Level 1 Flashcards by Jessica Dibbley

Waves used in ultrasonic testing of materials are ___________ in nature.

a) mechanical
b) magnetic
c) electromagnetic
d) harmonious

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In a longitudinal wave, zones of compression alternate with________ zones.

a) dead
b) rarified
c) subduction
d) anticline

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Elastic waves can be transmitted in

a) air
b) water
c) solids
d) all of the above

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The smallest distance between two points on an elastic wave where the particles are in the same state of motion is the a) period b) wavelength c) frequency d) hypotenuse

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The maximum displacement of a particle from its point of rest in a sound wave is its a) velocity b) amplitude of movement c) frequency d) wavelength

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Particle motion in a longitudinal wave is a) parallel to the direction of wave propagation b) at right angles to the direction of wave propagation c) retrograde d) in counterclockwise ellipses

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In transverse waves, particle motion is a) parallel to the direction of wave propagation b) right angles to the direction of wave propagation c) retrograde d) in counterclockwise ellipses

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Rayleigh waves are a phenomenon associated with a) solid to liquid boundaries b) solid to air boundaries c) solid to solid boundaries d) all of the above

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Surface waves limited on two surfaces are also called a) long. waves b) lamb waves c) shear waves d) P waves

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Rayleigh, shear and longitudinal describe a) wave forms b) wave modes c) wave lengths d) wave guides

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In general, the result of two waves interacting on each other can be found by a) strobe lighting b) vector addition c) cross-multiplying d) linear summation

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The point where no particle displacement occurs on a standing wave is called a) an anticline b) an antidnode c) a node d) a dead zone

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The point where maximum particle displacement occurs on a standing wave is called a) an anticline b) an antinode c) a node d) a peak detector

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Wavelength of sound is determined by a) (velocity) / (frequency) b) (frequency) / (velocity) c) (frequency) X (velocity) d) none of the above

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Compared to water, the acoustic impedance of steel is a) higher b) lower c) about the same d) higher or lower depending on the wave mode

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2,500,000 cycles per second (cps) is also expressed as a) 25 kHz b) 2.5 MHz c) 2.5 mHz d) 25 GHz

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The product of acoustic velocity times the density of a material gives a) power intensity b) frequency c) wavelength d) acoustic impedance

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In steel, shear wave velocity as compared to longitudinal wave velocity is about a) twice as fast b) the same c) one half as fast d) one quarter as fast

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The usual form of denoting acoustic impedance is a) Z b) A c) I d) R

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If a material borders on empty space the interface is called a) a vacuum b) infinity c) a free boundary d) none of the above

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In determining the coefficient of reflection, a negative value indicates a) reduced amplitude b) loss of sound pressure c) phase reversal relative to the incident wave d) none of the above

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Phase reversal of an ultrasound wave upon reflection from a sonically softer material is indicated by a) a zero R value b) a negative R value c) an R value greater than 1 d) increased resonance

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Incidence of a sound wave from a solid to a gas is considered a free boundary condition because a) there are no particles in a gas b) all sound is lost in transmission c) the acoustic impedance of a gas is essentially zero d) none of the above

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Bending of a sound wave upon entering a new medium is explained by a) Krautkramer’s law b) Snells’s law c) Boyle’s law d) Hooke’s law

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If a sound beam is incident on steel from water at 20 degrees, the refracted transverse wave will have an angle a) greater than 20 degrees b) less than 20 degrees c) about 20 degrees d) that cannot be determined

The change from longitudinal to transverse waves (and visa versa) at a boundary is called a) Snell's law b) mode conversion c) reciprocity d) reversal

The incident angle at which the transmitted longitudinal wave first ceases to exist in the defracting medium is called the a) longitudinal angle b) short angle c) first critical angle d) second critical angle

The incident angle at which the transmitted transverse wave first ceases to exist in the refracting medium is called the a) long angle b) short angle c) first critical angle d) second critical angle

The critical angle for the longitudinal wave is also called the a) right angle b) snell angle c) first critical angle d) second critical angle

The critical angle for the transverse wave is also called the a) right angle b) Snell angle c) first critical angle d) second critical angle

Mode conversion in ultrasonics occurs at a) defects b) corner reflectors c) only free boundaries d) all boundaries

For a longitudinal wave entering a medium of lower acoustic velocity, the refracted longitudinal wave angle in the new material will be a) totally internally reflected b) the same c) less than incidence angle d) greater than incidence angle

The law of reflection requires that a) the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence b) the normal to the reflecting surface, the reflected ray and incident ray lie in the same plane c) both a and b d) none of the above

The "bending" of sound waves at gaps and openings is accounted for by a) reflection b) diffraction c) density d) acoustic pressure

According to geometric-optic treatment of sound, acoustic pressure a) increases with distance from source b) decreases with distance from source c) varies unpredictably with distance from source d) none of the above

Reflection and refraction phenomenon are illustrated in geometric-optic treatment of ultrasound by means of a) mirrors b) equations c) rays and straight lines d) none of the above

In practical ultrasonic testing, mirror surfaces can be used with sound beams to a) image flaws b) reach points of difficult access c) reduce scatter d) reduce short wave dispersion effects

The interference pattern produced in front of a transducer face is a result of a) rarefaction b) dispersion c) diffraction d) refraction

The distance from the probe face to the last main maximum on the beam axis is called the a) near field b) far field c) dead zone d) ozone

Acoustic pressure fluctuates in the near zone due to a) diffraction interference b) dispersion c) refraction d) density fluctuations

A longitudinal wave generating transducer will have a given near field in steel. If in water the near field for this probe will be a) the same distance b) about half as long c) about 1/4 as long d) about 4 times as long

Acoustic pressure along the beam axis moving away from the probe has various maxma and minima due to interference. At the end of the near field pressure is a) a maximum b) a minimum c) the average of all maxima and minima d) none of the above

Beyond the near zone of an ultrasound beam from a probe is the a) dead zone b) Fresnel zone c) far field d) null zone

Variations in acoustic pressure at right angles to the probes' sound beam in the near zone are a result of a) side lobes b) overtones c) sub harmonics d) divergence

The angle of divergence is a) constant for a given piezoelectric material b) applicable to the far zone only c) increases with increasing probe dimensions d) decreases with increasing wavelength

The "main lobe" of a rectangular probe is a) axially symmetric b) broader in the small probe dimension c) narrower in the small probe dimension d) two dimensional

Focusing of ultrasound is accomplished by a) curved piezoelectric crystals b) lenses c) both a and b d) none of the above

Difficulties determining exact lateral location and relative size of a flat reflector in the near zone result from a) the dead zone b) ring down c) multiple maxima and minima d) absorption

