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NURS-207 [Anatomy] > Level of Organization and Plasma Membrane Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Level of Organization and Plasma Membrane Pt. 1 Flashcards

Organization/Compartments/Homeostasis

1
Q

Anatomy:

A

The science of body structures and the relationships among them

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2
Q

Physiology:

A

The study of how the body functions, responses to stimuli, and what mechanisms are involved.

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3
Q

Pathophysiology:

A

The study of how the body functions when in a diseased state.

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4
Q

Regional names/anatomical terms for basic body parts:

A
  • Cephalic = Head
  • Trunk = Torso
  • Cervical = Neck
  • Lower Limbs & Upper Limbs
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5
Q

Cephalic:

A

Head

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6
Q

Trunk

A

Torso (includes both the thoracic and abdominal cavities)

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7
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

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8
Q

Basic Anatomical Terms for Directions

A

Proximal
Distal
Medial
Superior
Inferior
Lateral
Posterior
Anterior

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9
Q

Proximal

A

Near to the origin (origination) of a structure.

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10
Q

Distal

A

Far/Further from the origin (origination) of a structure

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11
Q

Medial

A

Near to the midline

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12
Q

Superior

A

Upper part of a structure

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13
Q

Inferior

A

Lower part of a structure

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14
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from the midline

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15
Q

Posterior

A

At the back

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16
Q

Anterior

A

At the front

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17
Q

Basic Anatomical Terms for Planes and Sections:

A

Sagittal Plane
Midsagittal (Median) Plane
Parasagittal (Median) Plane
Transverse Plane
Oblique Plane
Frontal Coronal Plane

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18
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical division into left and right sides.

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19
Q

Midsagittal (Median) Plane

A

Vertical division into EQUAL left and right sides

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20
Q

Parasagittal (Median) Plane

A

Vertical division into UNEQUAL left and right sides

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21
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Horizontal division into superior and inferior portions

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22
Q

Oblique Plane

A

Division into anterior and posterior portions with an oblique angle (any angle other than a 90-degree angle)

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23
Q

Frontal Coronal Plane

A

Vertical division into anterior and posterior portions.

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24
Q

Levels of Organization:

A

Anatomically - 3 general cavities (Cranial cavity, Thoracic cavity, + Abdominopelvic cavity)
Functionally - 2 general compartments (Intracellular and Extracellular)

