Lexis Flashcards
Types of verbs ?
Main ( single verb expresses main meaning )
Auxiliary ( helping verb, placed in front of main verb )
What are verbs that refer to physical actions ?
known as dynamic verbs
What are verbs that refer to mental actions or states ?
- known as stative verbs
e.g. think, believe, love
What is an auxiliary verb and why is it used ?
- Auxiliary verbs are placed in front of main verbs, helping verbs
What types of auxiliary verbs are there ?
- primary auxiliary verbs
- auxiliary modal verbs
What are the main primary auxiliary verbs
- Be, have, do
To be e.g Margaret is applying to yale
To have e.g Frank has just returned from a trip
To do e.g Nana doesn’t go out much anymore
What do modal auxiliary verbs do ?
- give additional information about the function of a main verb
- Also can express possibility
Impact of modal verbs ?
- Modal verbs can alter the tone or meaning of something that is said or written
What is meant by an active verb ?
-If a verb is used actively, the person or thing performing the action is emphasised as the subject of the verb.
e.g The minister has issued an apology
What is meant by a passive verb ?
- If the passive voice is used, the emphasis shifts to the object of the verb ( the person or thing to which something has been done )
e.g An apology has been issued
Impact/ reasons for use of passive verbs ?
- may be used to avoid drawing attention to the person responsible for an action.
- can make the object seem helpless and a victim of whoever is doing the action e.g The city was tor apart by war.
Active : Everyone at the party drunk cider.Passive ?
- Cider was drunk at the party
Active : Sophie picked up the pieces. Passive ?
The pieces were picked up by Sophie
Active : Bobby broke the mirror. Passive ?
The mirror was broken by Bobby
Types of personal pronouns
- nominative personal pronouns
- objective personal pronouns
What is a nominative personal pronoun ?
- acts as the subject of a sentence
e.g I, you, he, she, it, we, they
What Is an objective personal pronoun ?
- acts as objects of the sentence.
e.g me, you, him, her, it, us, them
What is a possessive pronoun ?
- shows possession or ownership
e.g that book is mine
e.g my/mine, your, yours, his, her/hers, its, our/ours, their, theirs
What is a reflexive pronouns ?
- pronoun that are used to show that the subject of the sentence is receiving the action of verb
e.g myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves,
What is an intensive pronoun ?
- pronouns that are used to place emphasis on the subject and aren’t essential to meaning of the sentence.Look the same as reflexive verbs
e.g myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves
What is a demonstrative pronoun ?
- pronouns that are used to identify nouns and answer the question “ which one ? “
e.g this, that, those,these
What is an interrogative pronoun ?
- pronouns that are used in reference to a question
e.g who, what, which, whom,whose
What is a relative pronoun ?
- pronouns that are used to connect clarifying information to nouns and other pronouns within a sentence
e.g who, that,which, whom, whose, whoever, whichever, whomever, whatever
What is an indefinite pronoun ?
- pronouns that are used to a person or thing that is not specific or not known. Identify general group of people or things
e.g everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, somebody, most, all, each, every, some, none, one, few, both, many, several
What is a reciprocal pronoun ?
- pronouns that are used to refer to a mutual set of people
e.g we need to help one another survive
e.g each other, each others, ne another, one another’s
Types of nouns ?
- Proper nouns
- concrete nouns
- abstract nouns
- collective nouns
What is a concrete noun ?
- things you can physically touch or see
e..g rock, table, ship
What is an abstract noun ?
- things like concepts - truth, states - motherhood, qualities - honesty, emotions, sadness
What is a collective noun
- group of people, animal or things
e.g. government, team, audience
Types of articles ?
The definite article is “the”
The indefinite article is “a” or “an”
Connotation ?
Associations that come with a word
clause types
main or independent: has a subject and a verb
subordinate or dependent: has a subject, verb, subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun
what is a noun phrase ?
- consists of a noun and other related words which modify a noun.
- functions like a noun in a sentence
what is a prepositional phrase ?
- consists of a preposition, object of pronoun ( noun or pronoun ) and may also consist of other modifiers
- functions as an adjective or adverb in a sentence
what is a adjective phrase ?
- consists of adjectives, modifier and any word that modifies a noun or pronoun
- functions like an adjective to modify ( or tell about ) a noun or a pronoun
what is a adverb phrase ?
- consists of adverbs or other words ( preposition, noun, verb, modifiers ) that make a group of words act like an adverb
what is a verb phrase ?
- a verb phrase is a combination of main verb and its auxiliares
What is a transitive verb ?
- the action of a transitive verb is done to something or someone.
e.g. Lee eats cakes
e.g. Lee bought pies
What is an intransitive verb ?
- It is not done to someone or something.It only involves the subject,
What is a stative verb?
The lexis which describes states/conditions unlikely to change (possession, feeling, perception, mental processes, identity); typically, they do not have a continuous form (Chris is having a car)
What is a superlative adjective?
Adjectives that express the highest quality of something
What is a comparative adjective?
An adjective that makes a comparison between two things
What is Deontic Modality?
Expressions that highlight a sense of obligation or necessity
What is Epistemic Modality?
Expressions that highlight degrees of possibility
What is an Adverbial?
A phrase which adds further information to the verb, typically specifying place or time
What is a Fronted Adverbial?
An adverbial phrase which has been moved to the front of the sentence and is usually separated from the main clause with a comma E.g. All night long, we danced.
What is a stative verb?
The lexis which describes states/conditions unlikely to change (possession, feeling, perception, mental processes, identity); typically, they do not have a continuous form (Chris is having a car)
What is a co-ordinating conjunction?
A linking word which connects independent clauses or phrases, giving equal importance to each section
For, and, nor, or, yet, so, still, besides, otherwise, or else, nevertheless.’
What is a subordinating conjunction?
A linking word which connects an independent clause with a subordinate clause
as long as, because, even if, if, unless, before, since, though, etc.’