AVG (or DGS in English) diagrams are used for a) establishing gain settings b) determining vertical beam spreads c) estimating flaw size d) none of the above

Flaw detection using the through transmission method can give accurate information about a) flaw depth b) flaw type c) flaw orientation d) none of the above

In ultrasonic testing, a wave pulse contains a) a single well defined frequency b) a range of frequencies c) two full cycles d) only positive going waves

The main contribution to loss of sound pressure of a beam incident on a rough surface is provided by a) scatter b) mode conversion c) refraction d) diffraction

More scatter of a sound beam is had when using a) high PRF b) short pulse lengths c) higher frequency probes d) lucite delay lines

For best results detecting a defect that may be irregularly shaped and slightly off perpendicular to the beam, the wavelength used should be a) the size of the defect b) as small as possible c) as large as possible to locate the defect d) 1 MHz

In ultrasonic testing by pulse-echo method, the sound waves off the probe are a) omni-directional b) a single frequency c) a range of frequencies d) non-existent in the dead zone

Higher frequency probes are not preferred for inspection of castings due to a) poor directivity b) higher coefficients of transmission c) higher coefficients of reflection d) scatter

Sound reduction over a distance can be accounted for by a) absorption b) scatter c) beam spreading d) all of the above

Attenuation of ultrasound by absorption is a result of a) reflection b) refraction c) scatter d) heating

For a plane wave, sound pressure is reduced by attenuation in a _______ fashion. a) linear b) exponential c) random d) none of the above

If a signal on your CRT is 28% FSH and 6 dB gain is added to the receiver amplifier the signal will be _______ FSH. a) 34% b) 42% c) 56% d) 70%

If a signal is reduced from 84% to 42% FSH, the number of dB gain removed from the receiver is a) 2 b) 6 c) 12 d) 42

A typical maximum thickness range for inspecting forged steel by ultrasonics is a) 0.5 to 1m b) 1 to 2 m c) 1 to 10 m d) 10 to 100 m

As temperature of a solid increases the attenuation of sound in that object tend to a) increase b) decrease c) remain constant d) vary sinusoidally

Scatter is more likely to be a problem if a) grain size is small b) grain size is large c) a material is isotropic d) grain crystals are cubic

Scatter of ultrasound at grain boundaries is a result of a) frequency b) in-homogenous inclusions c) angulation d) differences in elastic properties

Scatter generally increases with a) increasing grain size b) decreasing wavelength c) increasing frequency d) all of the above

In ultrasonic testing a piezoelectric material is used to a) convert electric energy to mechanical energy b) convert mechanical energy to electrical energy c) both a and b d) none of the above

The piezoelectric material first used for ultrasonic transducers is a) PZT b) SiO2 (quartz) c) Na Cl d) PVDF

X-cut quartz crystal transducers are cut with active element face at right angles to the a) X-axis b) Y1-axis c) Y2-axis d) Z-axis

Shifts of the positive charge on the silicon and negative charge on the oxygen in a quartz crystals account for a) twin crystals b) the piezoelectric effect c) polymorphs d) none of the above

In order to generate mechanical displacements (ultrasound waves) in a X-cut piezoelectric crystal we must a) squeeze the crystal b) heat the crystal c) apply an alternating voltage d) none of the above

Applied voltage on a piezoelectric crystal used in a transducer requires ________ to cause mechanical displacement a) electrodes b) vibration c) heat d) all of the above

The fundamental frequency of a piezoelectric crystal used in ultrasonics is a function of a) its thickness b) the velocity of sound in the crystal material c) both a and b d) none of the above

The ratio of vibration amplitude at resonance frequency to the amplitude of static thickness change is called a) fo b) fr c) the modulus of resonance d) Q factor

A large Q factor indicates a) high damping b) narrow bandwidth c) wide bandwidth d) low permeability

Resonance peaks at frequencies of odd numbered multiples of the resonance frequency are called a) harmonics b) PRF c) multiple frequencies d) sub-harmonics

In pulse-echo testing there is an advantage to using short pulses to excite the transducer because a) the dead zone is decreased b) the frequency spectrum is broadened c) both a and b d) none of the above

Of the various materials used for transducer crystals, lithium sulphate hydrate is the most critical because it a) looses its water of crystallization above 130 degrees C b) breaks down at excitation voltages over 500 V c) cannot be used in immersion testing d) all of the above

A PZT transucer will loose its piezoelectric property if a) immersed in water b) used on a forging that has not been de-magnetized c) used on a surface whose temperature is 140 degrees C d) heated above its curie point

In addition to a low critical temperature, lithium sulphate hydrate a) is soluble in water so must be water proofed b) is a poor impedance match to water c) has the lowest coupling coefficient d) none of the above

Methods of generating and receiving ultrasound by deformation of ferromagnetic materials in a magnetic field utilize the phenomenon called a) magnetics b) electrodynamics c) magnetostriction d) eddy currents

Magnetostrictive principles can be used a) for transmitting ultrasound b) for receiving ultrasound c) both a and b d) none of the above

Mechanical methods of ultrasound generation a) utilize electro-mechanical hammers b) utiltize rotating wire brushes c) require no coupling liquids d) all of the above

The method whereby sound is transmitted through a plate from a transmitter on one side to a receiver on the other a) is used to characterize flaws b) is called an intensity method c) is used to determine flaw depth d) all of the above

Pulse-echo ultrasonic testing is used for a) thickness testing b) flaw detection c) acoustic velocity determinations d) all of the above

Using the pulse echo method with a 0 degrees probe (single crystal) on a flat steel plate 50mm thick, the pattern on the CRT would appear as a) evenly spaced multiples b) randomly spaace multiples c) multiples with increasing spacing between them d) none of the above

When testing thick specimens, it may be advisable to a) decrease the pulse repetition frequency b) add reject c) change to a higher frequency d) use a delay line probe

In immersion testing you would normally position the a) main bang on the left edge of the CRT b) entrance echo on the left of the CRT c) first bacwall on the right edge of the CRT d) none of the above

Transmitter voltage pulse is triggered by the a) probe resonance b) control pulse of the sweep generator c) sweep delay control d) vertical deflector plates in the CRT

For flaws immediately below the surface the best option is a) TR or twin crystal probes b) single crystal probes c) multi probe configurations d) through wall testing

The normal presentation of ultrasonic signals on an ultrasonic machine used in NDT is a) rectified form b) RF form c) b-scan d) c-scan

If not equipped with a frequency selecter for the reciever amplifier an ultrasonic machine would probably use a (an) a) broadband receiver b) wide receiver c) ineligible receiver d) tight end

Threshold adjustment is applied to a) RF display of signals b) "clean up" the noise on the baseline c) both a and b d) none of the above

