Leys exam 1

Question 1

DNA that enters a bacterial cell can be degraded, integrated into the __________ or integrated into a ________ (extrachromosomal element).

Answer 1

host chromosome, plasmid

Question 2

_______ ___________, or restriction enzymes, are used by bacteria to degrade foreign DNA.

Answer 2

Restriction endonucleases

Question 3

_________ is the uptake of naked DNA by “competent cells.”

Answer 3

Transformation

Question 4

__________ is the transfer of DNA between bacteria through a virus.

Answer 4

Transduction

Question 5

___________ is the transfer of DNA through cell to cell contact using a sex pillus.

Answer 5

Conjugation

Question 6

Mutations in DNA can cause _________________. Mutations can be the result of base changes, deletions, insertions, duplications, or rearrangements. Deletions are ______ (more, less) likely to cause _______________.

Answer 6

antibiotic resistance, less, antibiotic resistance

Question 7

Different bacteria occupy different environmental niches in the oral cavity. Subgingival bacteria are generally _________. Supragingival badteria are generally __________.

Answer 7

proteolitic, saccrolitic

Question 8

Factors that ________ colonization in the oral cavity include adherence properties, synergistic bacteria, nutritional substrates and temperature moisture content.

Answer 8

promote

Question 9

Factors that _________ colonization in the oral cavity include antimicrobial properties of saliva, mechanical shearing, antagonistic bacteria.

Answer 9

inhibit

Question 10

There are many bacterial species that are associated with ___________, while fewer species are associated with periodontal health.

Answer 10

periodontitis

Question 11

Shifts in ________ ___________ occur in periodontitis, however no bacterium is found in all patients with periodontitis and never found in healthy subjects.

Answer 11

microbial composition

Question 12

The tissue destruction that occurs during periodontitis is mainly the result of a _______ response.

Answer 12

host

Question 13

There is a small shift from gram __________ to gram _________ during periodontitis.

Answer 13

positive, negative

Question 14

The complexity of the microbial community __________ (increases, decreases) during periodontal disease.

Answer 14

increases

Question 15

There is a slight shift to more ___________ bacteria in periodontitis

Answer 15

uncultivated

Question 16

Microbial diversity __________ (inclines, declines) in caries.

Answer 16

declines

Question 17

There is a progression of ________ __________ as caries progresses.

Answer 17

dominant species

Question 18

Each location in the oral cavity has its own associated microbial composition. However, there is _______ of species.

Answer 18

overlap