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Leys Biochem final > Leys > Flashcards

Leys Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major intracellular compartments of an animal cell?

A

endosome, cytosol, lysosome, golgi apparatus, peroxisome, mitochondrion, ER with polyribosomes, free poly ribosomes, plasma membrane, nucleus

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2
Q

Proteins that have crossed a membrane are no longer topologically inside the cell. The must ______ the membrane to get back inside the cell.

A

recross

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3
Q

Vesicles move from compartment to compartment within a cell by _____ and _______

A

budding off, membrane fusion

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4
Q

Many proteins have signal sequences at their _____ terminus that direct the proteins to cross the membrane. Fewer proteins have _____ signal sequences

A

amino, internal

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5
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by a ___________ membrane bilayer, however _______ allow molecules, including proteins, to pass from the cytosol into the nucleus and back

A

double lipid, nuclear pores

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6
Q

Larger proteins pass through nuclear pores by an ________

A

active process

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7
Q

______________ bind to nuclear transport signals found on some nuclear bound proteins and facilitate transport into the nucleus.

A

nuclear import receptors

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8
Q

It generally requires multiple signals to transport proteins from the cytosol into the ______ of the mitochondria

A

luman

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9
Q

There are multiple protein translocators in the _____________. Each translocator interacts with a specific set of proteins.

A

mitochondrial membrane

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10
Q

Transport of protein into the mitochondria requires ______.

A

energy

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11
Q

Proteins enter peroxisomes using a mechanism similar to ____________.

A

mitochondrial entry

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12
Q

Proteins travel from the ER, through the _______ to many sites.

A

Golgi apparatus

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13
Q

A _____________ binds to the signal sequence during translation and directs the nascent peptide to the ER membrane.

A

signal recognition protein (SRP)

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14
Q

Proteins bound for the mitochondria are translated in the _____ and then transported through the mitochondrial membrane. A process that requires _____.

A

Cytosol, ATP

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15
Q

Proteins that are headed into or through the ER are transported through the ER membrane during _____. This process does not require any additional energy.

A

translation

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16
Q

___________ modification of proteins in the ER helps direct them to their ultimate location.

A

Carbohydrate

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17
Q

The “default pathway” if there are no other signals directing the protein to other locations, is to send the protein to the _______.

A

cell surface

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18
Q

In the regulated secretory pathway, cells store proteins in __________ until they are signaled to release them from the cell by fusion of the vesicles with the cellular membrane.

A

secretory vesicles

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19
Q

Several factors contribute to the state of nutrition including:

A

appetite, energy expenditure, genotype, digestion, metabolism, availability of food, customs and presence of disease

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20
Q

____, _____, and ____ are important regulators of food intake.

A

Leptin, Ghrelin, Insulin

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21
Q

Leptin circulates in the body at levels proportional to _________.

A

body fat

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22
Q

Leptin signals the brain that the body has had enough to ____, or _____.

A

eat, satiety

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23
Q

_________ tissue produces adipokines that regulate metabolic processes to meet the body’s needs.

A

Adipose

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24
Q

AMP and AMP/ATP regulate ____________ that senses cellular energy levels

A

AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)

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25
Q

______ regulates rate-limiting enzymes in energy-producing and using pathways.

A

AMPK

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26
Q

High levels of AMPK activity inhibit ______________ pathways and stimulate ______________ pathways

A

energy-utilizing, energy-generating

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27
Q

Increased Ghrelin increases _______.

A

appetite

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28
Q

______ favors accumulation of lipids in the visceral fatty tissue.

A

Ghrelin

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29
Q

Estimated average requirements (EAR) for calories changes with _____ and ______. Estimated daily protein requirements vary with _____ and _____.

A

age, sex (for both)

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30
Q

The ideal amount of calorie intake in a day is equal to the _____________ for that day.

A

calorie utilization

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31
Q

_____________ for a nutrient is a value that is adequate for the great majority of individuals. The _______________ reflects the amount that is adequate for half the population.

A

Recommended daily allowance (RDA), Estimated average requirement (EAR)

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32
Q

Different nutrients have different energy content. ___ has the highest energy content per weight. Alcohol has a high energy content.

A

fat

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33
Q

Increases in obesity are correlated with an increase in the use of _______________.

A

high fructose corn syrup

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34
Q

High fructose corn syrup is made by breaking down corn starch into glucose using ______ followed by conversion to fructose using _____________.

