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NURS-207 [Anatomy] > Level of Organization and Plasma Membrane Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Level of Organization and Plasma Membrane Pt. 1 Flashcards

Organization/Compartments/Homeostasis

1
Q

Anatomy:

A

The science of body structures and the relationships among them

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2
Q

Physiology:

A

The study of how the body functions, responses to stimuli, and what mechanisms are involved.

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3
Q

Pathophysiology:

A

The study of how the body functions when in a diseased state.

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4
Q

Regional names/anatomical terms for basic body parts:

A
  • Cephalic = Head
  • Trunk = Torso
  • Cervical = Neck
  • Lower Limbs & Upper Limbs
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5
Q

Cephalic:

A

Head

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6
Q

Trunk

A

Torso (includes both the thoracic and abdominal cavities)

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7
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

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8
Q

Basic Anatomical Terms for Directions

A

Proximal
Distal
Medial
Superior
Inferior
Lateral
Posterior
Anterior

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9
Q

Proximal

A

Near to the origin (origination) of a structure.

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10
Q

Distal

A

Far/Further from the origin (origination) of a structure

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11
Q

Medial

A

Near to the midline

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12
Q

Superior

A

Upper part of a structure

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13
Q

Inferior

A

Lower part of a structure

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14
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from the midline

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15
Q

Posterior

A

At the back

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16
Q

Anterior

A

At the front

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17
Q

Basic Anatomical Terms for Planes and Sections:

A

Sagittal Plane
Midsagittal (Median) Plane
Parasagittal (Median) Plane
Transverse Plane
Oblique Plane
Frontal Coronal Plane

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18
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical division into left and right sides.

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19
Q

Midsagittal (Median) Plane

A

Vertical division into EQUAL left and right sides

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20
Q

Parasagittal (Median) Plane

A

Vertical division into UNEQUAL left and right sides

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21
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Horizontal division into superior and inferior portions

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22
Q

Oblique Plane

A

Division into anterior and posterior portions with an oblique angle (any angle other than a 90-degree angle)

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23
Q

Frontal Coronal Plane

A

Vertical division into anterior and posterior portions.

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24
Q

Levels of Organization:

A

Anatomically - 3 general cavities (Cranial cavity, Thoracic cavity, + Abdominopelvic cavity)
Functionally - 2 general compartments (Intracellular and Extracellular)

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25
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Formed by cranial bones and contains the brain

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26
Q

Vertebral Canal

A

Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

27
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Aka Chest cavity: contains pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and the mediastinum

28
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Sub-divided into 4 quadrants - Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ).

29
Q

Total Body Mass (Females and Males)

A

Female: 45% solids and 55% fluids
Male: 40% solids and 60% fluids

30
Q

Total Body Fluids in Humans:

A

2/3 Intracellular fluid (ICF)
1/3 Extracellular fluid (ECF)

31
Q

Levels of Organization Within Body Systems:

A
  1. Cells
  2. Tissues
  3. Organs
32
Q

Levels of Organization Within Body Systems: Cells

A
  • Collection of molecules
  • Enclosed by cell membrane (plasma membrane)
33
Q

Levels of Organization Within Body Systems: Tissues

A
  • Collection of cells
  • With structural & functional specializations
34
Q

Levels of Organization Within Body Systems: Organs

A
  • Structural + functional units of tissues
  • Integration of organs form organ systems
35
Q

Organ Systems Within our Human Body:

A
  1. Integumentary system
  2. Cardiovascular system
  3. Respiratory system
  4. Digestive system
  5. Renal system
  6. Endocrine system
  7. Immune system
  8. Nervous system
  9. Musculoskeletal system (could be divided into 2 systems)
    • Skeletal muscles
    • Bones
  10. Reproductive system
36
Q
  1. Integumentary System
A

Includes the skin and its accessory structures.
Structures of this system: Hair, skin, nails, skin glands, sensory receptors.
Functions - Body protection, temp regulation, and sensing stimuli from the external environment.

37
Q
  1. Circulatory System
A

Includes cardiovascular system
Structures of this system: heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and blood.
Functions - Transporting materials, maintaining pressure gradient, immunity, and hemostasis (coagulation)

38
Q
  1. Respiratory System
A

Structures of this system: nasal cavity, airways, and lungs
Functions - Transporting gases (O2 & CO2) between internal and external environments

39
Q
  1. Digestive System
A

Structures of this system: Oral cavity (teeth, tongue, salivary glands), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Functions - ingestion, break down of food particles for absorption, and elimination of waste.

