levine Flashcards
1
Q
research method that Levine used
A
- this study was a correlation study: the overall percentage of people helped in each city being treated as a co-variable and this then being analysed separately against 4 other co-variables
- quasi experiment
2
Q
data collected in Levines study
A
- quantitative
- and qualitative: they may have got a greater understanding of the motives behind peoples behaviour by recording comments made by bystanders
3
Q
what were the ethical guidelines that Levine disobeyed
A
- people did not consent to take part in the research
- they were deceived as to the genuine of the persons need
- they could not withdraw their data
- participants were not mentioned to be debriefed which given some of them may have ended up feeling bad because they didn’t help can be seen as a problem
4
Q
ethical considerations that Levine upheld
A
- anonymity: levine didnt publish details about anyone that would make them identifiable (respected confidentiality)
5
Q
how is Levines study high in population validity
A
- large sample 23 different countries which means results can be generalised
- large number of cultural contexts
6
Q
how is levines study high in ecological validity
A
- setting and situation is true to life as data were collected in the field and the scenarios in which someone might need is plausible
7
Q
internal validity
A
- no cause and effect, therefore it is possible that there were other variables affecting responses to people in need, e.g. it is possible that the higher levels of helping seen in the countries with weaker economies could have been related to the traditional value system rather than to their economic well-being as such.
- There is a chance that members of the public might have seen what the data collectors were doing (dropping a pen etc.) and got suspicious about what was going on.
- Plenty of controls in place, e.g. All experimenters were male and of college age, no speaking to ps, experimenters were all trained - they practiced their roles together to ensure consistency, conducted during office hours (9-5)
8
Q
ethnocentrism
A
- ethnocentric as there is an imbalance in the extent to which different continents are represented (data is collected from only one city in Africa and one city in the Middle East Israel)
- no data are collected from any of the arabic countries in the Middle East and north Africa and any soviet socialist countries
- it remains centred on the America
9
Q
levine internal reliability
A
- the fact that levine measured helping behaviour in 3 different ways and actually attempted to measure it in 5 different ways also adds to the reliability of their findings as they were able to see the extent to which helping behaviour as consistent across a series of different measures rather than just relying on one
- the data collectors ran a large number of trials in relation to all three helping situations meant that they were able to obtain data suggesting a consistent, settled trend rather than data that could be distorted by fluke results s
- however as a large number of people were used to collect data, levine acknowledged that it is difficult to precisely assess the standardisation between experimenters in acting their parts and scoring subjects responses so it is possible that they weren’t all measuring in precisely the same way.
10
Q
sample
A
- cross-cultural study
- to a large extent, levine chose the cities through an opportunity basis, in accordance with which cities they either had students
11
Q
SITUATION SIDE
levine study link to individual/situational side
A
- culture is one aspect of the situation the chnaces of people engaging in helping behaviour
- helping behaviour varies in different cities around the world
12
Q
INDIVIDUAL SIDE
levine study link to individual/situational side
A
- the pen dropping condition portrays a more individual side as it shows how peoples characteristucs/personaloties can influcnece ones decision to help as pens being dropped isnt as an important event that occurs to help someone
13
Q
how does levines study portray a psychology as a science
A
- demonstatwed that their models were repliable by replicating them so many times in different citys
- they teained their data collectors to follow a clear guidance about what did or didnt count as an example of helping behavioir (tp try to reduce the risk of it being their opinion and more objective)
14
Q
how is levines study useful
A
- helpful to those who have a physical disorder as they can have an understanding on what countries to visit based on how likely they are to help incase they face any issues based on their disorder within that country.
- therefore countires who are less likely to help, give an idea to those who would need help to not visit that country
15
Q
how does levines study link to the social area
A
- all of the 4 variables used were all social:
- how many people live in the city
- how individualistic the people in the city are
- how quickly the people move in the city
- can be seen as investiagting the impact of other people on levels of helping behavioir
16
Q
how does levines study link to the key theme
A
- suggests that levels of helping behaviour vary around the world with the highet level being in the ‘simpatia’ cultures of latin america and spain
17
Q
how does levine change our undertstanding of the key theme
A
- helps to put the results from piliavins study in conext, suggestung that new york is a city in which people are unhelpful
- the impression given in piliavins study of people being largely helpful is confirmed by levines study
18
Q
how does levines study change our understanding of the inidivual, social and cultural diversity
A
- significant cultural differences in levels of helping behaviour between different countries around the world: teavhes us to expect cultural diversity in relation to peoples preparedness to help those in need.
- changes the understanding that we were left in pilivanins study
- piliavins study suggested that the first helpers were likley to be male whereas in levines study, results shows that there is no significant difference
19
Q
How is Levines study similar to piliviavin
A
- data was collected in the field
- participants didn’t know they were taking part in psychological research
- data were collected in urban settings
- the person seemingly in need of help was a young male
20
Q
How’s levines study different from piliavin
A
- piliavins data were all collected in one country (USA) whereas levine collected their data from 23 different countries
- piliavin were collecting their data in 1968 whereas Levine collected theirs between 1992 and 1997
- piliavin collected their data in a confined subway setting, Levine collected their data up on the street
- piliavin collected all of their data in relation just one helping scenario whereas Levine collected theirs in relation to 3 scenarios scenario
21
Q
how is levines study similar to piliavin
A
- data were collected in the field
- participants didnt know they were taking part in the psychological research
- data were collected in urban settings
- the person seeminly in need of help was a young male
22
Q
how is levine and piliavins study different
A
- all the data in piliavins study were collected in one country, levins study collected data from 23 countries
- piliavin were collecting data in 1968 whereas levine collected their between 1992 and 1997
- piliavin collected their data in a confied subway whereas levine collected their data up on the street
