Lexicology and Morphology Flashcards
What are modal verbs?
Verbs that convey a range of attitudes and moods about the likelihood of an event taking place
What does deontic modality express?
Ability, necessity, or obligation that is associated with an agent subject
What does epistemic modality express?
The speaker’s assessment of reality or likelihood of reality
How does ‘should’ differ from ‘must’?
‘should’ is politer than ‘must’ and implies a sense of volition
What does ‘must’ signify in communication?
‘must’ instils a sense of obligation and authoritative tone -> increased social distance
Give examples of modal verbs used for ability.
can/could
Give an example of a modal verb used for permission.
‘Can’ I leave the classroom, please?
What are pronouns used for?
Words used to replace a noun and avoid unnecessary repetition -> promoting cohesion
5 SE of conjunctions
- Enhances cohesion
- Provides natural flow and rhythm in writing
- Combines ideas effectively to convey information
- Conveys a stream of consciousness likened to the internal mind processes of interlocuters/characters
- Sentence-initiating conjunctions (post-sentence conjunctions) are non-standard and contribute to the informality of the text.
What are coordinating conjunctions?
Join 2 independent clauses
FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Define syndeton.
The repeated use of conjunctions
What is asyndeton?
The omission of conjunctions
What does polysyndeton evoke?
A feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up
What are determiners?
Particles that introduce noun phrases and function as modifiers
List examples of definite and indefinite articles.
- Definite article: the * Indefinite articles: a, an
What is the role of interjections?
Words that express one’s emotions or feelings
Give examples of informal interjections.
‘Uhhh’, ‘Oops’, ‘Ouch’
What are blends in word formation processes?
A word composed of parts of more than one word
What is the purpose of acronyms?
Saying it as a whole without pronouncing each letter
What are initialisms?
Made up of the initial letters of words and pronounced as separate letters
Define hypocoristics.
Shorter forms of full forms, either by dropping the beginning or the end
What is compounding?
The process of creating new words by putting two free morphemes together
What are contractions?
Contracts two words to make one word, reflecting a casual ambience
Define collocations.
Pairing or groups of words that frequently go together
What are commonisations?
Development of common words from proper nouns
What are neologisms?
Newly coined words, expressions, or usages
What are intensifiers?
An adverb used to give force or emphasis
Give example of modal verbs used to express necessity
must/shall/should
Give an example of a modal verb used to express intention
Will/Would
Types of Pronouns
Personal, Relative, Demonstrative
Examples of Personal Pronouns
Subject: I, We, They, You, He
Object: Me, Us, Them, You, Him
Possessive: Mine, Yours, Ours
Examples of Relative Pronouns
That, Which, Who, Whoever
Examples of Demonstrative Pronouns
This, These, That, Those
SE of personal pronouns
Facilitates the connection between the author and the audience, as it personalises the topic and creates the impression of talking directly to the reader
SE of Demonstrative pronouns
Points to … who are distant/close – not necessarily geographically but rather in their values and behaviour