Electrode material on the piezoelectric crystal faces, typically evaporated to about 1000 angstroms thick, is made of a) gold b) silver c) chrome/gold d) all of the above can be used

Boron, aluminum oxide and sapphire are often used in transducers as a) tuning transformers b) electrodes c) wear faces d) none of the above

In contact testing using angle beam probes with removable wedges, the purpose of groves in the front of the wedge is a) to prevent couplant buildup b) increase resolution c) absorb internally reflected sound d) all of the above

The most commonly used wave mode for angle beam testing is a) longitudinal b) transverse c) Rayleigh d) Lamb

Unless otherwise noted, the refracted beam angle on a perspex wedge is the refracted angle in a) aluminum b) brass c) plastic d) steel

Angle beam wedges can be used to generate surface waves only if a) the refracted shear wave is 90ø b) the test piece is steel c) the test peice is cylindrically shaped d) none of the above

A property of the receiver amplifier that is periodically verified is a) horizontal linearity b) vertical linearity c) beam spread d) near zone

The purpose of the IIW block is to determine a) probe exit point b) refracted angle c) range (or depth scale) d) all of the above

Information obtained about the exit point and refracted angle of an angle beam probe a) is qualitative only b) must be check periodically since the probe is subject to wear c) is fixed by the manufacture d) none of the above

The IIW block is used primarily a) for contact probes b) for angle beam probes c) for immersion work d) in place of the IOW block

A system that electronically monitors an echo signal in a gate such that an alarm is triggered if the signal exceeds a predetermined amplitude is called a / an a) B-scan b) go / no-go system c) early warning system d) sweep generator

The preferred presentation method for determining the amplitude of a echo signal is the a) A-scan b) B-scan c) C-scan d) D-scan

Resonance testing methods are used for a) determining Poisson's ratio b) flaw detection c) thickness testing d) all of the above

Thickness readings from ultrasonic testing can be indicated by a) reading the position of pips on a CRT screen b) meter or digital readout c) graphing by a pen on strip chart paper d) all of the above

For immersion testing, surface scale and rust can be removed by a) steel brushes and scrapping b) sand blasting and grinding c) both a and b d) none of the above, cleaning is not needed for immersion testing

In contact testing best probe contact is made on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ surfaces. a) flat b) convex c) concave d) 250 RMS surfaces

Uniformity of coupling is verified by the operator monitoring a) backwall amplitude b) "grass" level c) a and b d) calibration

For normal ultrasonic contact testing of forged carbon steel and aluminum the optimum frequency range of transducers is a) 100 to 500 kHz b) 0.5 to 1 MHz c) 2 to 5 MHz d) 10 to 15 MHz

High frequency transducers, over 10 MHz, have a) little use in contact testing b) very thin crystals c) good sensitivity to minute defects d) all of the above

When a longitudinal wave is directed along the length of a large solid shaft from an end of the shaft, sensitivity to defects fluctuates as the probe is moved from the centre to the outside edge of the shaft. This is accounted for by a) interfering edge effects b) the near zone c) mode conversion d) none of the above

When performing contact angle beam testing interferring surface waves can be distinguished from flaws by a) triangulation b) testing from the opposite side c) touching the work surface with an oily finger d) none of the above

When inspecting a thin flat plate with a 60ø shear wave probe it is possible to see both top and bottom corners of the plate when the beam is aimed at the plate edge. This is due to a) ghosting b) splitting c) beam spread d) none of the above

When scanning a test plate with angle beam probes, the operator can often determine the front and backwall position on the screen from a) "grass mounds" b) gates c) the distance amplitude correction curve d) none of the above

In plate testing with angle beams, the full skip distance refers to a) the sound path to the opposite wall b) twice the sound path to the opposite wall c) the plate thickness d) twice the plate thickness

For an ultrasound beam to skip in the circumferential direction of a tubular product a) the ratio of inside to outside diameter must be right b) the incident angle must be sufficiently steep c) both a and b d) none of the above

The delta technique uses a) a single pulse echo probe b) a transmitting probe and receiving probe on the same side of the test piece c) a transmitting probe and receiving probe on opposite sides of the test piece d) there is no such technique

Surface wave ultrasonic testing is superior to penetrant testing because it a) is cheaper b) is faster c) can find sub-surface defects d) can be used on ferro-magnetic materials

Flaw size is often determined by a) comparison of probe movement with change in amplitude b) amplitude of maximum reflection c) both a and b d) none of the above

If the sound beam strikes a flaw at right angles and the flaw has a greater area than the beam it will a) cause resonance b) absorb most of the beam energy c) cause destructive interference d) at like a backwall

Although ingots of metal are often difficult to test by ultrasonics due to large dimensions and scatter due to grain size, it is useful to locate a) laminations b) bursts c) gross piping d) cold shots

Which of the following plate defects would not be a result of inservice use? a) stress-corrosion cracking b) laminations c) fatigue cracking d) pitting

Production line testing of high pressure ribbed tubing would use which ultrasonic technique? a) contact testing b) immersion testing from the outside diameter c) immersion testing from the inside diameter d) the bubbler technique

The common metric term Hertz (abb.Hz) is used to indicate a) wavelength b) velocity of sound c) cycles per second d) acoustic impedance

With a sound velocity of 1.5mm/æs in water, the wavelength of the ultrasonic disturbance in water provided by an ultrasonic cleaning machines' 40 kHz transducer is a) 26mm b) 26cm c) 3.7mm d) 37mm

The 3 essential elements common to all systems that use ultrasonic devices are a) transducers, cables, couplant b) transducers, scopes, testpiece c) power source, transducer, convertor d) none of the above

The incident angle at which the longitudinal mode is refracted at 90ø is a) 27 degrees b) the first critical angle c) the second critical angle d) not used in NDT

The number of nanoseconds in 2 milliseconds is a) 0.002 b) 2000 c) 2 X 10^6 d) 2 X 10^9

When a piezoelectric material has a voltage applied to it a) eddy currents are generated b) flux leakage can be used for testing c) mechnanical deformation occurs d) all of the above

To a degree, the mechanical deformation of a piezoelectric material is directly proportional to the a) acoustic impedance of the backing b) acoustic impedance of the piezo material c) applied voltage d) none of the above

So as to be utilized as ultrasonic transducers, ferroelectric ceramics must a) be heated above their curie point b) poled c) be put into an electric field d) all of the above

Most piezoelectric ceramics (ferroelectrics) are a) polycrystalline b) also ferromagnetic c) statically charged d) are better receivers than transmitters

When ferro electric ceramics such as PZT are heated to above their curie point and held under a bias voltage while cooling to 80øC they are considered a) neutralized b) annealed c) poled or polarized d) charged