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25
Cranial Cavity
Formed by cranial bones and contains the brain
26
Vertebral Canal
Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
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Thoracic Cavity
Aka Chest cavity: contains pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and the mediastinum
28
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities Sub-divided into 4 quadrants - Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ).
29
Total Body Mass (Females and Males)
Female: 45% solids and 55% fluids Male: 40% solids and 60% fluids
30
Total Body Fluids in Humans:
2/3 Intracellular fluid (ICF) 1/3 Extracellular fluid (ECF)
31
Levels of Organization Within Body Systems:
1. Cells 2. Tissues 3. Organs
32
Levels of Organization Within Body Systems: Cells
- Collection of molecules - Enclosed by cell membrane (plasma membrane)
33
Levels of Organization Within Body Systems: Tissues
- Collection of cells - With structural & functional specializations
34
Levels of Organization Within Body Systems: Organs
- Structural + functional units of tissues - Integration of organs form organ systems
35
Organ Systems Within our Human Body:
1. Integumentary system 2. Cardiovascular system 3. Respiratory system 4. Digestive system 5. Renal system 6. Endocrine system 7. Immune system 8. Nervous system 9. Musculoskeletal system (could be divided into 2 systems) - Skeletal muscles - Bones 10. Reproductive system
36
1. Integumentary System
Includes the skin and its accessory structures. Structures of this system: Hair, skin, nails, skin glands, sensory receptors. Functions - Body protection, temp regulation, and sensing stimuli from the external environment.
37
2. Circulatory System
Includes cardiovascular system Structures of this system: heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and blood. Functions - Transporting materials, maintaining pressure gradient, immunity, and hemostasis (coagulation)
38
3. Respiratory System
Structures of this system: nasal cavity, airways, and lungs Functions - Transporting gases (O2 & CO2) between internal and external environments
39
4. Digestive System
Structures of this system: Oral cavity (teeth, tongue, salivary glands), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Functions - ingestion, break down of food particles for absorption, and elimination of waste.
40
5. Renal System
Urinary system Structures of this system: Kidneys and bladder Functions - maintaining fluid, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and the production of erythrocytes (RBCs)
41
6. Endocrine System
Includes endocrine glands, certain organs, and tissues that secrete hormones. Structures of this system: Pituitary glands, thyroid + parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pineal glands, hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, testes/ovaries, kidneys, stomach, liver, fat, skin, etc
42
7. Immune System
Structures of this system: Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and leukocytes (WBCs) Functions - defense against foreign invaders (microbes, bacteria, viruses)
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8. Nervous System
The Central Nervous System (CNS) - Brain & Spinal Cord The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Nervous tissue outside the CNS Functions - coordination of body function through electrical signals
43
9. Musculoskeletal System
Could be divided into 2 systems: Skeletal muscles and Bones Functions - Support and movement
43
10. Reproductive System
Structures of this system: Ovaries, Uterus, and Testes Functions - produces offspring
44
Homeostasis
A state of equilibrium (with respect to; bodily functions and chemical compositions) It maintains nearly constant conditions in the internal environment (control of vital parameters)
45
How is Homeostasis maintained?
Homeostasis is maintained through the 2 types of feedback mechanisms Negative feedback (takes away/decrease stimulus intensity ) Positive feedback (makes stronger/increase stimulus intensity)
46
The 4 basic steps in the Feedback mechanism (homeostasis)
1) senses the parameter using sensors/receptors and require stimulus (e.g. arterial blood pressure) 2) Compares the parameter to the normal operating value (set-point) 3) Sensor produces an output signal to a control center (e.g. baroreceptors [sensor] sends a signal to the brain [control center]) 4) output signal from the control center then activates the effector to bring the parameter closer to the set-point
46
Sympathetic Activation
increases blood pressure (vasoconstriction)
47
Parasympathetic Activation
decreases blood pressure (vagal)
47
Do all organs (tissues) help to maintain homeostasis? (T/F) Give 2 examples
True EX 1) Lungs- blood picks up O2 and releases CO2 EX 2) Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)- Aids in the extraction of nutrients
48
Example of Negative Feedback:
Arterial BP control system (maintains adequate perfusion pressure) Increase in arterial pressure--> detected by baroreceptors--> send impulses to medulla of brain--> these impulses inhibit the vasomotor center--> decrease in sympathetic activities--> decrease in cardiac pumping activity & dilates Blood vessels = BP back to normal
49
Example of Positive Feedback:
Onset of Labor (stretching the cervix leading to parturition) begins w rhythmical contractions of uterine--> pushes baby forward and stretches the cervix--> stretching initiates neurogenic reflex causing oxytocin secretion--> oxytocin causes more uterine contractions--> Baby expelled?--> Yes or no? (yes=contractions stop/no= repeat w stronger contractions)
50
What structure of the feedback system receives output from the control center?
Effector
50
Which structure of the feedback system provides input to the control center?
Receptor
51
A condition NOT regulated by a negative feedback loop would be:
Childbirth (+ feedback loop)
52
Which cavity is located inferior to the abdominal cavity?
Pelvic cavity
53
Which plane divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves?
Midsagittal
54
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Frontal coronal
55
Moving your arm when you feel the presence of a mosquito biting your arm is an example of:
Movement
56
Majority of electrolytes normally find in your blood plasma is composed of:
Na+
57
The fluid portion of your stomach contents is part of the: a) intracellular fluid b) extracellular fluid c) transcellular fluid d) none of the above
d) none of the above
58
The set-point of a biological parameter related to maintaining homeostasis of a particular body function is...?
Usually set within a range of normal operating values.

NURS-207 [Anatomy] (3 decks)

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