Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

COMLEX > Level 1 Cards > Flashcards

Level 1 Cards Flashcards

1
Q

What cancer is t(8;14)?

What gene is over-expressed?

A

Burkitt Lymphoma

MYC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is splitting?

A

Experiencing a person/situation as either all positive or all negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does mesencephalon give rise to?

A

Midbrain and aqueduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is equation for RRR?

A

RRR = ARR/Control Risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is schizoaffective disorder?

A

Mood episode with concurrent active-phase symptoms of schizophrenia + 2 or more weeks of delusions or hallucinations in the absence of prominent mood symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the factors for Bacillus Anthracis?

What do they do?

A

Edema Factor and Lethal Factor

EF: Increases cAMP –> edema, phagocyte dysfunction

LF: Inhibits MAPK –> apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus?

A

Secretion of oxytocin, CRH, TRH, and small amounts of ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the equation for NNT?

A

NNT = 1/ARR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does prosencephalon give rise to?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the medial preoptic hypothalamic nucleus?

A

Secretion of GnRH, regulates sexual behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is represented by this picture?

A

Leiomyoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The graphs below represent the effects of 2 different drugs on a patient with A-Fib.

What drug is represented by the red line (Drug 1)?

What drug is represented by the blue line (Drug 2)?

A

Digoxin

Atenolol or Verapamil

***Remember, dihydropyridines (nifedipine, amlodipine) and ACE inhibitors are vasodilators (have effects on vessels), not on the heart itself***

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the symptoms of 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency?

What are the symptoms of 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency?

What are the symptoms of 21-hydroxylase deficiency?

A

Ambiguous genitalia, HTN, hypokalemia (congenital adrenal hyperplasia)

Girls have NL genitalia, boys have ambiguous genitalia; HTN, hypokalemia, no puberty

Ambiguous genitalia, hypotension, hyperkalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the toxins for Bordetella Pertussis?

What do they do?

A

Pertussis Toxin and Adenylate Cyclase Toxin

PT: Increases cAMP –> edema, phagocyte dysfunction

ACT: Increases cAMP –> edema, phagocyte dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the virulence factors for N. Meningitidis?

Which one is responsible for septic shock?

Which one is responsible for invading the nares?

Which one is responsible for avoiding phagocytosis?

A

Polysaccharide Capsule, IgA Protease, Lipo-oligosaccharide

Lipo-oligosaccharide

IgA Protease

Polysaccharide Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What serum marker is most helpful in diagnosing parotitis?

A

Serum Amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus?

A

Mediates satiety; destruction leads to hyperphagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus?

A

Secretion of dopamine (inhibits prolactin), GHRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nucleus?

A

Circadian rhythm regulation and pineal gland function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the expected lab changes for a patient with Addison’s Disease (Primary Adrenal Insufficiency)? (Na, K, Cl, Bicarb)

A

Na - Decreased

K - Increased

Cl - Increased

Bicarb - Decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is represented by this biopsy?

Where is it most often found?

A

Cardiac Myxoma

Left Atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What disease is shown in the picture?

How can you tell?

A
  1. ) Sarcoidosis
  2. ) Noncaseating granulomas, multinucleated giant cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What cancer is t(11;14)?

What gene is over-expressed?

A

Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Cyclin D1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What structures are marked A-E?

What structure is most affected in Huntington’s Disease?

A

A - Caudate Nucleus

B - Internal Capsule

C - Insular Cortex (Insula)

D - Putamen

E - Globus Pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is suppression?

A

Putting unwanted feelings aside to cope with reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does telencephalon give rise to?

A

Cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the CYP450 inducers?

A

Carbamazepine

Barbituates

Phenytoin

Rifampin

Griseofulvin

St. Johns Wort

Modafinil

Cyclophosphamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the toxins for Streptococcus Pyogenes?

What do they do?

A

Pyrogenic Exotoxin and Streptolysin O and S Toxin

Pyrogenic: Super Ag –> fever, shock; associated with Scarlet Fever, Strep TSS

Streptolysin: Damages erythrocyte membranes –> beta hemolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is intellectualization?

