LF PQA

Question 1

According to STP - What are the 3 Golden rules to follow when applying foam?

Answer 1

 Do not begin to apply foam unless you have enough to extinguish the fire or cover the fuel spill.
 Point branch away from the fire until good finished foam is being produced.
 You cannot mix different foam concentrates.

Question 2

According to STP - List 3 hazards/considerations when using CAFS at a structure fire

Answer 2

 CAFS hose lines have a build up of pressure when the branch is closed, this causes a larger jet reaction than a standard hose.
 Slug flow – When the proportion of foam, air and water is wrong. It will cause the finished foam to shudder or pulsate as it is exiting the branch.
 Does not contain enough water for internal attack.

Question 3

According to STP - List 5 actions to take when combatting a natural gas leak with no fire involved.

Answer 3

Wear structural PPE and SCBA
 Evacuate all persons from the immediate area
 Remove all sources of ignition
 Respond Gas company
 Only use intrinsically safe equipment

 Dampen ground around the site of the gas release to prevent static electricity
 Keep protection line in place using fog
 If possible crimp line to stop release of gas

Question 4

According to STP - Acetylene is a very volatile gas, exploding cylinders can penetrate double brick walls or metal freight containers & land 200m away. How many hours after the cylinder is removed from the fire or heat source, if it is not cooled, can this explosion occur?

Answer 4

24 hours

Explosion can occur up to 24 hours after the cylinred is removed from the fire or heat source if not cooled.

Question 5

According to STP - When reading a fire, we need indicators to base our decisions on, what are the most important indicators?

Answer 5

 B-SAHF
Building
Smoke,
Air track,
Heat and
Flame

Question 6

According to STP - What techniques enable us to control the interior environment during a structure fire?

Answer 6

 Gas cooling
 Hose stream techniques - long pulse and short pulse

Question 7

According to STP - List 2 common hose laying techniques that can be used by firefighters?

Answer 7

 Traditional ―S Lay
 Cleveland Load

Question 8

Complete the following in relation to the Fire and Rescue NSW Act 1989 Part 3, Division 1, Section 11 Brigades to proceed with speed to suspected fires or hazardous material incident………?

Answer 8

11 Brigades to proceed with speed to suspected fires or hazardous material incidents
(1) When there is an alarm of fire, a fire brigade must, despite anything to the contrary in any Act, proceed with all speed to the fire and try by all possible means to extinguish it and save any lives and property that are in danger.
(2) When there is a report of a hazardous material incident, a fire brigade must, despite anything to the contrary in any Act—
(a) proceed with all speed to the site of the incident, and
(b) try by all possible means to render the site of the incident safe and save any lives and property that are in danger.

Question 9

Complete the following in relation to the Fire and Rescue NSW Act 1989 Part 3, Division 1, Section 12 of the FRNSW Act, Investigation of reported fires and Hazardous material incident………?

Answer 9

12 Investigation of reported fires and hazardous material incidents
(1) The officer in charge may, with or without members of a fire brigade, enter any place—
(a) in respect of which an alarm of fire is raised to ascertain whether there is a fire at the place, or
(b) in respect of which a report of a hazardous material incident has been made to ascertain whether there is any hazardous material at the place that is, or is about to be, the subject of a hazardous material incident.
(2) Reasonable force, whether by breaking down gates or fences or breaking open doors or otherwise, may be used to gain entry.

Question 10

Section 13, of the FRNSW Act states the “General Powers of Officers at fires and hazardous material incidents”. State this provision.  

Answer 10

13 General powers of officers at fires and hazardous material incidents
(1) At a fire, the officer in charge—
(a) may take such measures as the officer thinks proper for the protection and saving of life and property and for the control and extinguishing of the fire, and
(b) is to control and direct the operations of any fire brigade.
(1A) At the site of a hazardous material incident, the officer in charge—
(a) may take such measures as the officer thinks proper for the protection and saving of life and property, for confining and ending the incident and for rendering the site safe, and
(b) is to control and direct the operations of any fire brigade.
The site is taken to be such area in the vicinity of the incident as is for the time being determined by the officer in charge.
(2) If the fire is a bush fire (including a grass fire), the officer in charge is, as far as practicable, to carry into effect any plan of operations in force under section 52 of the Rural Fires Act 1997 in relation to the place where the fire occurs.
(3) The following provisions of this Division are intended to be particular examples of the way in which functions under this section can be exercised and are not intended to limit the generality of this section.

Question 11

Section 19 of the FRNSW Act lists the powers at fires and hazardous material incidents. State the provisions of this Section: “General power to remove persons or obstacles.” 

Answer 11

19 General power to remove persons or obstacles
The officer in charge at a fire or hazardous material incident may cause to be removed any person, vehicle, vessel or thing the presence of whom or which at or near a fire or hazardous material incident might, in the officer’s opinion, interfere with the work of any fire brigade or the exercise of any of the officer’s functions.

Question 12

At an incident that has been declared a crime scene, a member of the public seeks details from you, the senior firefighter/officer on duty, about the incident. State your response according to the Fire Brigades Regulation (2014) Clause 22, Disclosure of information. 

Answer 12

22 Disclosure of information
A firefighter must not disclose any information obtained in the firefighter’s capacity as a firefighter unless the disclosure is made:
(a) in the exercise of the firefighter’s functions, or
(b) about factual matters that are generally available to the public, or
(c) by an approved firefighter to media representatives concerning operations at a fire or
other incident, or
(d) at the direction or with the permission of the Commissioner, or
(e) with other lawful excuse

Question 13

Section 17 of the Fire Brigades Regulation (2014) refers to unacceptable behaviour. List five circumstances when a firefighter’s behaviour would be deemed unacceptable. 

Answer 13

17 Unacceptable behaviour
(1) A firefighter must not:
(a) come on duty while under the influence of alcohol or a drug, or
(b) while on duty, consume, use or possess any alcohol or drug, or
(c) while on duty, gamble in circumstances that adversely affect the discipline or
efficiency of Fire and Rescue NSW, or
(d) smoke at a fire or drill, in any departmental premises or in any departmental
vehicle, or
(e) smoke in any public place while in uniform, or
(f) while off duty, enter or remain on departmental premises without authority, or
(g) while on or off duty, by words or action, behave in a manner that is subversive of
discipline or calculated to bring discredit on Fire and Rescue NSW, or
(h) while on duty, by words or action, harass, intimidate or threaten another
firefighter, or
(i) while on duty, by words or action, harass or discriminate against any person on the
grounds of sex, marital status, pregnancy, age, ethnic or national origin, physical
or intellectual impairment, sexual preference, transgender status, carer’s
responsibilities or any other ground in respect of which discrimination is prohibited
by the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977.
Fire Brigades Regulation 2014 [NSW]
Historical version for 19 September 2014 to 30 November 2016 (accessed 4 January 2024 at 22:05) Page 11 of 27
(2) The officer in charge of any departmental premises must refuse to permit a firefighter
to come on duty if of the opinion that the firefighter is under the influence of alcohol
or a drug to the extent that the firefighter is unable to exercise the functions of a
firefighter.
(3) In this clause:
drug has the same meaning as in the Road Transport Act 2013 (paragraph (a) of the
definition of drug in section 4 (1) of that Act excepted).

Question 14

As stated in the Standing Orders, to avoid serious accidents at intersections when responding to an emergency, What actions should drivers of responding vehicles approaching a stop sign or red signal take?  

Answer 14

1) With a view to avoiding serious accidents at intecrsections when responding to an emergency, drivers of responding vehicles approaching a stop sign or red signal must slow doe and enter the intersection at a speed not more than 8kmph. Having assessed the traffic conditions, and determined that it is a safe to proceed the driver may continue across the intersection.
2) Whenever passing through the stop sign or red light would involve the vehicle in an accident, the driver must come to a hault and not move off again until safe to proceed.

Question 15

According to Standing Orders, when are seatbelts required to be worn when travelling in FRNSW vehicles (including tankers)?  

Answer 15

2) All FRNSW employees are required to wear a seatbelt, properly adjusted, when travelling in FRNSW vehicles. Any member travelling on a vehicle (including water tanker) is to be seated inside the vehicle and wear a seatbelt.
4) Although Clause 5 of Rule 267 of the Australian Road Rules exempts the wearing of seat belts in rear seats of Police and emergency vehicles, employees of FRNSW are required by FRNSW, on the interst of WHS to wear a seatbelt.

Question 16

According to Standing Orders, with no impact of the service delivery, List the procedures to be followed if drivers of FRNSW vehicles are involved in an accident.

Answer 16

Permanent firefighers are suspended for the balance of shift
On call firefighters are suspended for 24hours

Question 17

Fire Brigades Regulation, Part 3, Section 14: Firefighters to acquire and maintain knowledge of legislation, orders, and functions. List the provisions.

Answer 17

(1) A firefighter must acquire and maintain a thorough knowledge of, and must comply with the requirements of, the Act, this Regulation and the Commissioner’s Orders.
(2) A firefighter must acquire and maintain the knowledge and skills that are relevant to the performance of the firefighter’s functions.

Question 18

According to STP -The National Construction Code classes buildings “Class 1” through to “Class 10”. The class of building is a measure of the buildings likely:  List these four points.

Answer 18

 Use
 Fire load
 Population
 Mobility of the occupants, such as whether they are sleeping or alert.

Question 19

According to the Fire Investigation toolkit on the Intranet, when should you request FIRU for assistance?

Answer 19

Contact the Fire Investigation and Research Unit (FIRU) for assistance if:

There has been a loss of life at a fire, or a person is not expected to live from their injuries, or
The fire is considered major (i.e. 4th Alarm or above, significant community impact or unusual fire behaviour), or
The Origin and Cause of the fire is not apparent.

Question 20

As listed in STP - What form populated by firefighters gives the Fire Investigator a summary of firefighter actions at an incident.

Answer 20

SOFA Form
(Summary of Observations & Firefighter Actions Report)

It is a form populated by firefighters that gives the Fire Investigator a summary of the firefighters actions at an incident.

Question 21

STP - Details how a structure fire will burn within one of two burning regimes. List and describe the regimes.  

Answer 21

Fuel Controlled
In this initial phase of fire development the fire grows as a direct function of the fuel itself with little or no influence from the compartment environment. i.e The size, shape, number of openings.
If we continue to add fuel, the fire will grow in size. If we remove fuel, the fire will decrease in size. Therefor fires with more than enough air for combustion are said to be fuel contralled.

Ventilation Conroleed
Most structure fires will reach a stage where fire development and Heat Release Rate (HRR) is now dictated by the availability of oxygen.
This occurs during a fully developed fire whrn the fire is pyrolizing more fuel than can be burnt with the available oxygen in the compartment.
It will also occur prior to this if the enclosre has insufficient openings.
Simply put, fire growth and HHR is limitby available O@ supply.

Question 22

STP - Identifies the search priority in multi storey buildings, list the priorities.

Answer 22

1st Priority - Starts at the fire floor
2nd Priority - The Floor Above
3rd Priority - Top Floor (occupants in these areas are most at risk ldue to rising heat, smoke and fire gasses. )

Question 23

STP - Outlines when a working at a task/tactical level and a firefighter becomes trapped, injured missing or overdue. What message should be sent to draw attention to the situation? 

Answer 23

 MAYDAY message – Press the emergency button on the radio and send an alert across the
network.

Question 24

According to STP - When is an Incident Management System required to be used at incidents FRNSW attends?

Answer 24

 Every incident FRNSW attends requires the use of the IMS.

Question 25

According to STP -There are eight strategic functions of command the Incident Commander needs to address. List all eight.

LIST ONLY

Answer 25

1. Deployment – ensuring a steady, adequate and timely stream of appropriate resources at the
   incident, and knowing the position and function of each resource at all times.
2. Command - having a strong command presence from the outset of the incident.
3. Situation Evaluation – continuously collecting and evaluating information about the incident in order
   to determine critical factors.
4. Incident action planning – having an incident action plan that addresses the critical factors.
5. Incident communications – having efficient and effective incident communications to describe the
   flow of information within and out of the incident.
6. Incident structure – having an incident structure that is flexible and able to be scaled to meet the
   incident size and needs, with the ability to delegate functions and responsibilities as span of control
   is reached.
7. Review and revision – once in operation, reviewing and revising the strategy and plan, to keep it
   current with the changing needs of the incident.
8. Escalation and de-escalation – as additional officers or an Incident Management Team arrive,
   scaling up the strategic management level of the incident, and scaling down as operations conclude.

Question 26

According to STP - At every incident there must be a steady, adequate, and timely stream of resources.  Who is the only person to deploy resources at an incident?

Answer 26

 The Incident Commander

Question 27

A driver in a road tunnel noticed smoke coming from the engine compartment of their car and immediately pulled into the emergency break down bay and called 000. The Tunnel Control Centre closed the tunnel allowing attending fire crews access to extinguish the fire. Peak hour traffic is starting to build at the entrance to the tunnel and thick smoke is throughout. List the Smoke Management Systems found in road tunnels that could assist in clearing the smoke?

Answer 27

 Longitudinal ventilation (jet fans)
 Ducted ventilation
 Natural ventilation
 A combination of the above.