When using quartz as a piezoelectric transducer, longitudinal waves are generated from the a) X - cut b) Y - cut c) Z - cut d) GT - cut

The advantage of quartz crystals over ceramic materials for ultrasonic transducers is a) high curie temperature b) its harness and ability to take a high polish c) both a and b d) there are no advantages of quartz over ceramics

Although quartz has about twice the receiving sensitivity of PZT, PZT used for pulse-echo testing in NDT results in higher amplitude signals for the same conditions because a) transmission constant is higher b) PZT dielectric constant is lower c) PZT has a lower density d) all of the above

Lithium sulphate as a transducer material is most notable for its a) high curie point b) low coupling coefficient c) high solubility in water d) none of the above, lithium sulphate is not used as a transducer material

A positive valve of a reflection coefficient indicates a) no phase change has occurred b) 90 degree phase change c) 180 degree phase change d) an increase in amplitude

A negative value of a reflection coefficient indicates a) no phase change has occured b) 90ø phase change c) 180ø phase change d) a decrease in amplitude

The purpose of highly absorptive backing material in transducers used for testing is to a) eliminate sound re-entering the crystal b) maximize rise time c) maximize fall time d) obtain highest resolution by broadening the frequency bandwidth

Short highly damped pulses of ultrasound have their advantage in NDT in that a) sensitivity is increased b) time measurement accuracy is improved c) defect characterizations is simplified d) all of the above

A material that exhibits dimensional changes in a magnetic field is said to be a) electrostrictive b) ferroelectric c) magnetostrictive d) electromagnetic

Which of the following is not a magnetostrictive material a) cobalt b) PZT c) nickel d) iron

The advantage of magnetrostrictive transducers is a) sturdiness b) resistance to damage under adverse conditions c) ability to be constructed in very large sizes d) all of the above

Standing waves in any medium are result of a) interference from reflections b) the PRF c) wave splitting d) mode conversion at boundaries

An acoustic lens for focusing ultrasound at a specific point in front of the transducer is made as thin as possible so as to a) make the probe as light as possible b) obtain the shortest focal length c) minimize absorption d) all of the above

Focusing of ultrasound energy is accomplished by a) lenses b) shaping ceramic transducers c) test piece geometry d) all of the above

The purpose applying ultrasound to a weld puddle during electric arc welding is to a) prevent lack of penetration b) increase heat in the weld puddle c) create a finer grain structure and increase tensile strength d) eliminate the requirement for radiographic testing

Ultrasonics used for drilling or machining has the advantage that a) no cutting fluids are required b) complex shapes can be cut out in a single pass c) the workpiece does not heat up locally d) all of the above

If a 1 MHz quartz crystal (cut for half-wave resonance) is 0.29 cm thick, how thick would it have to be if the half-wave resonance frequency was to be 10 MHz? a) 0.29 mm b) 2.9 mm c) 2.9 cm d) 5.8 microns

Using the through transmission method of ultrasonic testing a) no couplant is needed b) no flaw echo is seen c) only one transducer is used d) fillet welds are best tested

The advantage of a longer path length in the standard perspex wedge of a common contact-angle beam transducer is a) improved near surface resolution b) better impedance matching c) higher sensitivity to small defects d) all of the above

Increased damping on a piezoelectric element results in a) reduced ringing time b) increased resolution c) decreased sensitivity d) all of the above

You are given a cube of material 20mm thick. By pulse-echo immersion testing you determine the multiples of this material to be separated by 6.9 microseconds, the longitudinal velocity of sound in the material is a) 1500 m/s b) 3450 m/s c) 5800 m/s d) 6900 m/s

Given a cube of iron (long. velocity = 5800 m/s), pulse-echo multiples are seen every 100 microseconds. What is the thickness of the iron? a) 100 mm b) 29 mm c) 29 cm d) 58 cm

The difference between a thickness gauge and a distance gauge is a) the range that is measured b) velocities involved c) type of piezoelements used d) all of the above

The incremental fine gain control of the ultrasonic instrument is calibrated in a) 1 or 2 dB increments b) 6 dB increments c) 20 dB increments d) no increments, it is completely variable

"Delay" on the ultrasonic machine is used to a) reduce grass level b) compensate for range errors c) correct for proper zero point d) adjust lag on the pulser

Most codes would recommend the actual beam angle of an angle beam probe not deviate from the indicated angle by more than a) one half degree b) one degree c) two degrees d) five degrees

When performing contact weld inspection the purpose of doing a normal beam inspection of the parent metal adjacent to the weld is a) to establish material thickness b) to locate laminations or other impeding inclusions c) to note variations in attenuation d) all of the above

The best way to determine the required sensitivity for ultrasonic testing is a) to use 20 dB over the gain needed to put the 1.5 mm diameter hole of the IIW block to 80% FSH b) use enough gain to get "10% grass" from the opposite wall c) use reference welds with real defects of the minimum acceptable size d) from flat bottom hole and side drilled hole response studies

Which of the following is not a consideration when choosing a couplant for ultrasonic testing a) type of material tested b) surface finish of test piece c) orientation of test surface d) nominal test frequency

In weld inspection, the longitudinal wave inspection of the plate adjacent to the weld is usually done using a frequency in the range of a) 1-2 MHz b) 2-6 MHz c) 6-10 MHz d) 10-15 MHz

The size and shape of ultrasonic probes used are determined primarily by a) the level II operator b) the specific application c) expected defect type and orientation d) whether contact or immersion methods are used

Attenuation is not a result of a) beam geometry b) scatter c) bond breaking at the molecular level d) absorption

Probe index, refracted angle, timebase and sensitivity are usually calibrated using a) calibrator electronics b) tuning forks c) calibration and or reference blocks d) the test piece itself

When using angle beams (transverse waves) for ultrasonic testing, the position of a flaw signal on the timebase can be calibrated for a) sound path length b) stand-off distance c) depth of defect d) all of the above

Which is not a commonly used target when establishing sensitivity for ultrasonic testing? a) side drilled holes b) a tungsten ball c) the 100 mm quadrant of the IIW block d) flat bottom holes

The gain required to compensate for differences in coupling efficiency between a reference or calibration block and the work piece is called a) transfer correction or transfer value b) absorption coefficient c) scatter modulus d) attenuation constant

The purpose of moving a contact angle beam probe back and forth perpendicular to the axis of the weld inspected is to a) evaluate defects b) eliminate the need for scanning from 2 sides c) ensure full volumetric inspection of weld and heat affected zone d) practice echo-dynamics

In weld inspection, transverse cracks are best located by a) scanning at right angles to the weld axis b) scanning parallel to the weld axis c) the lamination scan d) immersion testing

The recommended refracted angle for contact shear wave inspection of plate less than 10mm thick is a) 45ø b) 60ø c) 70ø d) all of the above

