Level 4 A&P

Question 1

What Pathology discipline processes samples for bacterial cultures that are taken at PM

Answer 1

Microbiology

Question 2

What is DVT

Answer 2

(Deep vein thrombosis) results in pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected area - usually in the leg

Question 3

What can a DVT cause

Answer 3

DVT’s require urgent treatment as the blood clot can break off and make it to the lung. Where it can cause a PE (Pulmonary embolism)

Question 4

What is a PE

Answer 4

Pulmonary Embolision- when a blood clot blocks a vessel in the lungs

Question 5

Pneumonia affects which Organ?

Answer 5

The Lungs

Question 6

What is Pneumonia? what is it usually caused by?

Answer 6

An inflammatory condition of the lung- affecting primarily the samll air sacs known as alveoli. It is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria

Question 7

What are three major risk factors of developing gangrene?

Answer 7

1. Diabetes
2. Alcholism
3. Smoking

Question 8

What is Gangrene?

Answer 8

Gangrene is a condition where loss of blood supply causes body tissue to die. Typically starts in the toes, feet, fingers and hands.

Question 9

How can you develop Gangrene?

Answer 9

Gangrene can occur as a result of an injury, infection, or a long term condition that affects blood circulation

Question 10

Mesothelioma is linked to exposure of what?

Answer 10

Asbestos

Question 11

What is mesothelioma?

Answer 11

A type of cancer that develops in the lining that covers the outer surface of some of the body’s organs. (Mainly affects the lining of the lungs)

Question 12

At Post-Mortem examination what is a sign of Mesothelioma

Answer 12

Pleural Plaques

Question 13

What pathology discipline processes samples for drug and Toxicology analysis that are taken at PM

Answer 13

Biochemistry

Question 14

What is Biochemistry

Answer 14

Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.

Question 15

In what organ does autolysis begin

Answer 15

The liver

Question 16

What is Autolysis?

Answer 16

Self-digestion- where cell membranes breakdown and leak their contents l, this results in enzymes being released causing a rapid cascade of tissue breakdown.

Question 17

True or False

Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas that has a strong smell

Answer 17

False

Question 18

What does carbon monoxide poison in a. persons bloodstream

Answer 18

The haemoglobin- this results in blood that can no longer carry blood round the body.

Question 19

What is cyanosis?

Answer 19

A bluish colour in the skin, lips and nail beds.

Question 20

What causes cyanosis

Answer 20

Cyanosis is caused by a shortage of oxygen in the blood.

Question 21

In what circumstance will a person not present with cyanosis in spite of asphyxiation?

Answer 21

When a person has asphyxiated by carbon monoxide poisoning

Question 22

What is Hazard Group 1’s definition.

Answer 22

Unlikely to cause human disease.

Question 23

What is Hazard Group 2s definition?

Answer 23

Can cause human disease - unlikely to spread to the community, and there is usually effective treatment.

Question 24

What Hazard Group 3’s definition?

Answer 24

Can cause severe human disease and may spread to the community- but there is usually effective treatment available

Question 25

What is Hazard Group 4's definition?

Answer 25

Causes severe human disease and is likely to spread to the community, and there is usually no effective treatment available.

Question 26

What type of PM should be carried out if a death is suspected to have occurred as a result of a crime

Answer 26

Forensic

Question 27

What is cachexia

Answer 27

Cachexia is a syndrome/condition where metabolic activity is altered, resulting in muscle, weight, and protein loss (Severe malnutrition). About 50% of cancer patients suffer from cachexia.

Question 28

What can cause an ischemic bowel

Answer 28

Reduced/blocked blood flow to the bowel.

Question 29

What is the process for histology

Answer 29

Sample is: -Booked in -Embedded in a cassette -Processed in a tissue processor -Cut on microtome -Thin tissue slice added to slide -Slide stained

Question 30

What causes creamy, purulent exudate on the surface of the brain?

Answer 30

Meningitis

Question 31

Muscle Hypertrophy involves an increase in muscle size through the growth in what?

Answer 31

The Size of the cells

Question 32

What can hypertension cause due to muscle hypertrophy

Answer 32

Ventricular Hypertrophy (Thickening of the Heart Walls)

Question 33

What is released from red blood cells when they are damaged?

Answer 33

Haemoglobin

Question 34

Is meningitis closely associated with septicemia

Answer 34

Yes

Question 35

What can meningitis cause?

Answer 35

life-threatening blood poisoning (septicemia)- resulting in damage to the brain or nerves.

Question 36

What is released when the heart is damaged either due to a blood clot or trauma.

Answer 36

Troponin

Question 37

When is molecular genetic testing of post mortem likely to break requested?

Answer 37

When the cause of death is due to an inherited condition.

Question 38

To send a PM tissue sample for genetic testing, how do you send it?

Answer 38

It must be sent fresh/frozen in a specimen pot and not in formalin

Question 39

What are diseases that cause caseous necrosis

Answer 39

TB, syphilis and fungi infections

Question 40

in what part of the body do microbes spread from following death

Answer 40

The intestines

Question 41

What is an infection if the inner surface of the heart called?

Answer 41

Infective endocarditis

Question 42

What can lead to infective endocarditis?

Answer 42

as heart valves do not have a dedicated blood supply. Any damaged valves can allow bacteria to grow on them, and that can lead to infective endocarditis

Question 43

A cancer that has spread from where it started to another part of the body is termed?

Answer 43

Metastatic

Question 44

A condition that is characterised by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body is called?

Answer 44

Oedema

Question 45

What does peripheral oedema affect?

Answer 45

The feet, ankles, legs, hands, and arms

Question 46

What is pulmonary oedema?

Answer 46

Excess fluid that has collected in the lungs that makes breathing difficult.

Question 47

What causes bilateral clubbing of the fingernails?

Answer 47

Malignant disease - Mostly of heart and lungs - However, it can occur for no obvious reason

Question 48

What is Marfan syndrome?

Answer 48

A genetic disorder of the body's connective tissues

Question 49

What is the most serious sign/symptom associated with marfan syndrome?

Answer 49

Dilated aorta (can lead to thoracic aortic aneurysms).

Question 50

What is the pathology discipline for processing tissue samples for cell staining taken at PM

Answer 50

Histology

Question 51

Tissue taken at PM required to be sent for histology should be sent in what?

Answer 51

Formalin and a matching request form

Question 52

What are the different body types?

Answer 52

-The underweight body type -The overweight body type -The tall body type -The yellow body -The blue body -The grey body

Question 53

What do you look at for a post-mortem external examination

Answer 53

-Body type -Finger and toe nails -Surgical scars and signs -Limbs, Ulcers, Skin - Trauma or hanging

Question 54

What is Jaundice caused by?

Answer 54

-Gallstone trapped in bile duct -Pancreatic cancer -liver if biliary malignancy -Hepatitis

Question 55

what is an incision?

Answer 55

A clean-cut wound with a sharp object

Question 56

What is a laceration?

Answer 56

A wound produced by the tearing of body tissue, such as a blow from a blunt instrument.

Question 57

What is the difference between an embolism and a thrombus.

Answer 57

Thrombosis- Pure blood clot or thrombus forming in a vessel Embolism- when a clot, fat or air bubble travels through the blood vessels with a risk of lodging somewhere else

Question 58

Where does an epidural haemorrhage (bleed) occur

Answer 58

Between the Skull and the dura mater

Question 59

Where does a subdural haemorrhage occur?

Answer 59

Between the dura and the arachnoid.

Question 60

what is hyperplasia

Answer 60

An increase in the number of cells

Question 61

What is Hypertrophy

Answer 61

An increase in the size of cells