A

amylase, glucose isomerase

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35
Q

There are several potential health issues association with consumption of high fructose corn syrup including:

A

mercury exposure, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, long-term liver damage, increased risk of diabetes, weight gain and diabetes

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36
Q

Protein-calorie malnutrition causes a number of health problems including:

A

decreased protein synthesis and glucose transport, fatty liver, liver necrosis and fibrosis, depression, hypothermia, compromised immune function and wound healing, decreased cardiac and renal function, loss of muscle

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37
Q

Obesity is associated with an increased risk for several conditions including:

A

type 2 diabetes, hypertension and stroke, dyslipidemia, gall stones, respiratory disorders, musculoskeletal disorders and several cancers including breast, endometrial, ovarian, gall bladder and colon

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38
Q

The difference in the structures of cis and trans fatty acids

A

cis - side chains are on the same side of the double bond

trans - side chains are on opposite sides

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39
Q

_____ fatty acids are not essential and provide no benefit to human health

A

trans

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40
Q

Saturated fats increase levels of ___ cholesterol

A

LDL (bad cholesterol)

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41
Q

Trans fats increase levels of ___ and also lower levels of ___; thus increasing the risk of coronary heart disease

A

LDL, HDL (good cholesterol)

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42
Q

The differences between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins B and C is a water soluble vitamin - not stored for long periods of time but are used right away. Vitamins A, D, E, K are fat soluble - they dissolve in fat and get distributed into the blood stream when needed

43
Q

Measurement of vitamin levels in the blood relate more to __________ than to overall body status.

A

recent intake

44
Q

_____-soluble vitamins act as coenzymes in many metabolic pathways

A

water

45
Q

The body has no storage capacity for water-soluble vitamins - except _____.

A

B12

46
Q

Evidence is emerging that suggests an excess of some __ vitamins can be toxic.

A

B

47
Q

Most vitamins are modified before they become ____.

A

active

48
Q

B vitamins (B1, B2/B3, B6, Biotin, Folic acid/B12) are co-enzymes in different types of reactions:

A 
B1 - carbozylations
B2/B3 - oxidoreductases
B6 - transaminases
Biotin - carboxylases
Folic acid/B12 - single carbon transfers
49
Q

Lack of riboflavin causes ___________.

A

angular stomatitis

50
Q

Eating raw egg whites can cause ___________

A

biotin deficiency

51
Q

Folic acid is needed, indirectly, for __________.

A

DNA synthesis

52
Q

inhibitors of folate reduction are used as ________ and __________ therapy.

A

antibiotics (trimethoprim), cancer therapy (methotrexate)

53
Q

There is an increased demand for folic acid during _______.

A

pregnancy

54
Q

_________ deficiency is one of the most common vitamin deficiencies.

A

Folic acid deficiency

55
Q

The functions of B12 and ______ are interrelated.

A

folic acid

56
Q

B12 is concentrated in the _________.

A

liver

57
Q

Vitamin C deficiency causes _____ resulting in defective collagen synthesis.

A

scurvy

58
Q

Lack of vitamin C also impairs ______ function

A

immune

59
Q

___-soluble vitamins are not as readily absorbed as ___-soluble vitamins, but can be stored in tissues.

A

Fat, water

60
Q

Some fat soluble vitamins (A & D) can be _____ in excess.

A

toxic

61
Q

Vitamin A is teratogenic and should be avoided during ________.

A

pregnancy

62
Q

____________ is a signaling molecule that interacts with ligand-activated transcription factors.

A

Retinoic acid

63
Q

Deficiency of vitamin A causes _____________.

A

night blindness

64
Q

Vitamin D regulates ________ and _____________.

A

calcium, phosphorous homeostasis

65
Q

The majority of vitamin D is produced by ___ exposure of skin

A

UV

66
Q

People in northern climates have a difficult time getting sufficient vitamin ___ in the winter

A

D

67
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin ___ causes demineralization of bones with increased susceptibility to fractures

A

D

68
Q

Vitamin D deficiency is link to ______________

A

early childhood caries

69
Q

Vitamin ___ is necessary for blood coagulation

A

K

70
Q

lactic acid structure

A

C3H6O3

71
Q

There are close to 3 billion bases of the human genome, but only __________ protein-coding genes

A

20,000-25,000

72
Q

Alternative _____ and alternative ___________ result in 4-6 different mRNAs from a single gene

A

splicing, gene promoters

73
Q

Number of protein-coding m RNAs (transcriptome) may be as large as ________.