The position of a defect found by an angle beam inspection requires that you know a) the refracted angle and exit point b) sound path distance c) geometry and dimensions of the test piece d) all of the above must be known

The length of a defect is calculated from a) DGS diagrams b) lateral probe movement c) amplitude d) horizontal displacement of the signal on the timebase

Manual probe movement in contact scanning to evaluate a defect for type is a) in the lateral direction b) in a transversing direction c) both orbital and rotational d) always a combination of all of the above

To improve the accuracy of defect location and evaluation you should a) reduce gain b) increase range c) check calibration d) use a probe of higher frequency

Amplitude response of a defect is not influenced by a) equipment settings and probe characteristics b) attenuation c) defect location and orientation d) none of the above

Maximum amplitude response of a planar defect will usually be had when a) its main surface is perpendicular to the sound beam b) its main surface is parallel to the sound beam c) its main surface is oblique to the sound beam d) none of the above, amplitude will be about equal for a given flaw regardless of orientation

Reference reflectors in calibration blocks are normally cylindrical holes because a) they are easier to machine b) they best represent actual defects c) they are not as directionally dependant d) none of the above

When drawing a distance/amplitude curve (DAC) you set the signal from the reference hole which gives the maximum amplitude to a) 100% full screen height (FSH) b) 80% - 90% FSH c) 50% FSH d) 12 dB over the response from the 7/8 node

When contact testing is performed, a transfer value is a) used to compensate for attenuation b) used to compensate for variations in coupling c) both a and b d) not used

If the beam from an unfocused probe strikes a convex steel surface from water with normal incidence it will a) increase beam spread b) decrease beam spread c) focus the beam d) none of the above

If the beam from an unfocused probe strikes a concave steel surface with normal incidence from water it will a) increase beam width b) decrease beam width c) be totally converted to surface waves d) none of the above

Severity of a defect is determined by a) amplitude of signal relative to reference b) length of flaw c) type and orientation of flaw d) all of the above

The result of a rough test surface in ultrasonic testing is a) reduced acoustic coupling b) beam distortion c) to change the wavelength of sound in the test piece d) both a and b

The effect of increasing the temperature of a test piece to 30 degrees C. is to a) improve acoustic coupling b) decrease resolution c) require high temperature couplant d) decrease acoustic velocity

The ability to separate individual defects lying closely together is called a) sensitivity b) resolution c) angular acuity d) linearity

A calibration block can be used to a) check instrument and probe characteristics b) set sensitivity for inspection c) reproduce previously used settings d) all of the above

When establishing the relative sensitivity of higher power longitudinal wave probes on the methyl polymethacrylate insert of the IIW block a) the total number of echoes is noted b) the amplitude of the last echo is noted c) the gain setting is noted d) both a) & b)

When using the IIW Block #1, the probe exit point is established using the a) 1.5mm diameter hole b) 100mm radius c) 50mm diameter hole d) perspex insert

When calibrating for an inspection range of 0 to 100mm with an angle beam probe, delay on the instrument must be a) increased b) decreased c) left untouched d) adjusted to correct for the time delay in the perspex wedge

The main advantage of the Rompas or DIN block (IIW block 2) is a) increased number of characteristics that can be tested b) greater ranges can be tested c) improved sensitivity calibrations d) portability

When using the large IIW Block #1, what are the fewest number of reflections you would need to use to calibrate a longitudinal probe for 100mm range? a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 8

When using the large IIW Block #1, what are the fewest number of reflections from the 100mm radius in order to calibrate a 70 degree shear wave probe for a 100mm range? a) 1 b) 2 c) 2 1/2 d) 3

The use of flat bottom holes for a reference standard when testing forgings is a reasonable method of flaw assessment because a) they provide good reflectivity at all angles b) of their ease of manufacturing c) a single block is required for all calibrations d) they are a good representation of the flat defects found in forgings

Flat bottom hole test blocks are made a) of the same alloy as the test piece b) with varying depth from the test surface to compare response at different distances from the probe c) with different target sizes to establish reflection equality between a flaw and a standard d) all of the above

Maximum sensitivity of a transducer is found at the a) probe surface b) test surface c) end of the near zone d) end of the dead zone

A flat normal beam probe has a near zone of 25mm in water. If used in direct contact on steel the near zone would be a) 3mm b) 6mm c) 8mm d) 12mm

Attenuation of ultrasonic energy is an inherent property of all materials and is a) a constant 0.5 dB/cm b) variable with alloy and test frequency c) a function of acoustic impedance d) both b and c

A focused probe is positioned in water 5 cm over a plate 10cm thick. The probe having a focal length of 6 cm will focus a) 1 cm above the plate b) 0.25 cm from the entry surface of the plate c) 0.25 cm from the back surface of the plate d) 0.4 cm into the water on the opposite side of the plate

In ultrasonic testing the term sensitivity usually refers to the test system's ability to discern a) small distances between defects b) the angular separation between defects c) the smallest size defect d) none of the above

When performing a pulse-echo test, if you scanned over a large defect with the same acoustic impedance as the material you were testing a) maximum response would occur only at right angles b) the AVG (DGS) method would be used for sizing c) it would not be detected d) detection would depend on how much gain over reference you were scanning with

Modern ultrasonics uses signal processing methods like signal averaging, spectral analysis, deconvolution auto-correlation and filtering to a) increase scanning speeds of automated systems b) eliminate ultrasonic operators c) provide smoother looking A-scans d) both locate and characterize flaws

In ultrasonic spectrum analysis, the effect of increasing metal grain size on the spectra would be a) reduction in lower frequencies b) reduction in higher frequencies c) an increase in frequencies at the corresponding grain size d) none of the above

When trying to obtain a "noise free" signal a filter is sometimes used. If this filter limits signals to just a narrow range of frequencies it is called a _________ filter. a) low-pass b) high-pass c) band-pass d) broadpass

In ultrasonic testing, one of the best means of conveying a large quantity of information about a test piece is by a) B-scans b) C-scans c) ultrasonic imaging d) the tandem probe technique

Acoustic imaging techniques permit the visualization of objects because a) sound can be converted to light when passing through metal b) of the polarity of transverse waves c) sonoluminescence occurs in couplant d) acoustic waves obey the same equations as optical waves

Ultrasonic waves with frequencies of 400MHz to 2GHz would be used in a) acoustical microscopy b) concrete testing c) ultrasonic cleaning d) nothing, it is not possible to generate ultrasound in this range

If the "focal spot" size of the beam from a focused transducer was increased by increasing the focal length a) sensitivity would increase b) resolution would decrease c) all flaws would be detected d) no indications would be rejectable