A

Focusing on nonemotional aspects to avoid distressing feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is labeled A-E?

Describe each.

A

A - Z-line; anchor site for thin filaments (actin, tropomyosin, troponin)

B - A band; thick filaments overlapped with thin filaments, as well as non-overlapped thick filaments; always remains the same length

C - M-line; anchor site for thick filaments

D - Area where thick and thin filaments overlap; shortens during muscle relaxation

E - I band; section of thin filaments that do NOT overlap with thick filaments; lengthens during muscle relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does metencephalon give rise to?

A

Pons, cerebellum, and upper 4th ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does diencephalon give rise to?

A

Thalamus and 3rd ventricle

33
Q

What does myelencephalon give rise to?

A

Medulla and lower 4th ventricle

34
Q

What is represented by this picture?

A

Adenomyosis

35
Q

What are the virulence factors for E. Coli and what do they cause?

A

LPS - Bacteriemia and Septic Shock

K1 Capsular Polysaccharide - Neonatal Meningitis

Verotoxin (shiga-like toxin) - Gastroenteritis (bloody)

Heat-stable/Heat-labile Enterotoxins - Gastroenteritis (watery)

P Fimbriae - UTI’s

36
Q

What is denial?

A

Behaving as if an aspect of reality does not exist

37
Q

What is the endotoxin that is found in the outer membrane of many gram-negative bacteria?

What is it composed of?

A

LPS

O Antigen, Core Polysaccharide, Lipid A

38
Q

What is the function of the supraoptic hypothalamic nucleus?

A

Secretion of ADH and small amounts of oxytocin

39
Q

What is displacement?

A

Transferring feelings to less threatening object/person

40
Q

If a drug is eliminated via first order kinetics, how long does it take to reach plasma steady state concentration?

A

4-5 half-lives

41
Q

What is the equation for ARR?

A

ARR = Control Risk - Treatment Risk

42
Q

What is included in MEN1 syndrome?

What is included in MEN2A syndrome?

What is included in MEN2B syndrome?

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism, Pituitary Tumors, Pancreatic Tumors (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma, Pheochromocytoma, Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma, Pheochromocytoma, Mucosal Neuromas/Marfanoid Habitus

43
Q

What disease is represented by this skin biopsy?

What is seen on this biopsy?

A

Lichen Planus

Hypergranulosis

44
Q

What is projection?

A

Attributing one’s own feelings to others

45
Q

What is regression?

A

Reverting to earlier developmental stage

46
Q

What serological markers are present during acute HBV infection?

What serological markers are present during chronic HBV infection?

What serological markers are present for a person vaccinated against HBV?

What serological markers are present after clearing an HBV infection?

A

Anti-HBcAg IgM, HBsAg, HBeAg

Anti-HBcAg IgG, HBsAg (Anti-HBe seen later)

Anti-HBs

Anti-HBs and Anti-HBe

47
Q

What structures are marked A-F?

A

A - Rectus Abdominus

B - Bladder

C - Prostate Gland

D - Anal Canal

E - Ischioanal Fossa

F - Gluteus Maximus

48
Q

What are the areas labeled A-F?

A

A - Frontal Eye Field

B - Broca’s Area (Motor Speech)

C - Primary Motor Cortex (Pre-central Gyrus)

D - Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Post-central Gyrus)

E - Wernicke’s Area (Sensory Speech)

F - Primary Visual Cortex

49
Q

What are the toxins for Clostridium Difficile?

What do they do?

A

Toxin A and Toxin B

Toxin A: Recruits/activates neutrophils –> release of cytokines –> mucosal inflammation, fluid loss, diarrhea

Toxin B: Induces actin depolymerization –> mucosal cell death, bowel wall necrosis, pseudomembrane formation

50
Q

What organism is seen in the picture below?

How would you describe this organism?

What does this cause in HIV+ patients?

A

Cryptococcus Neoformans

Round/oval yeast surrounded by thick polysaccharide capsule

Cryptococcal Meningitis

51
Q

What is schizophreniform disorder?

