leye's biochem final

Question 1

Several factors contribute to the state of nutrition including:

Answer 1

appetite, energy expenditure, genotype, digestion, metabolism, availability of food, customs and presence of disease.

Question 2

,,_ are important regulators of food intake

Answer 2

leptin
ghrelin
insulin

Question 3

_ circulates in the body at levels proportional to body fat

Answer 3

leptin

Question 4

signals the brain that the body has had enough to eat or satiety

Answer 4

leptin

Question 5

adipose tissue produces __ that regulate metabolic processes to meet the body’s needs

Answer 5

adipokines

Question 6

_ and _ regulate AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)

Answer 6

AMP

AMP/ATP

Question 7

senses cellular energy levels

Answer 7

AMP-Activated kinase

Question 8

regulates rate-limiting enzymes in energy-producing and using pathways

Answer 8

AMPK - amp activated kinase

Question 9

high levels of AMPK activity __ energy-utilizing pathways and __ energy generating pathways

Answer 9

inhibit energy-utilizing pathways

stimulate energy generating pathways.

Question 10

increased __ increases appetite

Answer 10

ghrelin

Question 11

favors accumulation of lipids in the visceral fatty tissue

Answer 11

ghrelin

Question 12

Estimated average requirements (EAR) for _ changes with age and sex.

Answer 12

calories

Question 13

Estimated daily _requirements vary with age and sex.

Answer 13

protein

Question 14

The ideal amount of calorie intake in a day is equal to

Answer 14

the calorie utilization for that day

Question 15

a value that is adequate for the great majority of individuals.

Answer 15

recommended daily allowance - RDA

Question 16

reflects amount that is adequate for half of the population

Answer 16

The estimated average requirement (EAR).

Question 17

has the highest energy content per weight

Answer 17

fat

Question 18

alcohol has a high or low energy content

Answer 18

high

Question 19

Increases in _ are correlated with an increase in the use of high fructose corn syrup.

Answer 19

obesity

Question 20

High fructose corn syrup is made by breaking down cornstarch into glucose using __ followed by conversion to fructose with _

Answer 20

amylase

followed by conversion to fructose with glucose isomerase.

Question 21

There are several potential health issues associated with consumption of __including: mercury exposure, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, long-term liver damage, increased risk of diabetes and weight gain and obesity

Answer 21

high fructose corn syrup

Question 22

causes a number of health problems including: decreased protein synthesis and glucose transport, fatty liver, liver necrosis and fibrosis, depression, hypothermia, compromised immune function and would healing, decreased cardiac and renal function, loss of muscle.

Answer 22

Protein-calorie malnutrition

Question 23

is associated with an increased risk for several conditions including: type 2 diabetes, hypertension and stroke, dyslipidemia, gall stones, respiratory disorders, musculoskeletal disorders and several cancers including breast, endometrial, ovarian, gall bladder and colon.

Answer 23

Obesity

Question 24

difference between cis and trans fatty acids

Answer 24

The difference between cis and trans is that the two H atoms are on the same side of the double bond (cis), compared to being on opposite sides (trans). This may not seem like much of a difference, but it affects the shapes of the molecules. In a cis configuration, the double bond creates a kink in the fatty acid

Question 25

fatty acids are not essential and provide no benefit to human health.

Answer 25

Trans

Question 26

increase levels of LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol).

Answer 26

Saturated fats

Question 27

Trans fats increase levels of _and also lower levels of _ ; thus increasing the risk of coronary heart disease

Answer 27

increase levels of LDL lower levels of HDL (good cholesterol)

Question 28

which tissue is responsible for metabolizing the majority of fructose

Answer 28

Liver

Question 29

Drug metabolism can take place anywhere in the body (Plasma, kidney, lung, gut wall) but__ is prime site.

Answer 29

liver

Question 30

There are three potential outcomes of drug metabolism:

Answer 30

1) Increase in drug hydrophilicity and ability to be excreted (hepatic) 2) Metabolic products are less pharmacologically active than the substrate drug 3) Inactive prodrugs converted to their active forms (hepatic)

Question 31

There are several mechanisms of Drug Resistance including:

Answer 31

1) decreased permeability 2) alteration of the target site for the drug 3) enzymatic inactivation of the drug 4) active transport of the drug out of the cell 5) amplification of the gene coding for the target of the drug.

Question 32

An increase in_can decrease effectiveness of drugs that target DNA

Answer 32

DNA repair activity

Question 33

results from an increase in the amount of transporter proteins that can pump many different drugs out of the cell.

Answer 33

Multidrug resistant

Question 34

Know the 4 essential processes needed to develop from a single cell into a multicellular organism:

Answer 34

1) Cell proliferation, 2) Cell specialization, 3) Cell interaction, 4) Cell movement

Question 35

_ genes direct regions (segments) to differentiate into their final forms

Answer 35

homeotic

Question 36

genes can have complex expression patterns by having a series of control regions directing _ in different regions of the organism.

Answer 36

transcription

Question 37

are arrayed on the chromosome in the same order as they are expressed in developing embryos and in the same order in fruit flies and humans

Answer 37

homeotic genes

Question 38

stages of the cell cycle and what functions occur at each stage

Answer 38

G1 - cellular contents excluding chromosomes are duplicated S - each of the 46 chromosomes are duplicated by the cell G2 - the cell double checks the duplicated chromosomes for error and makes any needed repairs mitosis - division into daughter cells cytokinesis

Question 39

during the cell cycle, all stages outside of mitosis are called

Answer 39

interphase

Question 40

how long does the S-M stage of the cell cycle last? | M?

Answer 40

s-m is 12-24 hours m is 1 hour

Question 41

normal cellular genes that function in cell proliferation

Answer 41

Protooncogene

Question 42

mutant phenotype is dominant – cellular transformation occurs with a mutation in only one allele

Answer 42

Protooncogene

Question 43

mutates protooncogene

Answer 43

oncogenes

Question 44

antiproliferative genes

Answer 44

Tumor suppressor genes

Question 45

mutant phenotype – recessive, loss of expression of both alleles leads to uncontrolled cell division

Answer 45

tumor suppressor genes

Question 46

checkpoint – is environment favorable?

Answer 46

G1

Question 47

checkpoint – is environment favorable and is DNA replicated

Answer 47

G2

Question 48

checkpoint - chromosomes attached to spindle?

Answer 48

metaphase

Question 49

check point signals

Answer 49

total RNA and protein in the cell, hormones, cytokines, growth factors , last 3 are signaling molecules

Question 50

signs and symptoms of oral cancers

Answer 50

``` white or red patches mouth sore that doesn't heal bledding loose teeth painful swallowing lump in neck earache ```

Question 51

risk factors for oral cancer

Answer 51

``` smoking/tobacoo use heavy alcohol HPV chronic irritation immunosuppressants poor oral hygiene ```

Question 52

90% of cancers in humans are

Answer 52

carcinomas

Question 53

carcinoma is found in which tissue type

Answer 53

epithelial

Question 54

sarcoma cancer is in which tissue type

Answer 54

muscle or connective tissue

Question 55

leukemias are found

Answer 55

hemopoietic

Question 56

signals for prolideration, usually several work in concert to stimulate cell divison, some can induce cell growth but not division

Answer 56

growth factors