Question 28

According to SOGs -As an incident develops and crews become fatigued, they will need to be rested. Name and describe the two ways crews can be rested.

Answer 28

As initial arriving crews are tasked and deployed into the incident and threedeep deployment is established, there will be a need to begin resting fatigued
crews. Crews can be rested in one of the following ways:
• Recycle – Crew stops work for a short period just outside the Hot Zone, to
rest, rehydrate, and replenish air cylinders if relevant. They remain
accountable to IC or Sector, Group or Division commander (SGD
Commander), as per the incident structure.
• Full rehabilitation – Crew is released and moves to the rehabilitation area.
Once there, they are accountable to a Rehabilitation Officer.

Question 29

According to SOGs - List and describe the three incident phases.

Answer 29

• Life at risk phase – where there are savable human lives. The incident is
uncontrolled and requires rapid actions to control the risks to life.
• Expanding phase – where the incident is uncontrolled and likely to expand.
It requires rapid actions to control risks to life and property.
• Contained phase – there are sufficient resources to contain the incident
within the defined area. There is no life at risk, or life or property have
already been lost.

Question 30

According to Standing Orders who are the people authorised to ride on FRNSW appliances?

Answer 30

 Firefighters in the course of their duty.
 Employees of Fire and Rescue NSW whose duty requires their attendance at an emergency.
 Members of other emergency services at the discretion of the member in charge; or
 Other persons authorised by the commissioner.

Question 31

According to STP - List and describe three ways foam controls and extinguishes fire.

Answer 31

 Excluding – the fires supply of oxygen ( smothering)
 Suppressing – flammable vapours to stop them from igniting.
 Cooling – the surface temperature to prevent re-ignition.

Question 32

According to STP – What are the characteristics of liquid petroleum gas?

Answer 32

 Odourless
 Colourless
 Heavier than air

Question 33

According to STP - What is the term used when a liquid within a container reaches a temperature well above its boiling temperature, boils, expands and the container fails sending flammable gas outwards where it ignites.

Answer 33

 B.L.E.V.E. – Boiling – Liquid – Expanding – Vapour – Explosion

Question 34

According to STP - What can be used to conduct a thermal check of an acetylene cylinder.

Answer 34

 TIC – Thermal Imaging Camera
 Infrared Thermometer
 Wetting test

Question 35

Expand the Acronym - SISIACMR

Answer 35

SISIACMR
S Safe approach
• Approach from an upwind position and establish an initial command area of a minimum radius of 50 m.
• Avoid contact with damaged or leaking packages and suspected contaminated material.
• First arriving personnel must record their entry and exit times from their BA tally and their proximity to the source and report this to the IRSO. The IRSO
must estimate and record their dose.
I Incident control
• Notify FireCOM of the staging area for appliances.
• Develop an incident action plan. Continue with the dynamic risk assessment until the incident is rendered safe.
• Establish a multi-agency command post for major incidents.
• Ensure communications that mention ‘radiation’ or specific details of the incident are by mobile phone, not over the radio. This will minimise alerting the public who may be listening to radio communications.
S Scene security
• Make an initial assessment of the affected area using the principles of time, distance, shielding.
• Move victims for decontamination. Isolate victims in a safe holding area for further assessment by specialists. Note the victim’s position relative to the source and the time of decontamination. Report this information to the IRSO.
• Consider the possibility of secondary devices.
I Identify the hazard
Identify the type of radiation and, if possible, the source of radiation from information such as:
• labelling
• on-site personnel
• pre-incident plans
• local emergency plans
• hazardous material transport placards and manifests.
A Assess potential harm
• Is the package damaged?
• Are other hazardous materials involved in the incident?
• How many people have been exposed or contaminated?
C Call in resources
• Immediately request specialist hazmat resources.
• Consider requesting IRSO, if required.
• Ensure FireCOM notifies the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
M Monitor information
• Fully assess the health hazards presented by the radiological source, including chemical and biological hazards, before committing crews.
• Rotate crews frequently to minimize exposure time.
• Monitor everyone exiting the Hot Zone for contamination.
• Anyone working inside the Hot Zone must wear appropriate PPE and dosimeters.
• Heavy Hazmat appliances carry radiation monitors and dosimeters tomonitor people and equipment exiting the Hot Zone.
The IRSO:
• Monitors the entry and exit times of individuals.
• Uses a person’s dosimeter reading to record exposure on the Radiological Incident Dose Record.
• Manages exposure to personnel.
• Refers people for medical assessment, where required.
R Render safe and decontaminate
Render safe
• Stop the leak at the source, or control the spill and dyke the area using absorbent material.
• Use mechanical aids, eg mechanical arms or shovels to move packages.
• Move undamaged and uncontaminated packages from the area, if possible.
• EPA is responsible for the final site clean-up.
• Use the Site handover form to hand over to EPA or the relevant authority.
• FRNSW may be requested to assist the EPA manage the radiation exposure during site remediation.
Decontaminate
• Decontaminate in accordance with SOG 10.4 Decontamination.
• Ensure people are decontaminated before their exposure is recorded.

Question 36

According to STP - What is the most suitable extinguishing agent for rubber fires?

Answer 36

 Water

Question 37

According to STP -There are several stages of Lithium-Ion battery failure list and describe the stages.

Answer 37

 Stage 1 – Abuse factor (Thermal, Electrical or Mechanical abuse)
 Stage 2 – Off-gas generation ( occurs regardless of cell form-factor)
 Stage 3 – Smoke generation (catastrophic failure is imminent)
 Stage 4 – Fire generation (likelihood of propagation drastically increases)

Question 38

According to the Workplace Safety toolkit on the intranet, what should you complete when a work-related injury, near miss, exposure or illness occurs and in what timeframe after the occurrence should it be submitted?

Answer 38

NIIENM Form within 24 hours

Question 39

According to the toolkit on the intranet - If you are unable to submit or fill out a NIIENM who else can submit one for you?

Answer 39

If the injured person is unable to submit the report, their Supervisor or co-worker can submit it on their behalf.

Question 40

In New South Wales, Emergency Services carry out land-based rescues under what Act?

Answer 40

 State Emergency and Rescue Management (SERM) Act (NSW) 1989

Question 41

As stated in the SERM Act,1989 who is responsible for coordinating rescue operations and for determining the priorities of action to be taken in rescue operations?

Answer 41

 Senior Police Officer

Question 42

According to STP - FRNSW uses the YOU principle to establish priorities of safety at a rescue incident. What are these priorities of safety

Answer 42

 Y – Yourself and other rescuers
 O – Other persons not involved ( bystanders)
 U – Unfortunate person(s) involved

Question 43

According to STP -What is the correct PPC and procedure for fire protection at an MVA?

Answer 43

 One firefighter in full structural turnout PPC and SCBA
 A manned line of 38mm hose charged to 400kpa, pump with recirculation valve open
 If a fire occurs, charge to 800kpa at the pump to achieve 700kpa at the branch.

Question 44

According to STP - What environments should SCBA be worn in?

Answer 44

H O T S
 H – Heated or extremely low temperatures
 O – Oxygen deficient or enriched environment
 T – Toxic atmospheres
 S – Smoke

Question 45

Owners and occupiers of premises can deposit keys at their nearest fire station so that firefighters can gain access without causing unnecessary damage. Located in the Forms filing cabinet on the intranet, name the two forms that need to be completed when receiving keys to private premises.

Answer 45

Keys To Private Premises
Deposit of Keys

Question 46

As stated in the Health, Fitness and Wellbeing Toolkit- What is it a mandatory requirement to complete prior to undertaking the annual Fitness Drill?

Answer 46

PARQ

Question 47

According to Operations Bulletin 2020-04 - Failure to report damage. When an appliance is found to have unreported damage, the Fleet Operations Officer or Regional Maintenance Officer will notify the Station, Duty, and Zone Commander in writing. The responsible station must submit what form within 8 days?

Answer 47

When an appliance is found to have unreported damage, the Fleet Operations Officer or Regional Maintenance Officer will notify the Station, Duty and Zone Commander in writing.
The responsible station must submit an Agency Member Motor Vehicle Claim Form within 8 days.
If the form is not submitted within 8 days, the Zone may be accountable for the cost of repairs. The Director Fleet will contact the Zone Commander.

Question 48

According to the Fire ePermit policy, a fire permit issued within the ‘Bush Fire Danger’ period will be valid for a period of how many days from the date of issue?

Answer 48

Fire permits issued within the ‘Bushfire Danger Period’ will be valid for a period of 7
days from the date of issue.

Question 49

According to the Fire ePermit policy, what aspect of the planned fire does the permit take into account.

Answer 49

A fire permit takes into account only the safety aspect of the planned fire.

Question 50

According to STP - Where should Warden Intercom Points be in a building?

Answer 50

 At EICIE (Emergency Intercom Control & Indicating Equipment ) Chief Wardens Handset
 Within 4 m of exit within each emergency zone
 Within 4 m of exit on each storey
 Within emergency lift shafts
 Adjacent to FDCIE (Fire Detection Control & Indicating Equipment ) if remote from EICIE

Question 51

According to STP, name the components in an AS 2118.1 sprinkler alarm valve room

Answer 51

 Main stop valve
 Test drain
 Sprinkler test facility
 Sprinkler alarm valve
 System pressure gauge
 Deluge valve
 Water supply with water supply pressure gauge

Question 52

According to STP, there are two control measures when dealing with live power at an incident. List and describe them.

Answer 52

 TURNING POWER OFF – Firefighters can turn off the main switch, removing fuses and switching off
circuit breakers at the switchboard.
 ISOLATING POWER – Energy authority disconnect power from the network.

Question 53

According to STP - Firefighters can ‘turn off’ a solar power system to stop electricity feeding into the structure’s circuits or back to the electricity network if configured to do so. State the recommended procedure.

Answer 53

1. On-site consultation: determine whether it is appropriate to turn solar power system off and how best to do so
2. Assume switchboard is live: Don electrical safety gloves then over-gloves. Have your helmet visor down and look away
3. Follow the shutdown procedure: This may be on or near the switchboard or inverter. If not found, turn off the inverter main switch then turn off the solar panel main switch
4. Consider if benefits outweigh risks:
   Restrict work as far as reasonably practical to that required to protect life or prevent dangerous expansion of the incident
5. Isolate the power: If required, have the owner/occupier contact their electrician to isolate the power

Question 54

According to STP -When a battery energy storage system is present at a residence, there should be an indicator to alert you to this. What is an example of an indicator, located outside the switchboard.

Answer 54

 Green ES (energy storage) sticker

Question 55

Operations Bulletin 2023-01- Lists operational actions to follow when dealing with Lithium-ion battery failure in small devices. List these actions.

Answer 55

Use caution when approaching the device as thermal runaway and vapour release may occur without warning.
If the device is connected to mains electricity (eg charging) ensure that electricity is switched off prior to applying water.
• Knock-down any fire using copious amounts of water.
• Cool the battery with a cooling stream of water.
• Submerge the device in a suitable container of water if safe to do so. Use a tool such as a long-handled shovel to move the device.
• If unable to submerge the device, continue cooling and conduct thermal checks every 15 minutes until ambient temperature is maintained for 60 minutes. Note: an increasing temperature is an indication that a thermal runaway event is occurring.
• Ensure that all cells are accounted for by searching the area around the device. Failure to account for all cells may lead to a secondary fire event.
Notify FireCOM that the incident involves a lithium-ion device. FireCOM will send a notification to FIRU,

Question 56

According to STP - If solar panels, or the attached isolators, are on fire, in addition to the considerations with turning off an alternative power source what actions should firefighters take?

Answer 56

 Conduct firefighting from the ground or an aerial appliance. Do not get onto the roof to extinguish the
fire. Do not put a ladder against the roof as the gutter may be electrified.
 Extinguish the fire with a spray nozzle, using a pulse spray in a dispersed pattern
If the solar panel is at ground level, consider using CO2 to extinguish the fire, ensuring that there is
at least 250 mm air gap between the CO2 extinguisher nozzle and any electrified components.

Question 57

According to STP - Overhaul is a procedure we follow after we attend an incident and extinguish the fire. For your safety during overhaul what is it essential for you to do?

Answer 57

 Wear SCBA and a full set of firefighting clothing.
 Perform atmospheric monitoring using a gas detector.

Question 58

According to STP - What is the minimum PPE that can be worn at a bush fire?

Answer 58

 Multi-purpose helmet
 Goggles
 Multi-purpose Jacket
 GP gloves / Firefighting Gloves (Direct attack)
 Duty wear trousers
 Firefighting boots
 P2 mask

Question 59

According to STP - Property protection is the act of protecting property from the impact of a wildfire. At a major wildfire, FRNSW crews generally engage in property protection roles. We generally have 3 strategies for carrying out property protection. Name and describe them.