A

1 or more months but less than 6 months, same symptoms as schizophrenia, functional decline not required

52
Q

What disease is represented by this picture?

What would you expect to see on biopsy?

A

Eczematous Dermatitis

Spongiosis

53
Q

What are the expected lab changes for a patient with Aplastic Anemia? (EPO, Reticulocytes, MCV, Haptoglobin)

A

EPO - Increased

Reticulocytes - Decreased

MCV - Normal

Haptoglobin - Normal

54
Q

What is the equation for relative risk?

A

RR = Treatment Risk/Control Risk

55
Q

What is the toxin for Clostridium Botulinum?

What does it do?

A

Botulinum Toxin

Blocks Ach release at NMJ –> flaccid paralysis

56
Q

What are the arrows pointing at from left to right?

What nerves innervate each muscle?

A

Lateral Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Superior Rectus, Medial Rectus, Superior Oblique, Lens

SR, IR, MR, IO = CN 3 (Oculomotor)

SO = CN 4 (Trochlear)

LR = CN 6 (Abducens)

57
Q

What is acting out?

A

Expressing unacceptable feelings through actions

58
Q

What is a common adverse effect of methadone administration?

A

QT interval prolongation

59
Q

What is the function of the lateral hypothalamic nucleus?

A

Mediates hunger; destruction leads to anorexia

60
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

6 or more months, including 1 or more months of active symptoms, including prodromal and residual periods; requires functional decline

61
Q

What cancer is t(14;18)?

What gene is over-expressed?

A

Follicular Lymphoma

BCL2

62
Q

What would you expect to see on biospy of this plaque?

A

Acanthosis and Hyperkeratosis

63
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

Transforming unacceptable feelings/impulses into the opposite

64
Q

What is the function of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus?

A

Mediates heat conservation; destruction leads to hypothermia

65
Q

What is passive aggression?

A

Avoiding conflict by expressing hostility covertly

66
Q

What is delusional disorder?

A

1 or more delusions for 1 or more months, no other psychotic symptoms, normal functioning apart from direct impact of delusions

67
Q

What is rationalization?

A

Justifying behavior to avoid difficult truths

68
Q

What is the toxin for Shigella Dysenteriae?

What does it do?

A

Shiga Toxin

ST: Halts protein synthesis via 60s subunit –> intestinal epithelial cell death, diarrhea

69
Q

What cancer is t(9;22)?

What gene is over-expressed?

A

CML

BCR-ABL1 Hybrid Oncoprotein

70
Q

What is the function of the anterior hypothalamic nucleus?

A

Mediates heat dissipation; destruction leads to hyperthermia

71
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Channeling impulses into socially acceptable behaviors

72
Q

What is brief psychotic disorder?

A

1 or more days but less than a month, sudden onset, full return to function

73
Q

What does the biopsy finding show?

What disease process does this represent?

A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules

Diabetic nephropathy/nodular glomerulosclerosis

74
Q

What are the structures labeled A-E?

What are their functions?

A

A, B, I, J - Dorsal columns; ascending sensory nerves for pressure, vibration, proprioception, fine touch

C, H - Lateral corticospinal tract; UMNs from brain that control voluntary movement

D, G - Lateral spinothalamic tract; sensory fibers for pain and temperature

E, F - Anterior corticospinal tract

75
Q

What is represented by this CT scan?

What disease is this?

A

Ring-enhancing Lesions

Toxoplasmosis

76
Q

What does rhombencephalon give rise to?

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

77
Q

What are the CYP450 inhibitors?

A

Amiodarone

Cimetidine

Fluoroquinolones

Clarithromycin

Azole Anti-fungals

Grapefruit Juice

Isoniazid

Ritonavir (proteae inhibitors)

78
Q

What is the toxin for Corynebacterium Diphtheria?

What does it do?

A

Diphtheria toxin

Inhibits protein synthesis via ADP-ribosylation of EF2

79
Q

What cancer is t(15;17)?

What gene is over-expressed?

A

Acute Promyelocytic Lymphoma

PML-RAR-alpha Hybrid Oncoprotein

COMLEX (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions