Levture #1 Flashcards
Define evolution
Change in the genetic makeup of the population through time
Why was the theory of evolution by natural selection so revolutionary?
- Overturn the idea that species are static. 2. Replaced have a logical thinking with population thinking 3. It was scientific; a proposed a mechanism that could account for change her time and make predictions that could be tested thru observation and experimentIng
Who discovered the theory of evolution?
Jean Baptiste Lamark
What where some of Lamark’s important discoveries?
Inheritance of acquired characteristics; organisms change because living circumstances change; species get progressively better
What were some of Malthus’ important contributions to evolution discovery?
“Essays on principles of evolution”; he discovered a large population of people in Ireland were moving to cities, thus he concluded that a human population left to resources will always outstripped those resources; populations grow exponentially
Prior to the theory of evolution, what did most biologists think about species?
Species were immutable and unchanging
What was Linnaeus’ discovery?
Classical taxonomy; created the two-part scientific naming system
Name the taxonomic groups.
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
How many kingdoms did scientists believe there were and in which groups were organisms classified?
5; monera. Protista, fungi, animalia, plantae
What did Ernest Haeckel discover in taxonomy?
there were three kingdoms: Protists, plantae, animalia
Define cladistics.
Principle that relationships among species can be reconstructed by identifying shared derived characters
Define synapomorphies.
Shared derived characters or treat found in one or more talk so that is present in their most recent ancestor, but missing in more distant ones
Define Homology.
“Same source” in Latin; traits are similar due to shared ancestry
Define homoplasy.
“Same form” in Latin; truth or similar for reasons other than shared ancestry; usually caused by convergent evolution, or natural selection favors some more solutions for problems posed to different species
Define molecular taxonomy.
Organisms with sequenced genomes.
What is the excepted classification scheme?
Three domains of life: bacteria, archaea, eucarya
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, archaea (unicellular, prokaryotes) , and eucarya (majority of animals are here; multicellular; Protists, plantae, fungi, animals)
Define population.
Same species existing in the same area at the same time
What did Cuvier believe about species?
They are fixed
Darwin emphasized descent by modification. What did he mean by that?
- Species change through time.
2. Species are related by common ancestry
How did it geology inform Darwin and Wallace is work? How did it help them think about evolution?
- Scientists had just assembled the fossil record, which could this about the fossils that I’ve been found on earth. 2. Observations of extinct species proved species evolved.
What is the geologic timescale and what role did it play in fossil record?
The geologic timescale is the sequence named in intervals called eons, errands, and. The river than the major events in Earth history. It was important because it indicated that the earth was much older than the 6000 years claimed by proponents of special creation.
What role did radioactive dating play in the fossil record?
Radioactive dating is the steady rate at which unstable atoms are converted into more stable daughter atoms; it furnish the way to assign absolute ages in years to the relative ages in the geologic timescale
How old is earth?
4.6 billion yrs old
What were some observations that suggested that evolution had occurred?
The fossil record, similarities and structure on a cellular and sub cellular level, homologies which are similarities and structures, similarities and development (developmental homology),vestigial and imperfect structures, artificial selection, molecular record
What is a vestigial trait and what are some examples?
A reduced or incompletely developed structure that has a reduced or no function; wells with tiny hip bones, ostriches with reduced wings they can’t fly away
What are some of the examples of change through time?
Bacteria Evald resistance to draw; insects Evald resistance to have the signs; flowering plants and insects evolve in response to climate change
What did Darwin observed when he took his trip on the HMS Beagle to the Galapagos islands?
The mockingbirds he collected from different islands were distinct species based on the differences in coloration and beak size and shape
What are the types of homologies and why is a homologies significant?
Structural, developmental, and genetic. Margie’s are important because they reinforce the theory of evolution by natural selection in. Is species are created independently of one another these types of scenarios would not occur
How did Darwin use artificial selection to reinforce his ideas about evolution?
He crossbred pigeons and observe tell characteristics were passed on to their offspring; he realize he could choose individuals with desirable traits to reproduce that’s manipulating the composition of the population
What role did Malthus play in Darwins ideas?
He believed in a struggle for existence or people competing for food and places to live; he wrote an essay on the principle of population
What were the four postulates that formed Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection in?
Heritable variation leads to differential reproductive success
What is natural selection?
Occurs when individuals with certain characteristics produce more offspring than individuals without those characteristics. The individuals are selected naturally by the environment
What were Darwins for proposed mechanisms for natural selection?
- Not all offspring survive
- Variation exists through random mutation and recombination during fertilization
- Favorable variations are passed on
- Most unfavorable variations die
What predictions could be made from Darwins theory of natural selection’s?
Earth is probably old, transitional forms can be found in the fossil record, changes from one species to another and fossil record will occur incrementally, convergent evolution and island inhabitants be similar to mainland relatives but there’ll be different
What does Charles Lyell believe and how does he contributes to Darwins ideas about evolution?
Leaves organisms change and evolve; publishes principles of geology; leaves and geologic and biological change; notices island populations are different from the mainland plants and animals that Darwin discovers
Were some popular misconception that evolution and natural selection in?
Evolution occurs by chance, abolitionist progressive, there’s an increase in diversely, and increasing complexity.