Answer 59

 LINE DEFENCE- A line defence is used when conditions would normally allow an offensive attack
but there are not enough units to mount an offensive attack in time. It involves preventing the
approaching line of fire from closely approaching the property.
 EMBER DEFENCE- An ember defence is used when the approaching line of fire is too intense to be
suppressed by offensive means and is producing significant ember attack. It involves extinguishing
small fires that occur in and around buildings, when and as they occur.
Firefighters operate from safe positions behind suitable shielding from the main fire front and pull
back to safer refuge if needed.
 BACKSTOP DEFENCE- A backstop defence is used when there is no safe defensible space around
buildings and/or the approaching fire is so intense that firefighters cannot safely protect the buildings
during the impact of the fire. Firefighters withdraw temporarily a short distance away to a suitable
safe refuge, with the intention of coming back after the fire front passes. After the main fire front
subsides, they move forward to put out the property on fire. This type of defence is used when
firefighters have run out of all other options

Question 60

Operations Bulletin 2023-01- Lists the hazards and risks at incidents involving Lithium-ion batteries in small devices. List all as stated in the bulletin

Answer 60

There are the following hazards and risks at incidents involving Lithium-ion batteries in small devices:
• Thermal runaway. A damaged Lithium-ion battery may go into thermal runaway. Thermal runaway is a term used to describe the rapid uncontrolled release of heat energy from a battery cell – a condition when the battery creates more heat than it can effectively dissipate. Once in thermal runaway the cell is in an uncontrollable, selfheating state and there can be extremely high temperatures, violent cell venting, flammable vapour, and fire. Surrounding cells may also be affected through thermal propagation, which can then send them into thermal runaway. Anyone in close proximity
to a battery in thermal runaway may be injured.
• Extreme fire behaviour. If thermal runaway occurs, it can lead to extreme fire behaviour where the build-up of flammable vapours in a compartment exceeds the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL). Firefighters entering the compartment may be exposed to a vapour cloud exposion when an airpath is created.
• Release of toxic vapour and gases. The chemical compound of the battery depends on the battery design and manufacture. Vapours and gases that may vent include:
− Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as alkyl-carbonates, methane, ethylene, and ethane.
− Hydrogen gas.
− Carbon dioxide.
− Carbon monoxide
− Soot.
− Particulates containing oxides of nickel, aluminium, lithium, copper, and cobalt.
− Phosphorus pentafluoride, Phosphoryl fluoride, or Hydrogen fluoride vapours.
Toxic vapour can ignite and cause an explosion. Anyone in the vicinity may be injured by an explosion. Firefighters may inhale vapour or gas if not fully protected by PPE.
• Hazardous materials and leaked electrolytes. Electrolytes contain volatile
hydrocarbon-based liquid and dissolved lithium salts. Spills are likely to evaporate rapidly, leaving a white salt residue. Evaporated electrolyte is flammable and contains alkyl-carbonate compounds. Leaked electrolyte is colourless and characterised by a sweet odour. Firefighters may be injured by ignition of the electrolyte or it may lead to expansion of the incident. Firefighters may suffer skin irritation and respiratory illness if not protected by PPE.
• Stranded energy. There may be stranded energy – energy that cannot be removed – in the battery, creating an electrical hazard. FRNSW is unable to discharge, recover, or identify cells or modules containing stranded energy. There is the risk to firefighters of electric shock from Direct Current (DC), Alternating Current (AC), or energised conductive material in contact with the battery.
• Projectiles. There may be projectiles as cells are ejected under pressure from the battery case during fire or explosion. Firefighters may be hit and injured by a projectile.
• Secondary ignition. Secondary ignition may occur without warning at any time after the initial event, even up to months later. A secondary ignition is a fire occurring as a result of a second thermal runaway event (not directly related to the initial event). This second event has the same risks as the initial event.

Question 61

As described in STP - When conducting ventilation using a fan, what is the most effective inlet/outlet ratio?

Answer 61

 1:4 outlet 4x larger than the inlet

Question 62

According to SOGs - When an LPG container is involved in fire, what area of the container is considered most crucial and a high priority area for cooling

Answer 62

The Vapour Space

 The container‘s vapour space (area above the liquid) is most crucial and is to be considered a high priority area for cooling.

Question 63

As recommended in STP - When conducting ventilation with a fan, the fan should be set back approximately how far from the door

Answer 63

 Set back approximately the height of the door

Question 64

According to Work Instruction- “Bagging contaminated gear” What equipment is required for bagging contaminated gear (not PPC) at an incident to minimise the risk presented by hazardous contaminants during storage or transport?

Answer 64

• The appropriate bag for the type of contaminant:
− Asbestos containment bags where asbestos is a suspected contaminant.
− Yellow clinical waste bags for waste produced from providing first aid.
− Clear contaminated gear bags for other contaminants, including smoke.
• Cable ties or strong tape to seal the bags.
• A contaminated equipment tag to attach to the bag with relevant details.

Question 65

You are responded to a bushfire with four Fire Rescue NSW pumpers two RFS tankers and one inspector, according to SOGs what class is the fire?

Answer 65

Class 1

Question 66

According to the guideline support document for electricity SOGs - Electrical transformers in high density areas of cities maybe situated in underground vaults, if a fire occurs in one of these vaults, CO2 can be injected via a wall mounted or footpath CO2 connection box. What does the number on the connection box indicate

Answer 66

 Number on box indicates the number of Co2 cylinders required to be injected.

Question 67

According to the guideline support document for electricity SOGs - What factors affect voltage gradient at wires down?

Answer 67

Voltage gradient on the ground
Electricity always seeks the shortest and easiest conductive path to earth. However, if electricity is released onto the ground surface, such as when a live wire falls to the ground, the electricity will fan out from the point of contact. This is known as voltage gradient. There is a rippling effect that is like
dropping a pebble into calm water. In the pool of water the wave created at the point of contact gets smaller as it rings out.Similarly, in the pool of electricity the energy is at full system voltage at the point of ground contact, but drops progressively as you move away from the contact point.
The voltage gradient varies depending on:
• Composition of the ground – eg concrete, road surface, soil
• Moisture content
• Voltage of the electrical source

Question 68

According to the guideline support document for electricity SOGs - Conductors allow electricity to easily pass through them. List five conductors.

Answer 68

• Metals (eg copper, aluminium, steel) – including ladders, fences, guttering, roofing
• Human body
• Timber and trees
• Flame and dense smoke
• Vehicle tyres
• Some fire extinguishing mediums
• Wet or dirty rope
• Water – including hose lines

Question 69

According to the guideline support document for electricity SOGs - Name four measures to control the risks associated with electricity.

Answer 69

• Stay away from the hazard. Always regard it as live until you know otherwise.
• Assess the risks from at least 8 metres away from the hazard.
• If suspected to be electrically hazardous, establish an Exclusion Zone.
• Have the electricity company isolate power.
• When leaving the incident site, if possible, provide information to the owner or other responsible person on the hazards still present at the site and the
control measures in place.

Question 70

As listed on the SIMS Worksheet: Electrical safety kit - State the inventory stored in the green canvas bag of the electrical safety kit.

Answer 70

1 x pair of insulating gloves
1 x pair of leather overgloves
2 x non-contact AC voltage detectors, either Modiewark
Rescue or GLM Mini Rescue
Stored in 1 x electrical safety kit bag

Question 71

According to Recommended practice - When using the gloves from the electrical safety kit, what is the correct donning sequence?

Answer 71

To wear electrical gloves:
• Put on electrical gloves first.
• Put over-gloves on over the electrical gloves to protect the electrical glove from
damage.
• The cuff of the electrical glove must extend beyond the cuff of the over-glove.
• The cuff of the electrical glove must be above the cuffs and sleeves of your
PPC

Question 72

According to SOGs - FRNSW has an interagency notification policy, list the reasons NSW Police are required to be notified.

Answer 72

 Possible terrorist incident
 Crime investigation
 Site, crowd, traffic and evacuation management
 Rescue incident

Question 73

You are responded to fire in a Correctional facility, centre or complex operated by government agencies or private contractors. As stated in FRNSW SOGs on arrival what actions should be taken?

Answer 73

• Identify and liaise with the Emergency Coordinator.
• While waiting to enter, start developing the IAP by accessing information – eg pre-incident plans, SOGs, and utilities.
• Where entry to the facility is delayed, nominate a staging area and advise FireCOM to inform responding resources. Remain in the staging area until met by the Emergency Coordinator. Notify FireCOM if entry is delayed.
Always remain outside facility on standby if it is unsafe to enter.
• At the main entry, access the Red Fire Emergency Plan Box containing the FRNSW pre-incident plan, safety data sheets folder, site plans, and Local Emergency Plans (LEPs) and brief crew about the facility.
• Prepare the appliance and secure equipment before entering the facility. List all equipment to be taken in.

Question 74

According to the Preventing and Managing Unreasonable Behaviour and Bullying Policy, what is the definition of workplace bullying?

Answer 74

 Workplace bullying is repeated and unreasonable behaviour directed towards a worker or a group of
workers that creates a risk to health and safety‖

Question 75

According to the ‘Firefighter’ role description found on the Intranet, list 5 Duties/Accountabilities required in this role

Answer 75

• Contribute to the station’s community prevention, risk reduction planning and engagement programs and activities
• Attend fire and other emergency incidents providing expert knowledge and assistance commensurate with rank
• Contribute to the Station’s operational readiness, including the maintenance of appliances, tools and equipment
• Assist with investigations into the cause of fires
• Support the Station Officer in actions to achieve FRNSW’s goals of protecting life, property and other initiatives under the Plus Plan
• Undertake station duties including the completion of records, reports, correspondence and returns to facilitate the general running of the station

Question 76

According to STP - What guidelines should be followed when tasking crews at a residential structure fire?

Answer 76

As a general rule in the absence of visible victims or in situations where victim location is unknown, the first arriving crew will be tasked with Fire Attack. It is critical to get water on the fire as quickly as possible to gain Fire Control and stop conditions sorsening.

Subsequent available crews will be tasked with conducting search and rescue.
Crews conducting search and rescue must ensure they have a hose line to conteol the conditions in their location and the abiliety to conduct Fire Attack should the situation require.

Question 77

According to STP -What is recommended configuration for relay pumping operation?

Answer 77

Base pump should always be the largest capacity appliance
 5 lengths 70 Dia between Base and Relay pump
 7 lengths 70 Dia between Relay – Relay / Relay - Fireground pump.

 Once initial single supply line is charged and water on the fireground a second line is to be established.
 700kpa max pressure up to fire ground pump.Fireground pump can have any pressure.

Question 78

According to STP – ‘Fire Safety and Investigation’ there are four classifications of cause. Name and describe them.

Answer 78

 Natural: Fire which starts by a natural act without human influence. (Lightning strike, natural auto-ignition, thermal heating, natural oxidation reactions)
 Accidental: Fire which starts accidentally from human activity or infulence. (Discarded smoking materials, heaters and fireplaces, cooking applicances, candles or wick devices, mathces/lighters, gas equiptment and or piping, refulling accidents, sparks from machiniery, faulty electrical equipment)
 Incendiary: Fire which starts from deliberate and intentional human act. (Arson, murder, suicide)
 Undetermined: Fire where the cause cannot be identified. (Destroyed or lack of evidence, inconclusive or ambiguous findings)

Question 79

Whilst participating in a community event at the local oval and armed offender attack occurs. According to SOGs, what actions should you take?

Answer 79

Escape
As a priority, remove yourself and others from close proximity to the offender/s or areas they might reasonably access.
Consider removing or leaving cumbersome equipment so you can move quickly.
If it is safe to do so, snatch and grab as many casualties as possible when exiting. Do not stop to provide first aid.
Hide
If you don’t believe you can safely escape, consider sheltering in place. Mute all communications equipment, including private mobile phones, so as not to give away your hiding place. Do not turn off phones as text messaging may be used to update you on the situation.
Constantly re-assess the situation and your options, based on the best available information.
Tell
The more information you can pass on to FireCOM or the Police, the better, but never at the risk of your own safety or the safety of others.

Question 80

According to SOGs - There are many duties of the BA Control Operator, list five.

Answer 80

Duties of BA Control Operators
BACOs:
• Establish BA Control as close to the entry/exit point as possible.
• Check and enter all details on the BA Control Board.
• Ensure that BA team members are identified by a call sign determined by the incident communications plan.
• Calculate and monitor entry and exit times.
• Monitor all radio communications within the sector.
• When exit time is reached:
− Immediately contact the individual wearer or BA team leader.
− If unable to contact, notify their Commander.
− Activate the RIT immediately when required and notify the IC.
• Indicate to exiting BA crews the locations of the BA staging area and Rehabilitation Area.
• Provide updates to their Commander as required. A second radio transceiver may be required for communicating on the tactical channel.
• Ensure BA Control Boards clearly show when extended duration BA (EDBA) is in use. This is indicated by the red tag from the EDBA twin manifold being
attached to the wearer’s yellow tally on the board.
• Ensure BA Control Boards clearly show when aerial appliance operators are wearing BA.
• Ensure BA Control Boards clearly show when extension facemasks are in use:
− With air trolley BA (ATBA).
− On aerial appliances.
− With auxiliary facemask from another BA set.
− With an extension airline from a standalone BA set.

Question 81

According to Firefighters Training Manual - The numbers relayed back from FireCOM for the Hazmat Action Guide (HAG) sheet are used to determine PPE, form, hazards, effect with water, action, firefighting, and personnel decontamination. TX at the end of the transmission means there is text.  What does the text usually refer to?

Answer 81

 Additional Personal Protection (APP).

Question 82

According to SOGs - What can P2 particle masks be used to protect against?