In nondestructive testing the acronym EMAT stands for a) electromagnetic acoustic transducer b) electrically metered automatic testing c) energy modulated acoustic technique d) engineers make assessment tough

When performing contact ultrasonic testing, significant amplitude variations from the same indication can result from a) transducer angle b) couplant thickness c) probe wear face thickness d) all of the above

The advantage of a short duration excitation pulse applied to a normal transducer is a) wideband frequency operation b) high resolution c) reduced attenuation loses d) all of the above

Generally, longitudinal waves propagate\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a) faster than shear waves b) slower than shear waves c) at right angles to shear waves d) parallel to shear waves

For a single crystal piezoelectric material used in an ultrasonic transducer the angle to the crystal axis that it is cut determines a) frequency b) direction of deformation c) Q-factor d) both a and b

Alignment of the small domains in polycrystalline ferro-electric materials, such as PZT, is called a) poling b) polarisation c) both a and b d) domaining

In a ferroelectric ceramic such as PZT, the curie temperature is the temperature above which a) the piezoelectric domain structure is lost b) water is driven out of the crystal c) polarity reverses d) electrodes cannot be deposited

In some ultrasonic probe arrangements, one variety of piezo material is used for the transmitter and another for the receiver. The purpose of two different materials is a) to make fabrication of the probe easier b) to take advantage of broadband receivers c) to optimise relative efficiencies of transmitter and receiver elements d) all of the above

The parallel of mechanical resonance frequency of a piezoelectric element occurs when the element thickness is a) one quarter wavelength b) one half wavelength c) one wavelength d) none of the above

Backing materials used in ultrasonic transducers are used for a) changing frequency bandwidths b) focusing the beam c) de-focusing the beam d) none of the above

The purpose of putting one or more matching layers between the front face of a probe and the coupling medium is a) to decrease ringing time b) to improve coupling c) to provide a delay line effect d) not known by probe manufacturers

The result of spherical or "cup shaped" lens on the front of an ultrasonic probe is a(n) a) point focused beam b) line focused beam c) asymptotic beam d) divergent beam

Variations in a probes' actual frequency and its nominal frequency by as much as 5% a) put the probe "out of spec" b) have significant effects on test results c) are acceptable in NDT d) none of the above

Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) are made from a) silicon chips b) ferro-magnetic crystals c) ferro-electric crystals d) coils of wire

Mechanical deformation of a material placed in a magnetic field is called a) magnetostriction b) warp factor c) reverse piezoelectric effect d) undulation

The most common single measurement made on ultrasonic transducers is determination of a) nature of sound field b) bandwidth c) actual centre frequency d) none of the above

Velocity of ultrasonic waves in steel at 10øC. as compared to 40øC. are a) slower b) faster c) the same d) dependant on the alloy of steel maybe faster or slower

Using an unrectified A-scan presentation the dominant frequency can be determined provided you know the a) sound path to the reference reflector b) nominal probe frequency c) time interval on the baseline d) none of the above

Pulse length determines a probes' a) frequency b) acoustic impedance c) damping d) depth resolution

The purpose of determining signal-to-noise ratio is a) to verify good coupling b) necessary to ensure small flaws do not go undetected c) a check on the accuracy of the attenuator d) a check on the sensitivity afforded by uncalibrated gain

Another term for the suppression control on an ultrasonic machine is a) reject b) damping c) attenuation d) gain

Probes used in ultrasonic contact testing are checked periodically for performance when in regular use. Which characteristic would not be checked daily? a) probe index b) beam angle c) beam profile d) overall system gain

A deviation in actual refracted angle of + or - 2 degrees will result in a) errors in depth calculations b) errors in stand-off calculations c) errors in sound path calculations d) both a and b

When using perspex wedges for contact testing, if the actual refracted angle varies by more than + or - 2 degrees the wedge should be a) replaced b) re-ground c) re-calibrated d) a or b

The method of non-destructive testing which uses acoustic energy usually in the 1MHz to 5 MHz range is a) sub-sonic testing b) ultrasonic testing c) E-M testing d) acoustic flux leakage testing

The testing of materials to detect internal, surface and concealed defects or discontinuities by methods which do not damage or destroy the material under test is called a) surveillance testing b) electromagnetic testing c) acoustic testing d) non-destructive testing

In ultrasonic testing, the display in which pulse amplitude is represented as a displacement along one axis and time as a displacement along the other axis is called a(n) a) A-scan b) B-scan c) C-scan d) isometric display

The product of density an acoustic velocity is a) acoustic impedance b) electric impedance c) specific reactivity d) the reflection coefficient

The number of oscillations per second experienced by a particle as an acoustic wave passes through it is called the a) wavelength of the oscillation b) acoustic frequency c) period of oscillation d) none of the above

The angle at which an ultrasonic beam spreads in the far zone is called the a) wave angle b) phase angle c) angle of repose d) angle of divergence

A contact probe which introduces an ultrasonic wave into a test piece so that the beam angle in the test piece is a some angle other than 0 or 90 degrees to the normal is called a(n) a) angle probe or angle beam probe b) shear wave probe c) dry coupling probe d) Rayleigh probe

The control on an ultrasonic machine which enables electrical signals to be decreased by known values, usually dB, is called a(n) a) attenuator b) matching box c) reject control d) damping control

The line of maximum sound intensity in the far zone of an ultrasonic beam, and its projection back to the near zone is called the a) half angle of divergence b) beam spread c) beam profile d) beam axis

In ultrasonic testing, the distance travelled along the beam axis is called a) beam path length b) stand-off c) corrected distance d) none of the above

A compression wave probe is used to generate and/or receive a) longitudinal waves b) shear waves c) Rayleigh waves d) Lamb waves

Material attached to the rear of an ultrasonic crystal to increase damping is called a) tuning material b) matching c) crystal backing d) none of the above

A presentation where-by the relative amplitude of ideal reflectors of different sizes are plotted against different distances is called a) DGS diagrams b) AVG diagrams c) DAC curves d) both a and b

The dominant frequency of an ultrasonic flaw detection system depends on the a) probe b) machine receiver and amplifier c) pulse propagation path d) all of the above

A probe constructed such that the ultrasonic waves converge at a point or line is a(n) a) dual crystal probe b) focused probe c) de-focused probe d) immersion probe

The amount by which the electrical signal from the ultrasonic transducer is amplified is a) the gain b) signal-to-noise ratio c) 6 d) none of the above

Gain and attenuator controls on an ultrasonic machine are usually calibrated in a) arbitrary units b) volts c) decibels d) none of the above

A probe specially designed to be used totally under water is called a(n) _________ probe. a) immersion b) bubbler c) gap d) contact

Background indications seen on an A-scan, arising from material characteristics and/or electrical noise is termed a) grass b) interference c) pick-up d) hash