A

100,000.

74
Q

The original Human Genome Project used ‘_______’ and ‘______’ approaches for sequencing

A

clone-by-clone, shotgun

75
Q

There are _____ gaps remaining in the human genome (compared to 150,000 in draft)

A

250

76
Q

Since the completion of the human genome, sequencing capacity has ________ dramatically while costs have ________.

A

increased, declined

77
Q

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database has >10,000 entries that associate human genes with ______________.

A

inherited diseases

78
Q

_______________ are mapped base positions in the genome where the nucleotide varies among people

A

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

79
Q

Companies are offering full genome scans to individuals for less than $100. This analysis is based on _____ analysis.

A

SNP

80
Q

labeled DNA is hybridized to array of several million oligonucleotide on chips. This type of analysis can be used for prenatal screening for early detection of chromosomal defects

A

Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA)

81
Q

complement of mRNAs, containing protein-coding sequences, but there are also other RNAs produced that play structural or regulatory functions (miRNA, siRNA, etc.)

A

transcriptome

82
Q

The transcriptome can be studied using __________, a collection of complementary (cDNA) made from mRNA or synthetic oligonucleotides arranged on a solid phase slide in a defined order.

A

Microarrays

83
Q

Generally, _______ oligonucleotide probes per gene are used.

A

several

84
Q

Two samples can be compared by labeling each with a different ___________ dye and hybridizing them to the same array.

A

fluorescent

85
Q

With advances in sequencing technology, ______ or sequencing the entire complement of RNA in a sample is rapidly replacing microarray approaches

A

RNAseq

86
Q

__________ is bioinformatics insensitive and requires stringent statistical analysis.

A

Data analysis

87
Q

_________ is the study of the protein complement of a cell.

A

Proteomics

88
Q

____________ proteomics is the analysis of protein profiles from 2 or more samples to identify quantitative differences that could be responsible for observed phenotypes.

A

comparative

89
Q

Proteomics can identify ___________ modifications that cannot be detected by transcriptome analysis

A

posttranslational

90
Q

Proteins can be separated by two diminutional __________________ or by ______________.

A

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), Liquid chromatography (FPLC, HPLC)

91
Q

proteins are identified by ______________.

A

mass spectrometry

92
Q

___________ is the identification and quantification of steady-state levels of intracellular metabolites (sugars, amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, etc.)

A

metabolomics

93
Q

because the technology to identify every metabolite in a biological sample is not available, _______ metabolomics is often carried out, where a few specific metabolites are measured

A

targeted

94
Q

Drug metabolism can take place anywhere in the body, but the ________ is the prime site.

A

liver

95
Q

what are the 3 potential outcomes of drug metabolism?

A

1) increase in drug hydrophilicity and ability to be excreted (hepatic)
2) Metabolic products are less pharmacologically active than the substrate drug
3) inactive prodrugs converted to their active forms (hepatic)

96
Q

there are several mechanisms of Drug Resistance including:

A

1) decreased permeability
2) alteration of the target site for the drug
3) enzymatic inactivation of the drug
4) active transport of the drug out of the cell
5) amplification of the gene coding for the target of the drug

97
Q

an increase in ______________ can decrease effectiveness of drugs that target DNA

A

DNA repair activity

98
Q

___________ resistant results from an increase in the amount of transporter proteins that can pump many different drugs out of the cell

A

multidrug

99
Q

know the 4 essential processes needed to develop from a single cell into a multicellular organism:

A

1) cell proliferation
2) cell specialization
3) cell interaction
4) cell movement

100
Q

know about cell fates and determination

A

cell’s fates can be determined or undetermined depending on if the donor’s transplant reacts well with the host cell

101
Q

similarities between developmental genes from different organisms

A

homologous proteins in each of the different organisms function interchangeable in the development of different organisms

102
Q

_________ direct regions (segments) to differentiate into their final forms

A

homeotic genes

103
Q

genes can have complex expression patterns by having a series of ______ regions directing transcription in different regions of the organism

A

control

104
Q

_________ genes are arrayed on the chromosome in the same order as they are expressed in developing embryos and in the same order in fruit flies and humans

A

homeotic

Leys Biochem final (1 decks)

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