Answer 82

When to use P2 particle masks
Use P2 masks to protect against:
• Known low concentrations of inert dust, such as those produced when cutting metal or wood.
• Concrete, stone and masonry cutting operations where the work piece can be kept wet.
• The particles, but not the gases such as CO, in bushfire smoke.
• Contamination by body fluids.
Do not use P2 particle masks to protect against:
• Gases.
• Mists.
• Elevated temperatures.
• Vapours.
• Atmospheres with less than 19.5% oxygen. Low oxygen levels can indicate the presence of other contaminants. Always investigate low oxygen levels.

Question 83

According to SOGs - At any incident, the Incident Commander will consider the incident phase and the risk that may be accepted. Describe the life at risk phase.

Answer 83

• Life at risk phase – where there are savable human lives. The incident is
uncontrolled and requires rapid actions to control the risks to life.

Question 84

According to Firefighters Training Manual -You attend a house fire at 2am and on arrival notice a small amount of smoke issuing from the ground level of a 2-storey residence. Two cars are parked in the driveway. What three principles should you keep in mind when forcing entry?

Answer 84

 Enter without undue delay
 Enter with the minimum of structural damage.
 Enter so as to provide access to as much of the building as possible.

Question 85

According to SOGs -You respond to a building fire and the contaminated runoff/pollutant is impacting a canal that runs into a creek. Which agencies are you required to notify?

Answer 85

The Environment Protection Authority (EPA)

Question 86

According to SOGs - What are the three basic principles for communication at incidents?

Answer 86

 To use the principles of ICS and ensure an effective span of control.
 To establish a flow of information at all levels of the incident, without overwhelming the IC or
CommCen with superfluous data.
 To ensure the safety of firefighters by using effective communication.

Question 87

According to SOGs - Emergency Response Teams have varying levels of skills, equipment, and training. Depending on the hazards involved, the IC must determine, from Pre-Incident Planning and discussion with the Emergency Response Team Leader, their role at an incident. Name three activities Emergency Response Team can participate in.

Answer 87

 Specialist advice to the IC relating to hazards, industrial processes and installed fire systems.
 Operation of valves and other industrial processes.
 Fire attack under the control of NSWFB officers.

Question 88

SOGs describe how to de-escalate an incident. What is de-escalation?

Answer 88

De-escalation is the scaling back of FRNSW involvement at an incident. Both the strategic and tactical levels scale back and delegated functions are handed back to the IC. The IC determines that the incident has been contained and that resources can be released.

Question 89

According to SOGs - The Emergency Control Organisation may consist of people identified by coloured helmets, hats, caps, vests, or tabards. Name the members and the identifying colour.

Answer 89

White - Chief warden, Deputy chief warden, Communications officer
Yellow - Floor Warden, Area Warden
Red - Wardens
White Croff on a Green Background - First Aid Officer

Question 90

What are the correct meanings for the numerical codes:
• Code 3
• Code 6
• Code 4 
• Code 1
• Code 7

Answer 90

Code 3 On scene at incident or move-up station (state location/address).
Code 6 Incident in Rural Fire District.
Code 4 Available for response. If not returning to station, give destination, eg FireCOM, Pumper 53, Code 4, returning to stand by at 60 Station.
Code 1 Responding to an incident or move-up – should include a clarification when the appliance is travelling under normal road conditions.
Code 7 Unavailable for response – state reason and transmit Code 4 immediately when available.

Question 91

You are completing a pre-incident plan for an occupancy located within your station area. Your priorities are confirming correct keys and swipe cards, along with updating information for the MDT.  The SO directs you to inspect the Fire Control Room. According to the SOGs, What features are included in a Fire Control Room?

Answer 91

Fire Control Room features
A Fire Control Room is usually at or below ground level.
Features include:
• a fire isolated room with a 2-hour fire rating and separate ventilation
• two exit points, to the front of the building and directly into a fire exit
• Fire Indicator Panel
• Fire Fan Control Panel
• Master Emergency Control Panel
• controls for fire pumps
• Security Alarm and Control Panels
• telephone (direct line outside)
• whiteboard, corkboard and plan table
• Tactical Fire Plans (maps and schematics).

Question 92

You are attending an incident at a large cold storage facility. Your SO has directed you to cut into an Insulated Sandwich Panel (ISP). Prior to cutting the ISP, you conduct a risk assessment. According to the SOGs, list the important issues to consider?

Answer 92

Before cutting any ISP, conduct a risk assessment. Important issues to consider include:
• if there is sufficient time and resources available.
• leaked refrigerant gas which may be pocketed behind panels or in ducting
• electrical wiring or refrigerant gas pipes that may be located behind the panels
• the potential to generate sparks that could ignite flammable refrigerant gas or ESP panel cores
• Weakening of the structure when multiple panels are cut.
• An increase in fire activity due to the introduction of air;
Have a charged line of hose in place for protection before cutting ISPs.
(Additional information contained in GSD Section 5)

Question 93

You are attending a 3rd Alarm structure fire and note the current incident commander is being overwhelmed by radio messages. According to SOGs, following span of control rules, what is the optimal amount an individual resources you should communicate with?

Answer 93

5

1:5 (From 1:3 - 1:7) Optimum is 5 - maximum is 7

Question 94

It is the responsibility of the Incident Commander (IC) to ensure that in general, each tactical priority has been addressed, according to the SOGs, involving structure fires the IC should consider how many sides of the fire?

Answer 94

 7 ( Front, Rear, Both sides, Top, Bottom and Inside )

Question 95

On arrival at an incident, you observe the EWIS is operating. Upon closer inspection you note it has defects. According to the SOGs, what actions should you take?

Answer 95

 If any defects are noted, advise the NSWFB Fire Safety Division to have the matter investigated.
Do not initiate any action yourself.

Question 96

You attend a Hazmat incident involving Phosgene, you appreciate the importance of correct spelling of a substance when transmitting messages to Comms. You are requested to relay the message using the phonetic alphabet. What is the correct phonetic alphabet transmission for Phosgene?

Answer 96

P - Papa
H – Hotel
O - Oscar
S - Sierra
G - Golf
E - Echo
N - November
E - Echo

Question 97

An MVA has occurred between a truck and two cars requiring the attendance of a rescue unit, the MVA has occurred on the M5 Motorway in the GSA. There are multiple emergency services within NSW that are responsible for rescue incidents. According to SOGs, who determines which emergency service will send a rescue unit to this rescue incident?

Answer 97

 NSW Police will determine which emergency service will send a rescue unit to rescue incidents

Question 98

Fumigation is a process of applying a pesticide chemical to a sealed area for a period, generally to treat insects or other vermin. The pesticide is applied in gas form (or a state that produces a gas) to the area. According to SOGs if a firefighter is exposed to chemicals at a fumigation what actions need to be taken on arrival back at station?

Answer 98

 Have the firefighter shower and dress in clean clothing.
 Record the exposure in the Occurrence Book and in the eAIRS report.
 Ensure that Notification of Injury, Illness or Near-Miss ( NIIENM ) form is completed.

Question 99

According to SOGs - FRNSW priorities guide the strategy and incident action plan (IAP) for the incident. What are our priorities at an incident?

Answer 99

FRNSW guides firefighters and commanders by outlining our priorities at an incident:
• The first priority is the safety of firefighters.
• The second priority is protecting savable lives.
• The third priority is protecting savable property and the environment.
Resources should not be committed to save what is already lost

Question 100

According to FRNSW fatigue management procedure permanent firefighters, what is the recommended consecutive hours break taken after completion of their second 24-hour shift, prior to recall, part change of shift or any other overtime in order to minimise fatigue risk.

Answer 100

48hours

Question 101

According to the clean firefighter policy describe onsite decontamination.

Answer 101

Onsite decontamination
 Onsite decontamination occurs as people and equipment leave the Hot Zone to recycle, when entering rehabilitation, or when leaving the incident. All people and
equipment that have been in the Hot Zone are considered to have been exposed to contaminants and require decontamination.

Question 102

According to the Toolkit on the intranet during a bushfire with CFUs. List the roles and responsibilities of CFU members.

Answer 102

Like all residents, must follow Fire danger rating instructions and their bushfire survival plan
- Do not fight fires or enter bushland; they are only empowered to protect properties in the area of activity from spot fires and ember attack
-Are no different to other residents during a bushfire, and do not have any authority, responsibility or role in FRNSW bushfire operations
-Must obey instructions from FRNSW firefighters or other emergency service agencies to deactivate and/or evacuate
-After the front has passed, can carry out mopping up on their area of activity, freeing up firefighters to respond to the moving fire front

Question 103

According to SOGs - A medical emergency access incident is an actual or probable situation where either the Police Rescue Coordinator or the Ambulance Service of NSW (ASNSW) Communication Centre Manager considers serious. What do they consider a person at risk of if access is not gained quickly?

Answer 103

being at risk Further serious injury or death if medical assistance is not provided quickly

Question 104

According to FRNSW Alcohol and other drugs policy, workers must not be in the workplace with a blood alcohol concentration of how many grams or above of alcohol per 210 litres of breath.

Answer 104

Workers must not be in the workplace with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.02 grams or above of alcohol per 210 litres of breath (i.e. 0.02mg%) 1
.

Question 105

According to STP - What actions should you take upon noticing signs of structural collapse?

Answer 105

 Notify all personnel in the collapse zone.
 Notify SO / Sector Commander
 Evacuate premises
 Set up exclusion zone
 Use appropriate water streams.

Question 106

According to SOGs - Radio codes for automatic fire alarms (AFAs) are used by the Incident Commander (IC) to send an incident completed (Stop) message to FireCOM at the conclusion of an AFA-reported incident. When AFA call is to an actual fire – i.e., one which FRNSW has been alerted to by the activation of an AFA or manual call point. What is required to be reported to FireCOM?

Answer 106

100 code and detailed message

 The IC must ensure that a detailed message is sent with the 100 code. The code is passed tou eAIRS, but, on return to station, the eAIRS needs to be updated to reflect the nature of the incident.

Question 107

According to SOGs - Safety is paramount at all bushfires. A safety briefing must be completed and communicated to firefighters. Firefighters should constantly review LACES. Describe each letter of the acronym LACES.

Answer 107

 LOOKOUTS– Fire crews must LOOKOUT and ensure that they have a clear
appreciation of current fire behaviour, location and size of the fire in relation to
crew location.
 AWARENESS – Firefighters must be aware of what is happening around them,
 including:
− the impact of changes in fire behaviour caused by variations to fuel, weather
and topography
− observation of smoke colour, direction and column
− fireground and urban hazards including the potential for falling rocks and trees
− hydration of themselves and others.
 COMMUNICATIONS – All fire crews must maintain communication in accordance
with the communications plan and ensure safety issues are discussed and
addressed immediately.
 ESCAPE ROUTES – At least two escape routes should be agreed and made known
to all relevant personnel. The suitability of escape routes should be reviewed
continually to ensure they remain effective.
 SAFETY ZONES – Safety zones (refuge areas) should be identified and made known
to all relevant firefighters. Firefighters need to consider escape time and safety
zone size requirements, which may change as fire behaviour changes.

Question 108

According to SOGs-Fire danger ratings (FDR) give an indication of the consequences of a bushfire. The higher the fire danger, the more dangerous the conditions. List the ratings.

Answer 108

Catastrophic
FBI 100 +
• Uncontrollable extremely fast and intense, spot fires 20 km.
• No structure is guaranteed safe, lives may be lost
Extreme
FBI: 50 – 99
• Uncontrollable, very fast and intense, spot fires 6 km.
• Only prepared houses offer safety; house and life loss possible.
High
FBI: 25 – 49
• Difficult to control, spot fires 2 km.
• Housing may come under increased threat.
Moderate
FBI: 12 – 24
• Controllable, spot fires very close and less likely.
• Prepared houses offer good safety.
No rating
FBI: 0 – 11 • Fires easily controllable, spot fires very unlikely

Question 109

According to SOGs when sending radio messages, to ensure they are easy to understand and hear. How should they be formulated?

Answer 109

Clear Concise and Factual

Question 110

According to SOGs - There are three strategies used during bushfires operations. Name and describe them.

