answer 192

− Immediately it becomes apparent to the Officer-in-Charge (OIC) of an FRNSW appliance that they have received a call to an incident located within a Rural Fire District, or − With the Code 1 (responding) message if it is known at the time of the call that the incident is in a Rural Fire District. * Code 6 should be transmitted for all types of incidents in Rural Fire Districts, including rescue and hazmat calls, whether or not Rural Fire Service attendance is required.

Question 193

Question 208. According to Operations Bulletin 2023-02. List the risk management measures that should be taken when attending incidents involving hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV).

Answer 193

- Atmospheric monotoring for LEL's to detect Hydrogen leaks. - TIC to identify hydrogen fire is present. - Thermal checks with TIC on battery for thermal runaway within lithium ion. 15M exclusion zone minimum.

Question 194

Question 209. The operation (or non-operation) of the pressure relief valve on an LPG storage or transport container does not necessarily mean that a BLEVE is imminent. However, if the valve is operating on an LPG storage container that has no odorant and is labelled accordingly the internal pressure of the cylinder may be rising. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what are indicators of a possible BLEVE?

Answer 194

- Any increase in noise from the valve. - Any signs of bulging or blistering on the outside of the tank or cylinder. - If a leaking stream of escaping gas is ignited, you must assume that a BLEVE can occur

Question 195

Question 210. In accordance with SOGs, when developing objectives, strategies and tactics what should be considered?

Answer 195

* the response time for requested support; * the requirements for relief crews and refreshments; and * whether a change of shift might be necessary.

Question 196

Question 211. You are the Officer in Charge at a hazardous materials incident, and the site manager is failing to cooperate. You advise the site manager of your authority to enter and operate under the FRNSW Act, what does it state?

Answer 196

Part 3 division 2 clause 22. authority to enter land and buildings. The commissioner is authorised to enter by his or her agents any land building or vessel where any fire or hazardous material incident has occurred (and to retain possession of the land building or vessel for a reasonable time or until an inquest or inquiry has been held relating to the fire or incident.)

Question 197

Question 212. According to the Toolkit - Conduct - Respectful Workplaces, Clear communication is one of the best ways to build a respectful workplace and to avoid conflict. What is the tool that will help employees to communicate clearly when addressing difficult topics.

Answer 197

Straight Talk

Question 198

Question 213. According to the Toolkit - Mental fitness- What program offers an external service that provides professional and confidential counselling/coaching to help you with challenges, issues or concerns that may be affecting you at work or home.

Answer 198

Employee Assistance Program through converge international.

Question 199

Question 214. According to SOGs - During the de-escalation of an incident, at what stage is command terminated?

Answer 199

Command is only terminated when the last resource leaves the incident.

Question 200

Question 215. What are principles of situational evaluation in incident management?

Answer 200

The continual process of collecting information & evaluating it to determine the incident’s critical factors. Establishing a list of critical factors assists in the development of a risk-managed Incident Action Plan which changes over time as information is collected & evaluated & the incident phase changes. situation evaluation is the continual process of collecting information and evaluating it to determine the incident’s critical factors. Situation evaluation ends only when command ends. Situation evaluation aims to establish a list of critical factors for a particular time slice of the incident cycle. It is the first step in developing a risk-managed incident action plan, which changes over time as new information is collected and evaluated. Principles * The Incident Commander (IC) must identify a set of critical factors – ie elements that, if not dealt with rapidly, could cause expansion of the incident or a threat to firefighters or others – and process them into an incident action plan (IAP). * The IC can only deal with 3-7 critical factors at any one time. If there are more than this, consider expanding the incident structure so that delegation can occur. * Collecting and evaluating information may start before arriving on scene. * Once on scene, further information is collected and rapidly evaluated via an initial size up from the vehicle. Whenever possible, the IC should collect additional information via a 360 degree size up. * Critical factors must be communicated to FireCOM. * The IC should continually collect information during the incident from commanders and other external sources such as onsite experts, Bureau of Meteorology, and other agencies. * Critical factors may change rapidly as the incident evolves. The IAP must be modified as critical factors change. * The IC’s initial size up and decision-making about critical factors may need to be rapid. Once the incident is contained, the IC should take a more deliberate approach. * Situation evaluation only ends when command is terminated. * Anyone at the incident may collect information regarding critical factors. These need to be communicated to the IC. Critical safety concerns can be addressed immediately if required, before informing the IC. EXTRAS -------------- - IC must identify a set of critical factors and process them into IAP - IC can only deal with 3-7 critical factors at once. - Collecting and Evaluating info may start prior to arrival. - Critical factors are to be communicated with Comms. - IC continuously collects info BOM, onsite experts and other agencies. - Critical factors may change rapidly as incident evolves - update IAP. - IC's initial size up and decision making about critical factors may need to be rapif until incident contained for a more deliberate approach. - Situational evaluation only ends when command is terminated. Anyone at an incident may collect info on critical factors, need to communicate to IC. Critical Safety concerns address immediately if required then comunicated to IC.

Question 201

Question 216. According to Recommended Practice, state why the thermal imaging camera may or may not be suitable for use in a flammable atmosphere.

Answer 201

TIC's are not intrinsically safe

Question 202

Question 217. According to SOGs - A major goal for the IC is to develop an Incident Action Plan for the incident. What is an incident action plan?

Answer 202

An Incident Action Plan (IAP) is the plan developed by the IC that describes, at any one point, how the IC plans to resolve or control the incident. The IAP usually describes: * The risk assessment. * The strategy and objectives, including notes relating to critical factors. * The incident structure, showing the resources being used or needed. * The layout of the incident (mud map). * Any other information relevant to resolve or control, such as incoming resources.

Question 203

Question 218. According to SOGs - What are the terms used in an initial radio report, to indicate the size of a structure at a fire incident.

Answer 203

* Small – One hose lay can cover the entire structure. * Medium – One hose lay can cover 75% of the structure. * Large – One hose lay will cover 50% of the structure. * Very large – One hose lay will cover 25% of the structure. * Mega – One hose lay will cover 10% of the structure.

Question 204

Question 219. As stated in SOGs - Example -Initial radio report - The initial radio report (IRR) is sent by the first arriving officer to FireCOM. It time-stamps command, confirms and identifies the IC, and records initial details about the incident. It should be in Conditions, Actions, Needs (CAN) format and should include-

Answer 204

* Confirmation of address. * Conditions: Brief description of the incident; obvious critical factors including hazards. * Actions: Initial incident action plan (IAP); assumption of command and naming of incident; strategy. * Needs: Increase of alarm level as per the Alarm Response Protocol (ARP), or, in areas where this does not operate, request for particular resources as per local arrangements (FireCOM will confirm the availability of requested resources).

Question 205

Question 220. According to Standing Orders - The Community Activities Reporting System (CARs) is the platform for reporting community activities engaged in at a station level and by our other specialist units. Who is authorised to enter completed activities in CARs.

Answer 205

Any member of the crews participating in the activity can complete the report, provided that they have direct knowledge of the information they are submitting. As with AIRS, only one report is required per activity attended, even where multiple stations were involved.

Question 206

Question 221. According to FRNSW Cyber Security policy - Employees are responsible to protect the information they use and manage as part of their daily job. Employees are expected to complete Cyber Security Awareness Training how often?

Answer 206

Annually

Question 207

Question 222. According to the Bushfire Hazard reduction procedure - There are two types of broad area prescribed burns. What are they?

Answer 207

A ‘simple’ prescribed burn is characterised by low risk, low intensity, small area, low potential impact on assets, completion in one shift and minimal variation of fuel and terrain. A ‘complex’ prescribed burn is characterised by moderate to high risk, a range of fire intensity, medium to large areas, significant potential impact on assets and involve a variety of fuels and terrain.