The method whereby the test piece is either wholly or partially under water or other such coupling fluid is called a) gap testing b) jet testing c) plate testing d) immersion testing

In an A-scan presentation, the indication of the instant at which the pulse is applied to the transmitting crystal is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ indication. a) initial pulse b) threshold c) R-F d) sweep

The phenomenon whereby a longitudinal wave generates waves of other modes upon reflection or refraction is a) total internal reflection b) mode conversion c) conversion mechanics d) none of the above

Acoustic or electrical interference in ultrasonic testing is often called a) baseline b) noise c) ghost echo d) over attenuation

The short wave-train produced on each excitation of an ultrasonic transducer is a(n) a) acoustic tone burst b) half-wave c) pulse d) surface acoustic wave

An echo received from a reflector of known size and characteristics could be termed a a) reference echo b) spurious echo c) ghost echo d) solid echo

Spreading the timebase interval to enable signals from a selected range to be displayed is called a) magnification b) delay c) scale expansion d) decompression

The distance between successive points of impingement of the beam axis on the entry surface after reflecting from the opposite side is called a) stand-off b) skip distance c) sound path d) none of the above

The display generated so that distance along a horizontal axis is proportional to time is a(n) a) time base b) C-scan c) unrectified display d) none of the above

The imaginary line that connects all the points of the same phase in a wave propagating in a medium is referred to as the a) phase line b) wave front c) interphase index d) refractive index

The plastic prism coupled between and ultrasonic transducer and a test piece which causes the ultrasonic waves to propagate at a known angle within the test piece is called a a) wedge b) solid couplant c) variable angle adapter d) none of the above

Which of the following methods would not use pulsed ultrasound? a) pulse-echo b) pitch-catch c) through-transmissions d) all of the above would use pulse ultrasound

When using the "pitch-catch" method of ultrasonic testing, which is not true? a) two piezoelectric elements are commonly used b) all the piezoelements are mounted in one housing c) both shear and longitudinal modes can be used d) one element is dedicated to transmission

Sizing of defects located in the near zone is difficult because of a) uncertainties of sound pressure along the beam axis b) uncertainties of sound pressure at right angles to the beam axis c) frequency variation d) both a and b

A rough surface may affect resolution and sensitivity by a) increasing scatter b) causing unwanted mode conversions c) decreasing coupling d) all of the above

Maximum acoustic energy is coupled from one medium to another when the acoustic impedance of the first medium is _________ the second. a) less than b) greater than c) the same as d) twice the value of

Which of the following terms is not used to describe methods of coupling ultrasonic energy into a test specimen? a) non-invasive b) direct contact c) immersion d) gap

In immersion testing, the hindrance of multiple interface signals that results from the pulse bouncing between the test piece and probe on normal incidence is avoided by a) decreasing receiver gain b) increasing the distance between probe and work surface c) increasing damping d) use of the interface-lock feature

Which mode of wave used in nondestructive testing is not initially produced by mode conversion? a) longitudinal b) shear c) transverse d) Rayleligh

Resonance methods of thickness testing are no longer commonly used. This technique utilized a) continuous wave oscillators b) pulsed wave packets c) surface waves d) none of the above

To avoid distortion of received ultrasonic signals the receiver amplifier should have similar bandwidth characteristics as the a) test piece resonant frequency b) receiving transducer c) transmitting transducer d) none of the above, receiver bandwidth is not important

Transducers with high-Q factor have a) broadband-type pulses b) poor penetrating ability c) poor resolution compared to low-Q factor d) all of the above

In hardcopy presentations of C-scans, the item recorded is a) a absence of signal b) the presence of a signal c) the depth of a signal d) a or b

If you wanted to determine the depth a large surface breaking crack extending into a plate you were inspecting using an angle beam, you would need to know a) soundpath distance b) actual refracted angle c) total forward/backward travel of the probe d) all of the above

Significant advantage of ultrasonics over radiography is a) it is safe b) it can be used on ferrous and non-ferrous metals c) all defects in any piece can be located d) the ability to use it underwater

Which is not a characteristic of ultrasound used to evaluate materials a) attenuation b) density c) magnitude of echoes d) velocity

In ultrasonic testing, attenuation studies are a) used to study some properties of materials b) used only in destructive tests c) only useful when using longitudinal wave mode d) never used

Surface wave testing would be used to detect a) lamination in 10mm thick plate b) microshrinkage in magnesium castings c) slag inclusions in submerged arc welds d) fatigue cracks in helicopter blades

The most common method of ultrasonic testing of welds is a) continuous wave resonance b) normal beam c) angle beam d) through-transmission

Which is not a welding defect term a) porosity b) slag c) lamination d) hot cracking

The orientation of the defect with respect to the direction of the ultrasonic beam determines a) whether the reflected pulse returns to the receiver b) if immersion or contact testing is used c) if immersion or gap testing is used d) none of the above

To inspect tubular products using the ultrasonic method, a) longitudinal wave mode is used b) shear wave mode is used c) surface wave mode is used d) all wave modes can be used

Production line ultrasonic inspection of tubular test pieces is done by a) immersion methods b) gap methods c) contact testing methods d) any of the above can be used depending on the specifics of the application

Tubing ie. tubular products, is best inspected by ultrasonics using the __________ method. a) pulse-echo b) transmit-receive c) induction coil d) time of flight diffraction

Thickness measurements of plates are made using ______ waves. a) Rayleigh b) shear c) compressional d) Lamb

The purpose of water jets in ultrasonic inspection of hot plate (100øC.) is a) to provide a coupling medium b) to keep the probe cool c) both a and b d) none of the above

The principles involved in testing non-metals by ultrasonics as compared to metals are a) significantly different with regards to coupling only b) simpler because shear waves are not involved c) more complex due to birefringence d) essentially the same

Ultrasonic testing of concrete would be carried out using frequencies in the range of a) 100 to 500 Hz b) 25 to 100 kHz c) 0.5 to 1 MHz d) 2 to 4 MHz

Rubber tires can be inspected by ultrasonic means but it requires ## Footnote lower frequencies in the range of 50 kHz because a) high frequencies delaminate the rubber b) high frequencies uncure the rubber c) of attenuation from scatter off the fibres d) none of the above

Ultrasonic pulse-echo techniques are used on livestock to a) establish fat profiles b) modify behaviour c) increase reproductive capability d) all of the above

Ultrasonics has been applied in a) fish finders and measuring water depths b) volume, channel and colour control of televisions c) auto-focusing mechanisms in cameras d) all of the above

Given a 10 MHz probe vibrating into water, with a velocity of 1.5 mm/æs, what is the wavelength of the longitudinal wave a) 0.15 mm b) 1.5 mm c) 1.5 cm d) 0.6 cm