Answer 110

Offensive strategy
FRNSW initiates offensive operations at bushfires. The factors that determine the success of an offensive operation are the location and size of the attack and support for the attacking crew.
Direct attack is at the fire edge to extinguish or control the flames directly, eg applying water, smothering with foam or soil, beating, or starving of fuel by raking the
fuel into the fire. This then becomes the established control line.
Parallel attack is used to control the intensity of the fire. A fire line is constructed parallel to, and just far enough from the fire edge, to allow firefighters and equipment
to work effectively away from heat and smoke. There are many factors that determine the distance from the edge including terrain; number of firefighters available; fire’s rate
of spread; the fire’s intensity.
Indirect attack involves falling back some distance from the fire perimeter – this could be up to a few kilometres at times – and burning back from a strong control line such
as natural barriers, roads, tracks, firebreaks, or from trails or fire lines constructed.
Where a fire is too intense for direct or parallel attack eg when flame height is greater than 3 metres, spotting is occurring, or the terrain is inaccessible to firefighters, the
indirect method of control may be used. If the fire’s behaviour is too severe, an indirect attack may only be possible on the flanks of the fire.
Defensive strategy
Line defence is used when conditions would normally allow an offensive attack (eg the fire is not intense, weather conditions are favourable), but there are not
enough resources to mount an offensive attack in time. It involves preventing the approaching line of fire from closely approaching the property.
Ember is used when the approaching line of fire is too intense to be suppressed by offensive means and is producing significant ember attack. It involves
extinguishing small fires that occur in and around buildings.
Firefighters operate from safe positions behind suitable shielding from the main fire or pull back to a safer refuge, until the main fire front has passed.
Backstop is used when there is no safe defensible space around buildings; the approaching fire is so intense that firefighters cannot safely protect the buildings.
Firefighters withdraw temporarily a short distance away to suitable safe refuges, with the intention of coming back after the fire passes.
Safeguarding strategy
When offensive or defensive strategies are no longer viable with intense fires under the worst conditions, the actions during safeguarding strategy, while not fire
suppression, warns, escorts (moves) and protects community members to ensure their safety

Question 111

According to SOGs - To minimise the risk of heat related illness, what is the minimum level of PPE that should be worn at a bushfire.

Answer 111

 LEVEL 2 PPE
 Multi-purpose helmet
 Goggles
 Multi-purpose Jacket
Protective hood (carried)
 GP gloves / Firefighting Gloves (Direct attack)
 Duty wear trousers
 Firefighting boots
 P2 mask

Question 112

Heat stress is the most common condition which affects firefighters. It all too frequently affects their welfare, but more importantly, it affects their judgement and competence in the field. All firefighters must be able to recognise the symptoms, name three symptoms as stated in SOGs.

Answer 112

Dizziness
Weakness
Nausea

Question 113

According to SOGs - The status of a bushfire is the degree to which it is under control. What terminology is to be used in radio messages and sitreps to FireCOM?

Answer 113

 GOING – The fire is spreading on one or more flanks, and effective control strategies are not in
place for the entire perimeter.
 BEING CONTROLLED – Effective strategies are in operation or planned for the entire perimeter.
 CONTAINED – The entire perimeter is behind identifiable control lines. Mop up and patrol have
started.
 PATROL – Firefighting resources are only required for patrol purposes and major reignition is
unlikely.
 OUT – The fire is totally blacked out and can be removed from the list of current fires.

Question 114

According to SOGs - Describe offensive and defensive firefighting strategies.

Answer 114

− Offensive – operating in close proximity to the hazards.
− Defensive – operating away from the hazards.

Question 115

As stated in SOGs - What does the Incident Action (IAP) usually describe?

Answer 115

 The IAP describes, at any point in time, the risk assessment, strategy and objectives, incident
structure, layout of the incident, and any other relevant information.

The IAP must adress the objectives for all incidents:
To save and protect lives
To prevent the incident from expanding beyond a deliberately chosen boundry
To minimise further consequesnces of the incident on the community

Question 116

According to SOGs - At a high-rise structure fire, what are the actions of the first arriving Station Commander?

Answer 116

The first Station Commander becomes the Sector Commander for the fire floor, establishes a Forward Control Point and commences fire operations from the
floor below the fire.
The first crew will take a High-rise (Remote) Access Pack.
The Sector Commander will:
• identify the fire location from the Fire Indicator Panel (FIP), Sub Indicator Panel (SIP) or occupants
• brief the Pump Operator according to the situation. Actions may include:
− monitor communications
− establish BA Control
− leave lift/fire control room/pump room keys for next arriving stations
− send a sitrep message to the ComCen as instructed by the Station Commander
and provide a sitrep to next arriving officer.
• go to the reported fire floor with the crew using the emergency lift to the floor below the fire floor—if safe to use—or the fire stairs
• familiarise the crew with floor layout
• charge a line of 38mm hose from the fire stairs or the floor below before entering the fire floor
• use the fire stairs to the fire floor
• conduct fire operations on the fire floor.

Question 117

According to SOGs - Twin bore tunnels, where traffic flows occur in separate tunnels, the tunnels are usually separated by 4-hour fire-resisting construction. Crossover passages between the tunnels are usually how many metres apart?

Answer 117

 120 metres

Question 118

According to SOGs - List the roles of FRNSW at incidents involving bomb threats or detonations?

Answer 118

 Support NSW Police Force or the Australian Defence Force( ADF ) by protecting life and property
from the effects of fires or hazardous materials that may occur.
 Act as the lead agency in Urban Search and Rescue ( USAR ) operations, if required.
 If requested, assist NSW Ambulance.

Question 119

According to SOGs - When referring to storage facilities describe-
• Bulk
• Flatbed storage
• Ventilated
• Sealed

Answer 119

 Bulk – More than 4 tonnes ( net ) , or more than 4 cubic metres of a substance, not in individual
packages.
 Flatbed storage – A Single level building or other structure designed for the storage of solids in
bulk of more than 40 tonnes.
 Ventilated – Containers open to the atmosphere, including silos with explosion vents that have
activated.
 Sealed – A grain container is sealed during fumigation and semi sealed at other times – includes
semi-sealed and oxygen limiting containers.

Question 120

According to SOGs - Standards Australia refers to Breathing Apparatus (BA) as supplied air respirators. Fire and Rescue NSW uses positive pressure supplied air respirators to provide the highest level of protection. Name and describe them.

Answer 120

 Self Contained Breathing Apparatus ( SCBA ).
 Extended Duration Breathing Apparatus ( EDBA ), An SCBA set in a twin cylinder configuration
which allows firefighters to work for approximately twice the time as a single cylinder SCBA.
 Airline Respirator: An extension facemask with an airline supplied from a source of compressed
air. These sources include:
- Air Trolley Breathing Apparatus ( ATBA ), a mobile trolley with compressed air cylinders,
a valve assembly and an airline connected to an extension facemask.
- An independent SCBA set.
- SCBA worn by a firefighter: An extension mask and airline worn by a second person
which is attached to the auxiliary connection of an SCBA or EDBA set worn by a
firefighter.

Question 121

According to SOGs - Decontamination is the process of removing contaminants from people and equipment to prevent further injury and reduce the spread of the contaminant. What are the three ways decontamination can be implemented.

Answer 121

 Standard Decontamination – is implemented where there is no life at risk.
 Emergency Decontamination – is implemented where there is a life at risk ( a person is rescued
from the Hot Zone ), or an immediate response is required due to an accidental contamination.
 Mass Decontamination – is implemented in an unexpected and dangerous situation which must
be dealt with immediately where a group of people are contaminated.

Question 122

According to SOGs When dealing with radiological incidents, the first priority is to minimise the exposure to radiation while rendering the incident safe. What are the main considerations for protecting people at radiological incidents?

Answer 122

 TIME – Minimise the duration of exposure.
 DISTANCE – Maximise the distane from the radiological source.
 SHIELDING – Maximise shielding between radiological source and people.

Question 123

According to SOGs - What are three types of radiation.

Answer 123

 ALPHA
 BETA
 GAMMA and X-RAY

Question 124

According to SOGs - Materials that contain asbestos are known as asbestos containing materials (ACM). If asbestos is encountered at an incident, as far as practical, employ dust suppression tactics and leave ACM in situ. Provide three examples of dust suppression tactics.

Answer 124

 Minimise disturbance – ie. Restrict salvage and overhaul work.
 Keep it lightly dampened down with Fog spray.
 Apply a bonding agent such as foam blanket or coloured PVA / Water mix.
 Bag into marked asbestos containment bags.
 Wrap or cover with salvage plastic sheet.

Question 125

Materials that contain asbestos are known as asbestos containing materials (ACM). There are generally two categories of ACM name and describe them.

Answer 125

Friable - Any ACM that is in powder form, or that can be crumbled, pulverised, or reduced to powder by hand pressure when dry. Examples are loose-fill insulation, pipe lagging, and firedamaged ACM.
Nonfriable - Previously known as bonded. Any ACM that is not friable, including materials containing asbestos fibres reinforced with a bonding compound. (Non-friable ACM that has been reduced to powder by fire or severe impact will become friable.) Examples include fibre cement sheeting (‘fibro’), corrugated or moulded fibre cement, and electrical switchboards.

Question 126

According to Standing Orders – The minimum number of new PIPs to be completed by each platoon yearly is?

Answer 126

 4 new PIP‘s per platoon each year

Question 127

According to Standing Orders - Why does FRNSW conduct hydrant inspections?

Answer 127

 Ensure that hydrants work when needed.
 Notify water authorities of problems with hydrants.
 Familiarise crews with hydrants in their area.

Question 128

According to the After-Action Review (AAR) Policy - AARs are held for the purpose of reviewing organisational performance, resulting in a series of observations, which are analysed to produce thematic insights. What timeframe should a Type 1 review be conducted?

Answer 128

Immediate or as
soon as possible

Question 129

As stated in in the FRNSW Code of Conduct and Ethics - FRNSW has shared values with the NSW Government Sector. Name all the shared values.

Answer 129

Integrity and service

Question 130

According to FRNSW Policy Managing Gifts, Benefits and Hospitality Policy and Procedure - Any offer of a gift or benefit in excess of $50 or not token in nature, whether it is accepted or not, must be declared and registered with who?

Answer 130

Declare and register with Professional Standards any gift or benefit that is over
the value of $50, and/or not token in nature.

Question 131

According to the infection prevention and control manual - An infection occurs when another organism enters your body and causes disease. There are six main transmission routes, list four.

Answer 131

• Direct contact transmission with blood or body substances
• Indirect contact transmission
• Droplet transmission
• Airborne transmission
• Gastrointestinal transmission
• Vector borne (Zoonotic) transmission.

Question 132

According to SOGs - What is the unit of measurement for external radiation?

Answer 132

 MICROSIEVERT (Sv)

Question 133

According to SOGs - The risk of developing asbestos related disease depends on many factors. List three factors.

Answer 133

 Concentration of exposure - Greater quantities of inhaled fibres will increase the likelihood of
developing disease.
 Duration of exposure – The longer the duration you are exposed, the greater the likelihood of
developing disease.
 Fibre Characteristics – The types of fibres inhaled have an effect on the likelihood of developing
disease. Shorter, straight fibres are more likely to be breathed deeper into the lungs.
 Other exposures – Exposures to other hazardous materials may compound the likelihood of
developing disease. For instance, people who have smoked have a much greater likelihood of
developing an asbestos related disease.

Question 134

List and define the three zone systems as outlined in SOGs Scene Security.

Answer 134

 Hot Zone – Where no personnel enter until a DRA ( Dynamic Risk Assessment ) determines
appropriate actions and level of PPE.
 Warm Zone – Where Fire and Rescue NSW conducts its operations.
 Cold Zone – Where the Incident Contro; Point and support agencies are located and where the Police
implement overall site control.

Question 135

According to SOGs - Operators of aged care facilities have emergency plans, which include a staged evacuation plan. List the stage numbers including the stage FRNSW would likely be involved.

Answer 135

 STAGE 1 – Residents removed from immediate danger – evacuated to an adjoining room or corridor.
 STAGE 2 ( FRNSW are likely to be involved from this stage ) – Residents removed from adjoining
rooms and corridors, away from the emergency ( fire, smoke, gas ) – evacuated to an adjoining fire or
smoke compartment, or other floor below the emergency.
 STAGE 3 – Residents completely evacuated from the building- evacuated to a nominated safe
assembly area.

Question 136

According to SOGs - During bushfire operations safeguarding strategy is not fire suppression but can be used when defensive operations are not safe. Describe the actions taken in this strategy.

Answer 136

When offensive or defensive strategies are no longer viable with intense fires under the worst conditions,
safeguarding
 WARN – tailored to the current situation and locality.
 ESCORTS (MOVE ) – support, assist and move, particularly vulnerable people to a safer location.
 PROTECTS community members to ensure their safety – when moving to a safer location is
impossible provide protection in whatever form necessary.

Question 137

According to SOGs - At a high-rise structure fire, what area provides a safe location with building communications, control equipment and plans?

Answer 137

 Fire Control Room ( FCR )

Question 138

SOGs state - In some cases, mostly at larger structures and complexes it may not be appropriate to turn off power to the entire structure. List three of these structures or complexes.

Answer 138

 Industrial complexes – some processes may be difficult to shut down quickly.
 High-rise buildings – lights or lifts may be needed during the evacuation of residents.
 Healthcare facilities – life-sustaining equipment may be in use.

Question 139

According to the FRNSW smoke alarm installation procedure - When installing a smoke alarm in a residential dwelling, what is the most suitable fixing method to attach to surfaces.

Answer 139

heavy-duty
double-sided tape

Question 140

Suspicious substance incidents (including suspicious package incidents) are multiagency incidents. FRNSW, the NSW Police Force and the Ambulance Service of NSW have developed multi-agency procedures to provide emergency services personnel with the knowledge, skills, and ability to ensure a consistent and safe approach for management and resolution of suspicious substance incidents. The level of risk can be identified by a colour. What are these colours?

Answer 140

 RED – High risk incidents
 BLUE – Medium risk incidents
 GREEN – Low risk incident

Question 141

Sexual Harassment is against the law and never acceptable. FRNSW adopts the legal definition of sexual harassment as per the Anti- Discrimination Act 1977. What constitutes sexual harassment as described in the Act?