Question 208

Question 223. According to the Bushfire Hazard reduction procedure - Pile burns may be carried out by FRNSW to dispose of vegetation resulting from what activities?

Answer 208

1. removal of bushfire fuels 2. bush regeneration/weed removal from authorised activities eg Landcare on behalf of local council 3. agricultural activities.

Question 209

Question 224. According to the Bushfire hazard reduction policy - List occasions when prescribed burning conducted by FRNSW is not permitted in a fire district.

Answer 209

Burning is not permitted in a fire district on days when: * there is a total fire ban (TOBAN) * the EPA has issued a No-Burn Notice (unless prior exemption has been granted) * the Fire Behaviour Index (FBI) is greater than 23** **The RFS allows burning on days with FBI greater than 23. If FRNSW is assisting RFS with a prescribed burn, they may be required to continue assisting on these days.

Question 210

Question 225. According to CASE STUDY 2023-06 on the Intranet, four firefighters injured by unauthorised equipment - During 2020-2021, four firefighters required treatment in hospital after being injured by unauthorised equipment that had been brought into FRNSW workplaces. What is FRNSWs definition of unauthorised equipment as described in the case study?

Answer 210

Unauthorised equipment is any item which is purchased, introduced, or used within an FRNSW workplace that has not first met the requirements of the Procurement Manual. This includes equipment which has not been obtained via the Electronic Supply Catalogue (ESCAT) or through an approved Request Purchase Order (RPO)

Question 211

Question 226. When conveying sensitive information on an open channel what should be considered as listed in SOGs?

Answer 211

Use a mobile phone instead. 2.8.1 Don’t send sensitive information across an open channel. Many non-NSWFB people monitor radio transmissions. 2.8.2 Messages containing details of injuries, fatalities or personal information should be sent by alternative means of communication such as mobile phone, GRN private call facility, or face-to-face. 2.8.3 Be sensitive to the feelings of non-operational personnel or members of the public who may overhear messages. Ensure that outside speakers on appliances are turned off if sensitive information is being sent e.g. fatalities.

Question 212

Question 228. According STP - Who must give consent for PIP inspections to be conducted on a premises?

Answer 212

The building owner or occupier

Question 213

Question 229. According to Six Minute Intensive Training-Door entry - What are the door entry techniques that can be used with the Halligan tool?

Answer 213

Inward Adze Roll (Right Hand Door) Outward Adze Drive and Steer (Left Hung Door) Fork Drive (Left and Right Hung Doors)

Question 214

Question 230. According to Six Minute Intensive Training-Door entry - What are the five steps to forcing a door?

Answer 214

1. Size Up - Assess urgency, consider passive methods, conduct 360 (entry via window/wait for keys.) 2. Gap - Usually using adze blade work into door stop and frame to make workable gap. Use sledge Axe to strike in Halagan Tool. 3. Set - Gap is established (wedge may be needed) manoeuvre tool with adze of fork to force entry. 4. Force - Final action to defeat the lock. Use mechanical advantage to complete spread. (Two FFs may be needed for some doors.) 5. Control - Open door as to not have advrse effects on structure. Use adze or fork to hook back of door to pull closed.

Question 215

Question 231. According to Six Minute Intensive Training - During Firefighting Operations, what does fire attack crew never ignore?

Answer 215

Fire Attack Crew never ignore a casualty and Search And Rescue crews never ignore a fire.

Question 216

Question 232. According to Six Minute Intensive Training – Search and rescue during firefighting operations-The objective of a search is to confirm an ALL CLEAR, this is usually broken into what two components?

Answer 216

PRIMARY SEARCH - Rapid and Systematic, usually carried out simultaneously with Fire Attack, if fire conditions and crew response allow. SECONDARY SEARCH - More thorough and methodical, undertaken to confirm casualties have not been missed. Secondary Search often conducted once Fire Control has been achieved and at times simultaneously with ventilation.