40
Q
  1. Renal System
A

Urinary system
Structures of this system: Kidneys and bladder
Functions - maintaining fluid, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and the production of erythrocytes (RBCs)

41
Q
  1. Endocrine System
A

Includes endocrine glands, certain organs, and tissues that secrete hormones.
Structures of this system: Pituitary glands, thyroid + parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pineal glands, hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, testes/ovaries, kidneys, stomach, liver, fat, skin, etc

42
Q
  1. Immune System
A

Structures of this system: Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and leukocytes (WBCs)
Functions - defense against foreign invaders (microbes, bacteria, viruses)

43
Q
A
43
Q
  1. Nervous System
A

The Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Brain & Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Nervous tissue outside the CNS
Functions - coordination of body function through electrical signals

43
Q
  1. Musculoskeletal System
A

Could be divided into 2 systems: Skeletal muscles and Bones
Functions - Support and movement

43
Q
  1. Reproductive System
A

Structures of this system: Ovaries, Uterus, and Testes
Functions - produces offspring

44
Q

Homeostasis

A

A state of equilibrium (with respect to; bodily functions and chemical compositions)
It maintains nearly constant conditions in the internal environment (control of vital parameters)

45
Q

How is Homeostasis maintained?

A

Homeostasis is maintained through the 2 types of feedback mechanisms
Negative feedback (takes away/decrease stimulus intensity )
Positive feedback (makes stronger/increase stimulus intensity)

46
Q

The 4 basic steps in the Feedback mechanism (homeostasis)

A

1) senses the parameter using sensors/receptors and require stimulus (e.g. arterial blood pressure)
2) Compares the parameter to the normal operating value (set-point)
3) Sensor produces an output signal to a control center (e.g. baroreceptors [sensor] sends a signal to the brain [control center])
4) output signal from the control center then activates the effector to bring the parameter closer to the set-point

46
Q

Sympathetic Activation

A

increases blood pressure (vasoconstriction)

47
Q

Parasympathetic Activation

A

decreases blood pressure (vagal)

47
Q

Do all organs (tissues) help to maintain homeostasis? (T/F) Give 2 examples

A

True
EX 1) Lungs- blood picks up O2 and releases CO2
EX 2) Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)- Aids in the extraction of nutrients

48
Q

Example of Negative Feedback:

A

Arterial BP control system (maintains adequate perfusion pressure)
Increase in arterial pressure–> detected by baroreceptors–> send impulses to medulla of brain–> these impulses inhibit the vasomotor center–> decrease in sympathetic activities–> decrease in cardiac pumping activity & dilates Blood vessels = BP back to normal

49
Q

Example of Positive Feedback:

A

Onset of Labor (stretching the cervix leading to parturition)
begins w rhythmical contractions of uterine–> pushes baby forward and stretches the cervix–> stretching initiates neurogenic reflex causing oxytocin secretion–> oxytocin causes more uterine contractions–> Baby expelled?–> Yes or no? (yes=contractions stop/no= repeat w stronger contractions)

50
Q

What structure of the feedback system receives output from the control center?

A

Effector

50
Q

Which structure of the feedback system provides input to the control center?

A

Receptor

51
Q

A condition NOT regulated by a negative feedback loop would be:

A

Childbirth (+ feedback loop)

52
Q

Which cavity is located inferior to the abdominal cavity?

A

Pelvic cavity

53
Q

Which plane divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves?

A

Midsagittal

54
Q

Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

A

Frontal coronal

55
Q

Moving your arm when you feel the presence of a mosquito biting your arm is an example of:

A

Movement

56
Q

Majority of electrolytes normally find in your blood plasma is composed of:

A

Na+

57
Q

The fluid portion of your stomach contents is part of the:
a) intracellular fluid
b) extracellular fluid
c) transcellular fluid
d) none of the above

A

d) none of the above

58
Q

The set-point of a biological parameter related to maintaining homeostasis of a particular body function is…?

A

Usually set within a range of normal operating values.

NURS-207 [Anatomy] (3 decks)

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