Answer 141

For the purposes of this Part, a person sexually harasses another person if—
(a) the person makes an unwelcome sexual advance, or an unwelcome request for sexual favours, to the other person, or
(b) the person engages in other unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature in relation to the other person,
in circumstances in which a reasonable person, having regard to all the circumstances, would have anticipated that the other person would be offended, humiliated or intimidated.

Question 142

According to the procedure, list the requirements regarding qualifications for a full or part change of shift.

Answer 142

Replacement firefighters must have similar qualifications required to meet the needs of the position being filled on the particular shift, e.g. rescue, hazmat,
pumper or aerial operator qualifications.
Duty Commanders can refuse applications for part or full change of shift if the replacement firefighter does not have the required qualifications.
A firefighter cannot perform a full or part change of shift whilst on leave.

Question 143

According to the procedure, arrangement for a full or part change of shift- The applicant must submit the form to their Station Commander or Supervisor at least how many hours in advance?

Answer 143

The applicant must submit the form to their Station Commander or Supervisor at least 24 hours in advance.

Question 144

According to the FRNSW Act 1989, what is the definition of a hazardous material incident?

Answer 144

hazardous material incident means an actual or impending land-based spillage or other escape of hazardous material that causes or threatens to cause injury or death or damage to property.

Question 145

According to the NSW RFS and FRNSW Memorandum of Understanding, when responding to AFAs within the jurisdictional, responsibility of the RFS, the first arriving brigade can de activate the local alarm, who can carry out resetting of the alarm?

Answer 145

 FRNSW

Question 146

According to the Toolkit - Workplace Safety- Annual Workplace Safety Inspections aim to reduce the number of safety incidents by identifying and controlling a broad range of potential hazards in FRNSW-owned or leased workplaces. When must each FRNSW-owned or leased workplace be inspected by each year?

Answer 146

Zone Commanders and Managers are to ensure that each FRNSW-owned or leased workplace is inspected by 31 May each year.

Question 147

According to SOGs - When using a hydrant booster, the IC will instruct the pump operator to run the hydrant booster system in one of three modes. List and describe all three.

Answer 147

Stand-by mode
1. Connect up to four 70mm hoses from the feed or street hydrant to the collector.
2. Connect an equal number of 70mm hoses from deliveries to booster inlets.
3. Remove leather strap and test movement of the main wheel valve.
4. Note the reading on the booster pressure gauge.
5. Advise IC ―Hydrant / Sprinkler booster is now in Standby mode‖
6. Await instructions from the IC to go to another mode.
 Activation mode
1. Determine the required operating pressure from the IC.
2. Connect up to four hoses from feed or street hydrant to the collector and open the
feed hydrants.
3. Connect equal number of 70mm hoses from the deliveries to the boost inlets and open
deliveries.
NOTE: The pump is bypassing the main wheel valve and supplying water at the same pressure
4. Remove the leather strap and close main wheel valve. ( This will prevent backflow and
contamination of the public water supply ).
5. Advise IC ― Hydrant booster is now in Activation mode at ….kpa‖
6. Maintain pressure and flow, especially when hydrant pump is running.
7. Await instructions from the IC to vary the pressure or go to another mode.
 Deactivation mode
1. Reduce pressure and disengage pump.
2. Open the main wheel valve and restore the leather strap.
3. Shut off feed hydrants to the collectors.
4. Shut down the deliveries to the boost inlets.
5. Remove the hose
6. Shut down the hydrant pump to further reduce pressure if required

Question 148

According to the workplace safety toolkit - Every workplace should have a prominently displayed Health & Safety Notice Board, list all documents that should be attached?

Answer 148

SIRA Poster - If you get injured at work
Commissioner’s Safety Statement
Safety and Wellbeing Plan 2021-2022
FRNSW Return to Work Policy and Program Summary
Workplace Evacuation Diagrams
WHS Issue Resolution Flowchart
Guide - NIIENM Submission Workflow
Safety information and Contacts
Safety Representatives Template
First Aid Officers Template (not necessary for stations)
Fire Warden Template (not necessary for stations)

Question 149

According to Standing Orders - Smoke screen security devices produce a barrier of dense white fog when a monitored security alarm system is activated. FRNSW may be responded to buildings where the smoke screen has been activated and mistaken for a fire. What are two things’ firefighters should consider before entering the building?

Answer 149

 Intruders may still be in the building.
 A real fire may have set off motion detectors and activated the smoke screen device.

Question 150

According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what is the definition of thermal capacity?

Answer 150

The amount of heat absorbed for any given increase in temperature.

Question 151

According to the Firefighters Training Manual, flash fires and dust explosions are similar in conditions. Three conditions occur in both flash fires and dust explosions. Which conditions do NOT occur in both?

Answer 151

 A dust explosion occurs in a confined space.

Question 152

During a bushfire, a helicopter is carrying out hot refuelling operations to prepare for ongoing water bombing operations. According to SOGs, a designated Fire Protection Crew should follow what procedures?

Answer 152

 During refuelling, firefighters in full PPE will stand by with lines of hose charged, foam eductor
attached and
B Class foam ready to be inducted.
 Prevent water or foam streams from hitting moving rotors as this may cause catastrophic failure of the
rotors and cause serious injury or death for people nearby.
 Wen life is not at risk, advice should be sought on how to minimise damage to the aircraft before
applying foam or water streams.
 When life is at risk, the NSWFB Commander should direct firefighters to apply foam to a fuel fire
immediately.

Question 153

A 6-level building has a fire burning on the 3rd level. Heat smoke and fire gases are gradually rising through vertical openings and spreading to floors above the fire. As per the Firefighters Training Manual, what factors will mostly affect the levels reached by these stratified layers?

Answer 153

 The type of fuel in the fire.
 Size of the fire.
 Size of the internal openings.
 Height of the building.
 The weather.

Question 154

At a 4th alarm industrial unit fire, the Incident Commander (IC) had assigned Sector Commanders, a Safety Officer and a Staging Officer with four pumps initially in Staging. The IC later requested an extra six firefighters and a Station Commander from Staging, but there was only one pump in Staging. Why was this error not identified?

Answer 154

 The staging officer failed to communicate to the IC that resources were low.

Question 155

You are responding to a fire call in a Scania 320 pumper through small roundabouts in wet weather and the driver reports that the vehicle’s brakes are operating independently and intermittently. In accordance with the Operations Bulletin 2014- 02, what actions should be taken?

Answer 155

The ESP system cannot be disabled in Scania P320 pumpers. Scania P320
pumpers should not be driven on a surface likely to result in significant wheel
slippage. If drivers of Scania P320 pumpers are continually activating the ESP
system, they are travelling too quickly for the road conditions and must alter
their driving behaviour.

Question 156

According to the definitions in the STP, provide a detailed description of Hazard and Risk.

Answer 156

A hazard is anything in the workplace that has the potential to cause harm to a person. Hazards can be an object or thing; for example, an acetylene cylinder; a hazardous manual task; or the way work is done.

Hazards are often grouped into categories by their type, for instance:
Physical hazards - such as plant & equipment
Chemical hazards - such as hazardous substances
Ergonomic hazards - such as hazardous manual tasks
Psychosocial hazards - such as critical incidents

A risk is the harm that may occur to a person exposed to a hazard
The level of risk is dependant on two factors:
1. Consequence / Severity of potential harm
2. Likelihood of occurring

Question 157

You attend a 3rd Alarm structure fire, and the Incident Commander (IC) appoints you the Safety Officer. What is the Safety Officer responsible for? List five.

Answer 157

 Identify unsafe conditions or operations and report these to the IC ( or Operations Officer if in
place ).
 Correct unsafe work practices through the appropriate commander. If this affects strategy and
tactics, inform the IC so that the incident action plan can be reviewed.
 Communicate with commanders, to identify safety concerns and the control measures
implemented.
 Identify hazards likely to affect the safety, health, or welfare of personnel. Through the
appropriate commander, ensure all those at the incident are properly briefed on these hazards,
including measures to eliminate, prevent, or mitigate risks.
 Assist the IC to complete the operational risk assessment and the risk assessment worksheet.
Alternatively, conduct the operational risk assessment for the IC and communicate the
assessment to the IC.
 Confirm that all health and safety systems are in place – eg breathing apparatus control,
rehabilitation, health monitoring
 Confirm that all utilities are identified and rendered safe.
 Request the appointment of additional Safety Officers if needed.
 Maintain awareness of the incident communications plan and incident action plan
 Confirm that all those at the incident are aware of the location of the hazard zone, any exclusion
zones, and any other designated areas.

Question 158

FRNSW use different methods to ventilate a structure. All ventilation methods require safety precautions. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what safety precautions should you practice during vertical or trench ventilation?

Answer 158

 Don‘t walk on spongy roofs. Sponginess in the roof is usually a sign that structural members have
been weakened.
 Take care to prevent firefighters from sliding and falling.
 Exercise caution when working near electrical wires.
 Ensure that firefighters making the opening are standing to the windward side of the cut and
wearing correct protective equipment.
 Watch for indications of weakening structure or other hazards.
 Apply extreme caution when using power tools.
 Keep a firm footing.
 Always have a means of retreat.

Question 159

You are performing a fire duty after a fire at a factory. The cause is yet to be determined; the Fire Investigation and Research Unit (FIRU) and Police are at work. An employee asks if he can go and retrieve some personal belongings. According to Part 3 Section 31 of the Fire Brigades Regulation 2014, what is your correct course of action?

Answer 159

He may not enter under any circumstances

A firefighter on fire duty or watch duty at the site of a fire, hazardous material incident or other emergency must:
(a) ensure that:
(i) any premises at the site are not entered, and
(ii) goods are not interfered with or removed from any such premises,
otherwise than by persons who can establish their identity and authority to do so, and
(b) report any breach of security to the officer in charge at the site.

Question 160

According to SOGs, as the Incident Commander, you may choose a fast attack command position. What does fast attack enable the IC to do?

Answer 160

 More fully size up the incident.
 Directly supervise the crew.
 Assist the crew with task level work if needed.
 Take advantage of the limited window of opportunity available while the incident is in its early
stages

Question 161

Hazardous chemical (Hazchem) emergency action codes provide information for the fire brigade and police on how to deal with a fire or spillage. What does the 3-digit code give basic information on?

Answer 161

 Firefighting medium
 Type of reaction and PPE required, Dilute or Contain.
 E means consider evacuation.

Question 162

To extinguish a fire, we must remove one or more factors that form the fire triangle or fire tetrahedron. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what methods are used to remove one of these factors. List four.

Answer 162

• starvation;
• smothering;
• cooling; and
• interruption of the flame chain reaction.

Question 163

According to the Firefighters Training Manual, the use of water as an extinguishing medium on ships has some disadvantages. List three of the disadvantages.

Answer 163

 It is likely to damage cargo
 It may react dangerously with cargo
 It can affect a ships stability
 It always presents danger of flooding
 NSWFB equipment may not fit ship-board connections.

Question 164

According to STP - Crews operating on levels above the fire should be constantly alert for the potential of fire extension. List the actions should crews take.

Answer 164

 Checking concealed spaces, including ducting and pipework with the TIC.
 Closing windows and moving flammable material away from windows.
 Always having charged lines of hose.
 Maintaining communication with outside crews, who can report any externally visible indicators of
changed fire activity.

Question 165

You are responded to an aircraft on a runway with smoke issuing from behind the piston engine. All passengers and crew are out. It is a radial engine. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, how does the fire risk of this engine compare to an inline engine and what extinguishing medium would you use?

Answer 165

 The greater fire risk in this type of engine is in the ancillary equipment. This equipment is usually
housed in a bay behind the cylinders. The fire risk in this area is in the oil pumps, generators,
carburetors, and superchargers and in the pipework and wiring.
 In piston engines, fires are often caused by rich fuel mixtures. Halons or CO2 are most effective
in controlling these fires.

Question 166

According to FRNSW Fatigue Management Procedure - Short-term fatigue management is the management of acute fatigue that may occur as a result of tasks undertaken by firefighters during work hours. As a guide, a break from these tasks should be taken how often?

Answer 166

a break from these tasks should be taken at least every
four hours.

Question 167

You have been instructed to commence ventilation. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, when determining where ventilation needs to be carried out, what considerations need to be taken into account?

Answer 167

14.2.2 Where does ventilation need to be carried out?
The answer to this question involves:
• the nature and proximity of exposures;
• the size of the fire;
• the seat of the fire;
• the wind and weather conditions;
• the type of building construction; and
• the presence of vertical or horizontal openings and how they may affect
ventilation.

Question 168

According to SOGs, if co2 is used to extinguish a fire in an underground vault substation what is the minimum time it needs to be kept sealed within the vault?

Answer 168

 At least 20 minutes.

Question 169

According to SOGs, what is the definition of decontamination?

Answer 169

 Decontamination is the process of removing contaminants from people, clothing and equipment
to prevent exposure to a contaminant and minimise spread of the contaminant.

Question 170

During a bushfire, your sector contains an area where trees and grass are alight under high voltage power lines. According to SOGs, what are the safe working distances and what firefighting activities can you perform?