Question 217

Question 233. According to SOGs - Describe the terms withdraw and abandon as used by the IC to indicate to crews the urgency required to move from offensive to a defensive strategy.

Answer 217

Withdraw – this indicates that firefighters have enough time to exit the structure or the position they are working in, with all their equipment, in a controlled manner. It is usually given by the IC in response to a tactical CAN report. An example of a message given to a Sector Commander or crew could be: Sector Commander Bravo we are changing strategy to defensive for the entire structure withdraw all crews and report PARS on exit. If there is more than one sector then this would be conveyed to all sectors. * Abandon – this indicates that there is an immediate threat to firefighter lives and the firefighters must exit the structure or position they are working in immediately and only bring equipment with them if it will not compromise their safety. This could be that a fire has rapidly escalated, wall collapse is imminent, or a trench is about to collapse. An example of a message is: All sectors roof collapse imminent we are going to a defensive strategy abandon your positions and report if you do not have a PAR. The term abandon should be the exception rather than the rule.

Question 218

Question 234. As stated in Six Minute Intensive Training – Search and rescue during firefighting operations - What signs would indicate it’s time to withdraw?

Answer 218

- Worsening Fire or Smoke Conditions - Signs of structural collapse - Previously unknown hazards eg Acetylene - Emergency Red Message signalling loss of PAR, - change to defensive strategy via an order from the IC to withdraw or abandon.

Question 219

Question 235. According to Safety Bulletin 2023-03 TIC lanyard entanglement risk - If the TIC needs to be handed between members of firefighting or search and rescue teams what is the safest method to pass to the front firefighter?

Answer 219

Safest around the side of the body of the front firefighter and not over the shoulder.

Question 220

Question 236. According to Six Minute Intensive Training, what is the purpose of placing an appliance in the fend off position?

Answer 220

The fend off position uses the appliances bulk and visibility to form a physical barrier protecting FRNSW personnel, other emergency services and victims/casualties from oncoming traffic.

Question 221

Question 237. According to the SIMS worksheet - Warning gear is used to mark off incidents sites and warn the public that FRNSW operations are nearby. As listed on the worksheet list three forms of warning gear.

Answer 221

Hazard Sign Ahead Barrier and Hazmat Tape Witches Hats

Question 222

Question 238. According to the SIMS Worksheet - All extinguishers are inspected and serviced by who and at what timeframes?

Answer 222

Monthly Test and Inspect by Firefighter. All extinguishers are to be inspected and serviced by a competent person (servicing company) 6 Monthly, Annually and 5 yearly.

Question 223

Question 239. According to STP - What removal technique provides a time efficient technique that removes an unconscious or decreased level of consciousness firefighter from their equipment providing access for assessment and further medical intervention?

Answer 223

Mayday Drag.

Question 224

Question 240. According to SOGs when responded to a Community First Responder incident and the patient refuses care. What should you do?

Answer 224

If care is refused, observe the patient until the ambulance arrives. Assume an unconscious patient wants assistance. If a patient previously refusing treatment loses consciousness, treat them.

Question 225

Question 242. According to Recommended practice - To ensure visibility, firefighters must always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when working on roadways. List the PPE that can be used.

Answer 225

- Multi purpose Helmet - Multi purpose Jacket - High Visibility Raincoat - High Visibility Vest - Duty WearTrousers - Structural FF coat and trousers

Question 226

Question 243. According to SOGs - Occasionally, FRNSW personnel may have to prepare a helicopter landing site. List the points to be considered when doing this.

Answer 226

* position the landing site in an area 30 m x 30 m minimum, on solid, level ground away from power lines or wires, and clear of trees or similar obstacles mark the corners of the landing site by placing a firefighter at each corner and cordon off to prevent unauthorised entry. Do not use tape or loose materials * clear all loose debris from the area, e.g. paper bags, cigarette cartons, aluminium cans etc, and secure all NSWFB equipment near the landing site * in dry, dusty conditions, the landing site may require wetting down to maintain visibility during landing and take off. During night landings, place a strobe light and two vehicles with beacons flashing facing into the wind and facing inwards at 45° to the approach line with their headlights on. Ensure that the strobe light is turned off once the helicopter has identified or flown over the landing site.