Given a 2.5 MHz transducer radiating ultrasound into glycerin, what is the wavelength of the shearwave in the glycerin? a) 2.3 mm b) 3.2 mm c) insufficient information provided d) none of the above

Given a 2 MHz PZT crystal coupled to steel at an angle of incidence of 3ø, what is the wavelength of the shearwave in steel if V long is 5.9mm/æs and V shear is 3.2mm/æs? a) 0.63 mm b) 1.6 mm c) 6.4 mm d) a shear wave will not be present

Given a 4 MHz probe radiating normally into copper, V long = 4.7 km/s V shear = 2.3km/s, the wavelength of the longitudinal wave is a) 0.85mm b) 1.18 mm c) 2.36mm d) 2.99mm

A plane longitudinal wave strikes a water-steel interface from water ( V long water=1.5Km/s V long steel= 5.9km/s V shear steel=3.2km/s ) at normal incidence. Having had a 2mm wavelength in water it will result in the shear wave wavelength being a) 2.6mm b) 1.5mm c) 0.8 mm d) none of the above, a shear wave does not occur

The probe movement that maintains a constant distance from an indication while varying the direction of the beam is called a) orbiting b) pivoting c) traversing d) lateral movement

The indication on the instrument display that represents the far boundary of the material being tested is called: a. hash b. the initial pause c. the main bang d. the back surface reflection

Another name for a compressional wave IS: a. lamb wave b. shear wave c. longitudinal wave d. transverse wave

In immersion testing, the position of the transducer is often varied to transmit sound into the test part at various angles to the front surface. Such a procedure is referred to as: a. angulation b. dispersion c. reflection testing d. refraction

Another name for rayleigh waves is: a. shear waves b. longitudinal waves c. transverse waves d. surface waves

The cable that connects the ultrasonic instrument to the transducer is specially designed so that one conductor is centered inside another. The technical name for such a cable is: a. BX cable b. conduit c. coaxial cable d. ultrasonic conductor cable-grade 20

A material used between the face of a transducer and the test surface to permit or improve the transmission of ultrasonic vibrations from the transducer to the material being tested is called: a. a wetting agent b. a couplant c. an acoustic transmitter d. a lubricant

The process of standardizing an instrument or device by using a reference a standard is called: a. angulation b. calibration c. attenuation d. correlation

The piezoelectric material in a transducer that vibrates to produce ultrasonic waves is called a: a. backing material b. Lucite?' wedge c. crystal d. couplant

Ultrasonic testing of material where the probe is in direct contact with the material being tested may be: a. straight beam testing b. surface wave testing c. angle beam testing d. all of the above

An advantage of using lithium sulfate in transducers is that it: a. is one of the most efficient generators of ultrasonic energy b. is one of the most efficient receivers of ultrasonic energy c. is insoluble d. can withstand temperatures as high as 700°C (1 260 OF)

The transducer that contains the thinnest piezoelectric crystal is a: a. 1MHz transducer b. 5 MHz transducer c. 15 MHz transducer d. 25 MHz transducer

A 25 MHz transducer would most likely be used during: a. straight beam contact testing b. immersion testing c. angle beam contact testing d. surface wave contact testing

The amount of beam divergence from a crystal is primarily dependent on the: a. type of test b. tightness of crystal backing in the transducer c. frequency and crystal size d. pulse length

When an ultrasonic beam passes through the interface between two dissimilar materials at an angle, a new angle of sound travel takes place in the second material due to: a. attenuation b. rarefaction c. compression d. refraction

![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/051/916/895/q_image_thumb.PNG?1379613334) The transducer shown in Figure 1 is used for: a. surface wave testing b. angle beam testing c. immersion testing d. straight beam testing

![Q_image_thumb](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/051/916/897/q_image_thumb.PNG?1379612874) Figure 2 illustrates a contact test on an 203 mm (8 in.) aluminum block. A discontinuity is located 152 mm (6 in.) from the front surface. The display representation for this is shown to the right. What does indication A represent? a. the initial pulse or front surface indication b. the first discontinuity indication c. the first back surface reflection d. none of the above

![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/051/917/731/q_image_thumb.PNG?1379613114) In Figure 2, indication B represents: a. the initial pulse or front surface indication b. the first discontinuity indication c. the first back surface reflection d. none of the above

![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/051/919/067/q_image_thumb.PNG?1379613278) In Figure 2, indication C represents the: a. second back surface reflection b. first discontinuity indication c. second discontinuity indication d. first back surface reflection C

![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/051/919/303/q_image_thumb.PNG?1379613363) In Figure 2, indication D represents the: a. first discontinuity indication b. second indication of the discontinuity c. first back surface reflection d. second back surface reflection C.204;

![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/051/919/602/q_image_thumb.PNG?1379613293) In Figure 2, indication E represents the: a. first discontinuity indication b. second discontinuity indication c. first back surface reflection d. second back surface reflection

The velocity of longitudinal waves is approximately the velocity of shear waves in the same material. a. two times b. four times c. 1/2 d. 9/10

![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/051/920/217/q_image_thumb.PNG?1379613460) Figure 3 illustrates an immersion test of a 76 mm (3 in.) block of aluminum with a discontinuity located 51 mm (2 in.) below the surface. The display pattern is shown also. What does indication A represent? Assume no sweep delay is used. a. the first front surface indication b. the initial pulse c. the first discontinuity indication d. the first back surface reflection

![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/051/920/586/q_image_thumb.PNG?1379613496) In Figure 3, indication B represents the: a. first front surface indication b. initial pulse c. first back surface reflection d. first discontinuity reflection

![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/051/920/800/q_image_thumb.PNG?1379613531) In Figure 3, indication C represents the: a. first front surface indication b. first discontinuity indication c. first back surface reflection d. second front surface indication

![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/051/920/938/q_image_thumb.PNG?1379613562) In Figure 3, indication D represents the: a. first discontinuity indication b. first back surface reflection c. second front surface indication d. second discontinuity indication

![]() In Figure 3, the distance between indications A and B represents: a. the distance from the front surface of the aluminum block to the discontinuity b. the distance from the front surface of the aluminum block to the back surface of the aluminum block c. the water distance from the transducer to the aluminum block d. none of the above

Under most circumstances, which of the following frequencies would result in the best resolving power? a. 1MHz b. 5 MHz c. 10 MHz d. 25 MHz

Which of the following materials of the same alloy is most likely to produce the greatest amount of sound attenuation over a given distance? a. a hand forging b. a coarse-grained casting c. an extrusion d. the attenuation is equal in all materials

In contact testing, the entry surface indication is sometimes referred to as: a. the initial pulse b. the back reflection c. the skip distance d. the scan path