Answer 170

 Do not engage in firefighting under high voltage power lines.
 Keep vehicles and people a minimum 25 metres clear of a fire burning fire under or near power
lines.
 Only knock down flames > 2m high isolated flames spots or smoldering logs that are not
producing a convection column or heavy smoke plume. In such cases:
- Never direct the hose stream into power line.
- Never direct the hose stream into a smoke plume that is near (ie less than 25
metres) or reaching power lines. Keep stream no higher than a person‘s
head.
- Never direct the hose stream at a burning bush or tree (more than head
height) in a power line easement.

Question 171

You need to attach a delivery to the hydrant outlet. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, hydrants have what types of deliveries?

Answer 171

Before you can operate a hydrant, you must attach a delivery to the hydrant outlet.
Hydrants have three types of deliveries:
• double delivery;
• elbow delivery; and
• standpipe delivery.

Question 172

A BA team reports to a Breathing Apparatus Control Operator (BACO) two floors below the fire floor at a high-rise structure fire. They provide their BA tallies to the BACO and proceed to the fire floor but remain in the fire stairs for ten minutes before donning BA and beginning firefighting tasks. Ten minutes after that the BACO is trying to contact the Sector Commander urgently stating that they are running low on air when they are not. According to SOGs, what went wrong?

Answer 172

 BA crew failed to notify BACO when donning heir BA

Question 173

According to SOGs, there are five members of a decontamination team. Name all members.

Answer 173

 Decontamination Officer.
 Wash operator.
 Wash Assistant.
 Disrobe assistant.
 Pump operator.

Question 174

At an incident, fire crews believe accelerants may have been used. According to Standing Orders, what are possible signs of accelerant use?

Answer 174

 Characteristic burn pattern.
 Indication of fire trailers.
 Rapid fire development inconsistent with available combustible materials.
 Unusual Odours.
 Damage to building consistent with a vapour explosion.

Question 175

You are in charge of firefighters providing fire protection during helicopter refuelling. You instruct them to wear full PPE. According to SOGs, what full PPE will they wear?

Answer 175

Firefighters providing fire protection during refuelling must wear full personal protective equipment (PPE),
including:
 Full structural firefighting ensemble, including helmet and gloves
 Flash hood
 SCBA
 Ear plugs which provide sufficient protection at 50m.

Question 176

Under the FRNSW Act 1989, define flammable matter?

Answer 176

flammable matter includes—
(a) any substance capable of ignition or combustion by the application of heat, by means of sparks or spontaneously, and
(b) any substance prescribed as flammable for the purposes of this definition.

Question 177

According to SOGs- Bushfire classes are determined by the level of resources committed to the fire, and its potential impact on the community, economy, essential infrastructure, and not its size. Describe a Class 3 bushfire?

Answer 177

 Class 3 – A major bushfire where an appointment is made or is imminent under the provisions of
―Section 44 of the Rural Fires Act 1997

Question 178

You are first arriving Station Commander at a fire to find smoke issuing from a single level house. You have not conducted a 360° size up but have given your crew initial tasks. What actions would most assist in formally assuming command?

Answer 178

 Confirm via initial radio report to FireCOM that an IC is in place
 Name command.
 Select an appropriate command position – ie: Fast attack or stationary.

Question 179

You respond to a High-Rise building. According to SOGs, High Rise buildings are generally described by what characteristics?

Answer 179

 Being more than 25 metres high.
 Having more than 10 levels.

Question 180

According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what conditions should be determined before carrying out ventilation?

Answer 180

14.4 Before ventilating a building, you should determine the existence of the following four conditions:
• the seat of the fire has been located;
• crews are ready to enter with charged hose lines;
• back-up crews are ready to enter; and
• communications have been established amongst all crews.

Question 181

You are the Incident Commander at a hazardous materials incident and find wastewater coming from an adjoining business is entering the Hot Zone and spreading contaminants. You order this water supply to be shut off, but the business owner next door complains that he will lose money by shutting down production. What are your general powers in this situation as stipulated under the FRNSW Act?

Answer 181

ACT - USE OF WATER DIVISION 1 - 15

A) At the site of a hazardous material incident, the officer in charge—
(a) may take such measures as the officer thinks proper for the protection and saving of life and property, for confining and ending the incident and for rendering the site safe, and
(b) is to control and direct the operations of any fire brigade.
The site is taken to be such area in the vicinity of the incident as is for the time being determined by the officer in charge.

Question 182

FRNSW incident management is consistent with the Australasian Inter-service Incident Management System (AIIMS). What are the key principles of AIIMS?

Answer 182

The key principles of AIIMS are:
• Flexibility – the method must be able to be applied across all types of incidents, with an incident structure and plans that reflect the needs of the incident.
• Management by objectives – for every incident a set of objectives must be identified and a plan developed for managing those objectives. There can only be one set of objectives and one incident action plan.
• Functional management – there are eight functional areas, or activates, that need to be managed – ie Control, Planning, Intelligence, Public Information, Operations, Investigation, Logistics and Finance. The Incident Commander is responsible for all functional areas but may choose to delegate one or more of the functions, depending upon the size and nature of the incident.
• Unity of command – there must be only one Incident Commander; each individual must only report to one supervisor.
• Span of control – an individual should only have 5 people reporting to them (optimal is 1:5 ratio), but this can vary between 1:3 to 1:7, depending upon the activity, geography, or nature of the incident

Question 183

According to SOGs, Describe the term “All Clear.”

Answer 183

Search and rescue have been completed and the Incident Controller is satisfied that all occupants have been accounted for.

Question 184

You are the Incident Commander at a large factory fire. There are 8 pumps code 3 at the incident. According to SOGs, list two combinations could you allocate these pumps to achieve three-deep deployment?

Answer 184

1. 2 pumps tasked, 1 pump on deck, 5 pumps in staging.
    PUMP 1 ~ Hot zone .
    Pump 2 ~ On deck at the edge of the Warm zone.
    PUMPS 3 – 8 ~ In staging area waiting to be deployed.
2. 2 pumps tasked, 1 pump recycling, 1 pump on deck, 4 pumps in staging.
    PUMP 1 ~ Hot zone.
    PUMP 2 ~ Recycling in the Warm zone.
    PUMP 3 ~ At edge of Warm zone.
    PUMPS 4-8 ~ In Staging area waiting to be deployed.
    Crews in Hot zone have assigned tasks.
    On – deck crews are unassigned and ready to rapidly intervene if necessary next into the Hot
   zone.
    Crews in staging unassigned ready to be deployed and assigned tasks when necessary.

Question 185

FRNSW is committed to achieving the principles and requirements of the Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Policy, to achieve this what are all employees responsible for?

Answer 185

All employees are responsible for:
Creating a culturally safe workplace environment which is free from discrimination and everyone is valued and treated with respect;
Working collaboratively to recognise and appreciate equity, diversity and inclusion;
Identifying and addressing any form of discrimination in the workplace.

Question 186

According to the Transfer and Mobility Policy, list the reasons permanent Officers and Firefighters may seek transfer or be transferred to other locations.

Answer 186

career development
operational capability
compassionate issues/staff welfare
location based transfers
performance/dicipliary

Question 187

According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what does the term latent heat of vaporisation refer to?

Answer 187

 The amount of heat required to vaporise a unit weight of extinguishing medium.

Question 188

According to the Firefighters Training Manual, water is drawn from various types of water mains. Name the types of mains.

Answer 188

We draw water from three types of mains:
• trunk mains that supply water from the original source to a secondary distribution point;
• distributary mains that supply water from the secondary distribution point to sub-divided areas such as a suburb;
and
• reticulation mains that feed off distributary mains and feed individual streets and buildings.

Question 189

Insulated Sandwich Panels (ISPs), especially those with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) cores can create an extremely hazardous environment for firefighters and may force adoption of a defensive strategy from an early stage. According to SOGs, what are the reasons for this?

Answer 189

 EPS melts and flows like a liquid. It is highly flammable, inducing rapid fire spread, which is
undetectable with thermal Imaging Cameras ( due to the insulating properties of the panels ) and
can spread to areas remote to the fire origin.
 Panel delamination, where the hot metal panel skins bow and open up, rapidly increases the rate
of fire spread, which heats the ceiling void, creates a secondary pool of fires from melted EPS,
and causes panels to collapse.
 There is an increased risk of flashover and backdraught.
 Large volumes of toxic, thick, black, acrid smoke are produced.
 Sudden loss of structural integrity may cause substantial building collapse.

Question 190

According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what are the main types of aircraft?

Answer 190

 Civil
 Military
 Helicopters ( civil and military )

Question 191

According to SOGs, when responding into a Rural Fire District, when are you required to send a Code 6?

Answer 191

A coed 6 must be transmitted:
 Immediately it becomes apparent to the Officer-In-Charge ( OIC ) of an FRNSW appliance thatthey have received a call to an incident located within a Rural Fire District.
With the Code 1 message if it is known at the timeof the call that the incident is in a Rural Fire District.

Question 192

According to Operations Bulletin 2023-02. List the risk management measures that should be taken when attending incidents involving hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV).

Answer 192

Conduct atmospheric monitoring with a four head gas detector for LELs to detect if hydrogen is leaking.
• Use a thermal imaging camera (TIC) to identify if hydrogen fire is present.
• Conduct thermal checks on the battery using a TIC to determine whether thermal runaway may be occurring within the lithium-ion battery. Increasing temperature is an indication that a thermal runaway event may be occurring. If so, use a hose stream to cool.
• Establish an exclusion zone (minimum 15 m) around any hydrogen FCEV incident.

Question 193

The operation (or non-operation) of the pressure relief valve on an LPG storage or transport container does not necessarily mean that a BLEVE is imminent. However, if the valve is operating on an LPG storage container that has no odorant and is labelled accordingly the internal pressure of the cylinder may be rising. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what are indicators of a possible BLEVE?

Answer 193

 Any increase in the noise level from the valve
 Any sign of bulging or blistering on the outside of the tank or cylinder.

Question 194

In accordance with SOGs, when developing objectives, strategies and tactics what should be considered?

Answer 194

 The response time for requested support.
 The requirements for relief crews and refreshments.
 Whether a change of shift might be necessary.

Question 195

You are the Officer in Charge at a hazardous materials incident, and the site manager is failing to cooperate. You advise the site manager of your authority to enter and operate under the FRNSW Act, what does it state?

Answer 195

1A) At the site of a hazardous material incident, the officer in charge—
(a) may take such measures as the officer thinks proper for the protection and saving of life and property, for confining and ending the incident and for rendering the site safe, and
(b) is to control and direct the operations of any fire brigade.
The site is taken to be such area in the vicinity of the incident as is for the time being determined by the officer in charge.

Question 196

According to the Toolkit - Conduct - Respectful Workplaces, Clear communication is one of the best ways to build a respectful workplace and to avoid conflict. What is the tool that will help employees to communicate clearly when addressing difficult topics.

Answer 196

Straight Talk

Question 197

According to the Toolkit - Mental fitness- What program offers an external service that provides professional and confidential counselling/coaching to help you with challenges, issues or concerns that may be affecting you at work or home.

Answer 197

Employee Assistance Program

Question 198

According to SOGs - During the de-escalation of an incident, at what stage is command terminated?

Answer 198

 When the last resource leaves the incident.

Question 199

What are principles of situational evaluation in incident management?

Answer 199

Situation evaluation is the continual process of collecting information and
evaluating it to determine the incident’s critical factors. Situation evaluation
ends only when command ends.
Situation evaluation aims to establish a list of critical factors for a particular
time slice of the incident cycle. It is the first step in developing a risk-managed
incident action plan, which changes over time as new information is collected
and evaluated.

Question 200

According to Recommended Practice, state why the thermal imaging camera may or may not be suitable for use in a flammable atmosphere.

Answer 200

Thermal imaging camers are not intrinsically safe. Do not use these cameras in potentially flammable atmospheres.

Question 201

According to SOGs - A major goal for the IC is to develop an Incident Action Plan for the incident. What is an incident action plan?

Answer 201

An Incident Action Plan ( IAP ) is the plan developed by the IC that describes, at any point, how the IC
plans to resolve or control the incident.
The IAP usually describes:
 The risk assessment.
 The strategy and objectives, including notes relating to critical factors.
 The incident structure, showing the resources being used or needed.
 The layout of the incident ( mud map ) .
 Any other information relevant to resolve or control, such as incoming resources.

Question 202

According to SOGs - What are the terms used in an initial radio report, to indicate the size of a structure at a fire incident.

Answer 202

 SMALL - One hose lay can cover the entire structure.
 MEDIUM – One hose lay can cover 75% of the structure.
 LARGE – One hose lay will cover 50% of the structure.
 VERY LARGE – One hose will cover 25% of the structure.
 MEGA – One hose lay will cover 10% of the structure.
Hose lay is considered to be 50 metres – ie two 30 metre lengths of hose which includes 10 metres from
the entry point.

