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Biochem Final Leye's > leye's biochem final > Flashcards

leye's biochem final Flashcards

1
Q

Several factors contribute to the state of nutrition including:

A

appetite, energy expenditure, genotype, digestion, metabolism, availability of food, customs and presence of disease.

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2
Q

,,_ are important regulators of food intake

A

leptin
ghrelin
insulin

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3
Q

_ circulates in the body at levels proportional to body fat

A

leptin

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4
Q

signals the brain that the body has had enough to eat or satiety

A

leptin

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5
Q

adipose tissue produces __ that regulate metabolic processes to meet the body’s needs

A

adipokines

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6
Q

_ and _ regulate AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)

A

AMP

AMP/ATP

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7
Q

senses cellular energy levels

A

AMP-Activated kinase

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8
Q

regulates rate-limiting enzymes in energy-producing and using pathways

A

AMPK - amp activated kinase

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9
Q

high levels of AMPK activity __ energy-utilizing pathways and __ energy generating pathways

A

inhibit energy-utilizing pathways

stimulate energy generating pathways.

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10
Q

increased __ increases appetite

A

ghrelin

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11
Q

favors accumulation of lipids in the visceral fatty tissue

A

ghrelin

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12
Q

Estimated average requirements (EAR) for _ changes with age and sex.

A

calories

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13
Q

Estimated daily _requirements vary with age and sex.

A

protein

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14
Q

The ideal amount of calorie intake in a day is equal to

A

the calorie utilization for that day

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15
Q

a value that is adequate for the great majority of individuals.

A

recommended daily allowance - RDA

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16
Q

reflects amount that is adequate for half of the population

A

The estimated average requirement (EAR).

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17
Q

has the highest energy content per weight

A

fat

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18
Q

alcohol has a high or low energy content

A

high

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19
Q

Increases in _ are correlated with an increase in the use of high fructose corn syrup.

A

obesity

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20
Q

High fructose corn syrup is made by breaking down cornstarch into glucose using __ followed by conversion to fructose with _

A

amylase

followed by conversion to fructose with glucose isomerase.

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21
Q

There are several potential health issues associated with consumption of __including: mercury exposure, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, long-term liver damage, increased risk of diabetes and weight gain and obesity

A

high fructose corn syrup

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22
Q

causes a number of health problems including: decreased protein synthesis and glucose transport, fatty liver, liver necrosis and fibrosis, depression, hypothermia, compromised immune function and would healing, decreased cardiac and renal function, loss of muscle.

A

Protein-calorie malnutrition

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23
Q

is associated with an increased risk for several conditions including: type 2 diabetes, hypertension and stroke, dyslipidemia, gall stones, respiratory disorders, musculoskeletal disorders and several cancers including breast, endometrial, ovarian, gall bladder and colon.

A

Obesity

24
Q

difference between cis and trans fatty acids

A

The difference between cis and trans is that the two H atoms are on the same side of the double bond (cis), compared to being on opposite sides (trans). This may not seem like much of a difference, but it affects the shapes of the molecules. In a cis configuration, the double bond creates a kink in the fatty acid

25
Q

fatty acids are not essential and provide no benefit to human health.

A

Trans

26
Q

increase levels of LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol).

A

Saturated fats

27
Q

Trans fats increase levels of _and also lower levels of _ ; thus increasing the risk of coronary heart disease

A

increase levels of LDL

lower levels of HDL (good cholesterol)

28
Q

which tissue is responsible for metabolizing the majority of fructose

A

Liver

29
Q

Drug metabolism can take place anywhere in the body (Plasma, kidney, lung, gut wall) but__ is prime site.

A

liver

30
Q

There are three potential outcomes of drug metabolism:

A

1) Increase in drug hydrophilicity and ability to be excreted (hepatic)
2) Metabolic products are less pharmacologically active than the substrate drug
3) Inactive prodrugs converted to their active forms (hepatic)

31
Q

There are several mechanisms of Drug Resistance including:

A

1) decreased permeability
2) alteration of the target site for the drug
3) enzymatic inactivation of the drug
4) active transport of the drug out of the cell
5) amplification of the gene coding for the target of the drug.

32
Q

An increase in_can decrease effectiveness of drugs that target DNA

A

DNA repair activity

33
Q

results from an increase in the amount of transporter proteins that can pump many different drugs out of the cell.

A

Multidrug resistant

34
Q

Know the 4 essential processes needed to develop from a single cell into a multicellular organism:

A

1) Cell proliferation,
2) Cell specialization,
3) Cell interaction,
4) Cell movement

35
Q

_ genes direct regions (segments) to differentiate into their final forms

A

homeotic

36
Q

genes can have complex expression patterns by having a series of control regions directing _ in different regions of the organism.

A

transcription

37
Q

are arrayed on the chromosome in the same order as they are expressed in developing embryos and in the same order in fruit flies and humans

A

homeotic genes

38
Q

stages of the cell cycle and what functions occur at each stage

A

G1 - cellular contents excluding chromosomes are duplicated

S - each of the 46 chromosomes are duplicated by the cell

G2 - the cell double checks the duplicated chromosomes for error and makes any needed repairs

mitosis - division into daughter cells

cytokinesis

39
Q

during the cell cycle, all stages outside of mitosis are called

A

interphase

40
Q

how long does the S-M stage of the cell cycle last?

M?

A

s-m is 12-24 hours

m is 1 hour

41
Q

normal cellular genes that function in cell proliferation

A

Protooncogene

42
Q

mutant phenotype is dominant – cellular transformation occurs with a mutation in only one allele

A

Protooncogene

43
Q

mutates protooncogene

A

oncogenes

44
Q

antiproliferative genes

A

Tumor suppressor genes

45
Q

mutant phenotype – recessive, loss of expression of both alleles leads to uncontrolled cell division

A

tumor suppressor genes

46
Q

checkpoint – is environment favorable?

A

G1

47
Q

checkpoint – is environment favorable and is DNA replicated

A

G2

48
Q

checkpoint - chromosomes attached to spindle?

A

metaphase

49
Q

check point signals

A

total RNA and protein in the cell,

hormones, cytokines, growth factors , last 3 are signaling molecules

50
Q

signs and symptoms of oral cancers

A 
white or red patches 
mouth sore that doesn't heal
bledding
loose teeth
painful swallowing
lump in neck
earache
51
Q

risk factors for oral cancer

A 
smoking/tobacoo use
heavy alcohol
HPV
chronic irritation
immunosuppressants
poor oral hygiene
52
Q

90% of cancers in humans are

A

carcinomas

53
Q

carcinoma is found in which tissue type

A

epithelial

54
Q

sarcoma cancer is in which tissue type

A

muscle or connective tissue

55
Q

leukemias are found

A

hemopoietic

56
Q

signals for prolideration, usually several work in concert to stimulate cell divison, some can induce cell growth but not division

A

growth factors

Biochem Final Leye's (1 decks)

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