Question 227

Question 244. According to SOGs - Structure Fires in Rural Fire Districts- Where FRNSW is requested to assist the NSW RFS at a structure fire in a rural Fire District who will be the Incident Controller?

Answer 227

Where the NSWFB is requested to assist the NSW RFS at a structure fire in a rural Fire District, the senior officer from the NSW RFS present at the fire will be the Incident Controller. 11.4.2 The OIC of the NSWFB present at the incident will report to the NSW RFS Incident Controller immediately upon arrival at the incident. 11.4.3 Unless the fire is minor e.g. a small kitchen fire or shed fire, the NSWFB OIC will act as Operations Officer and implement strategies in close consultation with the NSW RFS Incident Controller, who will retain overall control of the incident.

Question 228

Question 245. According to Recommended practice, list four safety precautions when using extension ladders.

Answer 228

- Must have 2 FF's - Identify Electrical Hazards (know distance to keep for electrical hazards.) - PPE (minimum level 3 with eye protection.) - Always have 3 points of contact. - A FF must foot the ladder at all times when there is someone on the ladder. - Position ladder 3 rungs above window sill or ledge.

Question 229

Question 246. According to SOGs - When must Level 1 or Level 2 Rehabilitation be considered?

Answer 229

Level 1 Rehab – recommended for small incidents not requiring the response of a specialist incident ground rehabilitation capability. Level 1 Rehab uses equipment carried on front line firefighting appliances. Generally, the Incident Controller (IC) manages. Level 2 Rehab – recommended for: − long duration incidents − in circumstances where crew rotation is limited − hot and dry, or cold and wet, conditions − where working conditions are arduous − where breathing apparatus usage and rotation is high, or − where conditions are such that specialist incident ground rehabilitation capabilities are required. Generally, the IC appoints a dedicated Rehabilitation Officer for these incidents. Level 1 Rehab Established at small incidents. Uses equipment carried on front line appliances. Generally managed by the Incident Controller (IC). Level 2 Rehab Established at long duration incidents, or where conditions are such that specialist incident capabilities are required. Generally managed by a dedicated Rehabilitation Officer, appointed by the IC.

Question 230

Question 247. According to SOGs - What two items do FRNSW use that lays out safe working practices to manage the safety of firefighters at incidents?

Answer 230

Training - e learning etc Doctrine - SOG's, Bulletins, Recommended Practices.

Question 231

Question 248. According to SOGs - There are many aspects to ensuring safety at an incident, from the IC implementing the correct strategy, down to the firefighters wearing the right PPE for their assigned tasks. Incident safety can therefore be described in terms of what three levels?

Answer 231

TASK - 10 degrees - immediate work area TACTICAL - 180 degrees - bigger picture hazards, sector commanders and exclusion zones etc STRATEGIC - 360 degrees - Safety across entire incident IC and IMS or Comms Plan.

Question 232

Question 249. Describe the term Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL).

Answer 232

The STEL is a 15 minute time-weighted average (TWA) exposure limit which must not be exceeded at any time during an 8-hour working day, even if the exposure during the full day is less than the eight-hour TWA exposure standard. Exposures at the STEL must not be longer than 15 minutes and must not be repeated more than four times per day. There must be at least 60 minutes between successive exposures at the STEL.

Question 233

Question 250. According to SOGs - What safety related worksheet is used as method of documenting hazards or risks and control measures at an incident?

Answer 233

Incident Safety Worksheet As part of the IAP (Written in the contained phase of incident or passed as a CAN to FIRECOM prior) They document how risks at the incident are being managed as far as reasonably practicable.