Question 203

As stated in SOGs - Example -Initial radio report - The initial radio report (IRR) is sent by the first arriving officer to FireCOM. It time-stamps command, confirms and identifies the IC, and records initial details about the incident. It should be in Conditions, Actions, Needs (CAN) format and should include-

Answer 203

 CONFIRMATION of address.
 CONDITIONS: Brief description of the incident; obvious critical factors including hazards.
 ACTIONS: Initial Incident Action Plan ( IAP ); assumption of command and naming of incident;
strategy.
 NEEDS: Increase of alarm level as per the Alarm Response Protocol ( ARP ) or, in areas where
this does not operate, request for particular resources as per local arrangements ( FireCOM will
confirm the availability of requested resources )

Question 204

According to Standing Orders - The Community Activities Reporting System (CARs) is the platform for reporting community activities engaged in at a station level and by our other specialist units. Who is authorised to enter completed activities in CARs.

Answer 204

 Any member of the crews participating in the activity can complete the report, provided that they
have direct knowledge of the information they are submitting. As with AIRS, only one report is
required per activity attended, even where multiple stations were involved.

Question 205

According to FRNSW Cyber Security policy - Employees are responsible to protect the information they use and manage as part of their daily job. Employees are expected to complete Cyber Security Awareness Training how often?

Answer 205

Annually

Question 206

According to the Bushfire Hazard reduction procedure - There are two types of broad area prescribed burns. What are they?

Answer 206

A ‘simple’ prescribed burn is characterised by low risk, low intensity, small area, low potential impact on assets, completion in one shift and minimal variation of fuel and terrain.
A ‘complex’ prescribed burn is characterised by moderate to high risk, a range of fire intensity, medium to large areas, significant potential impact on assets and involve a variety of fuels and terrain.

Question 207

According to the Bushfire Hazard reduction procedure - Pile burns may be carried out by FRNSW to dispose of vegetation resulting from what activities?

Answer 207

Pile burns may be carried out to dispose of vegetation resulting from the following activities:
• removal of bushfire fuels
• bush regeneration/weed removal from authorised activities eg Landcare on behalf of local council
• agricultural activities

Question 208

According to the Bushfire hazard reduction policy - List occasions when prescribed burning conducted by FRNSW is not permitted in a fire district.

Answer 208

Burning is not permitted in a fire district on days when:
• there is a total fire ban (TOBAN)
• the EPA has issued a No-Burn Notice (unless prior exemption has been granted)
• the Fire Behaviour Index (FBI) is greater than 23**
**The RFS allows burning on days with FBI greater than 23. If FRNSW is assisting RFS with a prescribed burn, they may be required to continue assisting on these days.

Question 209

According to CASE STUDY 2023-06 on the Intranet, four firefighters injured by unauthorised equipment - During 2020-2021, four firefighters required treatment in hospital after being injured by unauthorised equipment that had been brought into FRNSW workplaces. What is FRNSWs definition of unauthorised equipment as described in the case study?

Answer 209

Unauthorised equipment is any item which is purchased, introduced, or used within an FRNSW workplace that has not first met the requirements of the Procurement Manual. This includes equipment which has not been obtained via the Electronic Supply Catalogue (ESCAT) or through an approved Request Purchase Order (RPO

Question 210

When conveying sensitive information on an open channel what should be considered as listed in SOGs?

Answer 210

 Don‘t send sensitive information across an open channel. Many non-NSWFB people monitor
radio transmissions.
 Messages containing details of injuries, fatalities or personal information should e sent by
alternative means of communication such as mobile phone, GRN private call facility, or face to
face.
 Be sensitive to the feelings of non-operational personnel or members of the public who may
overhear messages. Ensure that outside speakers on appliances are turned off if sensitive
information is being sent e.g.fatlities.

Question 211

According STP - Who must give consent for PIP inspections to be conducted on a premises?

Answer 211

 There is no legislated power of entry into a building when conducting a PIP inspection. PIP
inspections shall only be conducted with the consent of the building owner or occupier of the
building and in accordance with FRNSW standing orders.

Question 212

According to Six Minute Intensive Training-Door entry - What are the door entry techniques that can be used with the Halligan tool?

Answer 212

Inward Adze Roll Technique
Fork Drive
Outward Adze (drive and steer)

Question 213

According to Six Minute Intensive Training-Door entry - What are the five steps to forcing a door?

Answer 213

1. Size up - Assess how urgent the situation is. If it is not time critical,
   consider passive ways of making entry- Through a window, wait for keys
   etc. Conduct 360 of premises, trying all windows and doors.
2. Gap – Usually starting with the Adze blade, work the tool between the
   door and door stop or door frame to create a workable gap. A second fire
   fighter may be required with sledge axe to “strike” Halligan tool to get a
   start.
3. Set – With a gap established between the door and frame (a wedge may
   be required), manoeuvre tool to complete the forced entry. This could be
   the Adze or fork end of the tool, depending on situation.
4. Force- Final action to defeat the lock. Using the mechanical advantage
   leverage of the tool to complete the spread. Two fire fighters may be
   required for some doors.
5. Control – Open the door in such a way so as not to have an adverse
   effect on the situation. Use Adze on Halligan to hook the back of the door
   to pull closed.

Question 214

According to Six Minute Intensive Training - During Firefighting Operations, what does fire attack crew never ignore?

Answer 214

FIRE ATTACK crew never ignores a
casualty, SEARCH & RESCUE crew never ignores a fire.

Question 215

According to Six Minute Intensive Training – Search and rescue during firefighting operations-The objective of a search is to confirm an ALL CLEAR, this is usually broken into what two components?

Answer 215

The Objective is to confirm an ALL CLEAR, this is usually broken into
two components:
The PRIMARY SEARCH is rapid and systematic, usually carried out
simultaneously with fire attack, if fire conditions and crew response allow.
A SECONDARY SEARCH is more thorough and methodical, undertaken to
confirm casualties have not been missed. The secondary search is often
conducted once Fire control has been achieved and at times can be done
simultaneously with ventilation.

Question 216

According to SOGs - Describe the terms withdraw and abandon as used by the IC to indicate to crews the urgency required to move from offensive to a defensive strategy.

Answer 216

 WITHDRAW – This indicates that firefighters have enough time to exit the structure or the
position they are working in, with all their equipment, in a controlled manner.It is usually given by
the IC in response to a tactical CAN report. An example of a message given to a Sector
Commander or crew would be: ― Sector Commander Bravo we are changing strategy to
defensive for the entire structure withdraw all crews and report PARS on exit ―. If there is
more than one sector then this would be conveyed to all sectors.
 ABANDON - This indicates there is an immediate threat to firefighter lives and the firefighters
must exit the structure or position they are working in immediately and only bring equipment with
them if it will not compromise their safety. This could be that a fire has rapidly escalated, wall
collapse is imminent, or a trench is about to collapse. An example of a message is: ― All sectors
roof collapse imminent, we are going defensive strategy. Abandon your position and
report if you do not have PAR “. The term Abandon should be the exception rather than the
rule.

Question 217

As stated in Six Minute Intensive Training – Search and rescue during firefighting operations - What signs would indicate it’s time to withdraw?

Answer 217

• Worsening fire/smoke conditions
• Signs of structural collapse (see STP 33Z)
• Previously unknown hazards e.g. Acetylene
• Emergency Radio Message signaling:
o Loss of PAR
o Change to a Defensive Strategy via an order from the I.C.
to Withdraw or Abandon

Question 218

According to Safety Bulletin 2023-03 TIC lanyard entanglement risk - If the TIC needs to be handed between members of firefighting or search and rescue teams what is the safest method to pass to the front firefighter?

Answer 218

If the TIC needs to be handed between members of firefighting or search and rescue teams then it is safest to do so around the side of the body of the front firefighter and not over the shoulder.

Question 219

According to Six Minute Intensive Training, what is the purpose of placing an appliance in the fend off position?

Answer 219

It uses the appliances bulk and visibility to form a physical barrier protecting FRNSW personnel, other emergency services and patients from oncoming traffic

Question 220

According to the SIMS worksheet - Warning gear is used to mark off incidents sites and warn the public that FRNSW operations are nearby. As listed on the worksheet list three forms of warning gear.

Answer 220

Eflare or strobe kit,
Hazard Ahead sign,
barrier and hazmat Hotzone Tape,
witch’s hats and
breakdown road triangle.

Question 221

According to the SIMS Worksheet - All extinguishers are inspected and serviced by who and at what timeframes?

Answer 221

Monthly Inspection - completed by firefighters at station
Six Monthly, Annual and Five yearly Service completed by a ‘competent person’.

Question 222

According to STP - What removal technique provides a time efficient technique that removes an unconscious or decreased level of consciousness firefighter from their equipment providing access for assessment and further medical intervention?

Answer 222

 MAYDAY DRAG

Question 223

According to SOGs - To ensure the safety of crews working on roads, list the actions that should be taken when positioning the vehicle and defining the workspace.

Answer 223

 Place and orient the advanced warning sign on the footpath where it is clearly visible to road
users at a distance twice the prescribed speed limit in metres from the start of the work area to a
maximum of 140 m, or at the next intersection.
 Position the vehicle safely and turn on the emergency beacons and hazard warning lights to warn
approaching traffic.
 Ensure that a line of traffic cones is placed from the warning sign to the vehicle, spaced evenly to
provide a safe work area.
 If necessary, appoint spotters to monitor traffic.
IF TRAFFIC CONDITIONS BECOME DANGEROUS, MOVE TO SAFETY IMMEDIATELY.

Question 224

According to Recommended practice - To ensure visibility, firefighters must always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when working on roadways. List the PPE that can be used.

Answer 224

Whenever working on or near roadways, firefighters must wear a high visibility
torso garment. These can include:
 Structural firefighting coat.
 Multi-purpose coat.
 High visibility vest.
 High visibility raincoat.
 Dutywear trousers.
 Structural firefighting trousers.

Question 225

According to SOGs - Occasionally, FRNSW personnel may have to prepare a helicopter landing site. List the points to be considered when doing this.

Answer 225

 Position the landing site in an area 30 m x 30 m minimum, on msolid, level ground away from
power lines or wires, and clear of trees or similar obstacles.
 Mark the corners of the landing site by placing a firefighter at each corner and cordon off to
prevent unauthorised entry. Do not use tape or loose materials.
 Clear all loose debris from the area, e.g. paper bags, cigarette cartons, aluminium cans etc, and
secure all NSWFB equipment near the landing site.
 In dry, dusty conditions, the landing site may require some wetting down to maintain visibility
during landing and take-off.
 During night landings, place a strobe light and two vehicles with beacons flashing facing into the
windand facing inwards 45 deg to the approach linewith their headlights on. Ensure that the
strobe light is turned off once the helicopter has identified or flown over the landing site.

Question 226

According to SOGs - Structure Fires in Rural Fire Districts- Where FRNSW is requested to assist the NSW RFS at a structure fire in a rural Fire District who will be the Incident Controller?

Answer 226

 The senior officer from the NSW RFS present at the fire will be the Incident Controller.

Question 227

According to Recommended practice, list four safety precautions when using extension ladders.

Answer 227

The maximum number of persons permitted on the ladder at any time is two.
Exercise care when ascending and descending ladders.
Firefighters climbing the ladder must ensure they have 3 points of contact on the
ladder. A point of contact is either a hand holding a rung, or a foot firmly placed on
a rung.
An firefighter must always foot the ladder by standing on the anti-slip feet and
holding either the rungs or the handles when anybody is on the ladder.
Maintain a working angle of 4:1. For every 4 metres the head of the ladder extends
up the wall, the base of the ladder must be a metre from the wall. If the head
extends 8 metres up the wall, the base must be 2 metres from the wall, etc

Question 228

According to SOGs - When must Level 1 or Level 2 Rehabilitation be considered?

Answer 228

 LEVEL 1 REHAB –
- Recommended for small incidents not requiring the response of a specialist incident
ground rehabilitation capability.
- Uses equipment carried on front line firefighting appliances.
- Generally the IC manages L1 Rehab.
 LEVEL 2 REHAB –
- Recommended for long duration incidents.
- In circumstances where crew rotation is limited.
- Hot and dry, or cold and wet, conditions.
- Where working conditions are arduous.
- Where breathing apparatus usage is high.
- Where conditions are such that specialist incident ground rehabilitation capabilities
are required.
- Generally the IC appoints a dedicated Rehab Officer for these incidents.

Question 229

According to SOGs - What two items do FRNSW use that lays out safe working practices to manage the safety of firefighters at incidents?

Answer 229

 Training
 Doctrine

Question 230

According to SOGs - There are many aspects to ensuring safety at an incident, from the IC implementing the correct strategy, down to the firefighters wearing the right PPE for their assigned tasks. Incident safety can therefore be described in terms of what three levels?

Answer 230

 Task
 Tactical
 Strategic

Question 231

Describe the term Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL).

Answer 231

The short term exposure limit (STEL) is the maximum concentration of a substance to which a worker may be exposed for no more than 15 minutes, 4 times a day over an 8 hour day with 60 minutes between exposures.

Question 232

According to SOGs - What safety related worksheet is used as method of documenting hazards or risks and control measures at an incident?

Answer 232

 Incident Safety Worksheet

Question 233

In relation to toxic chemicals, what are the four main types of military warfare agents?

Answer 233

• Nerve or G agents
• Blister agents or H agents (vesicants – skin & eye irritants)
• Blood agents (chemical asphyxiants)
• Choking agents (respiratory irritants)
• Riot control ???