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Hematology and Cytology > Leukon #2: Kinetics > Flashcards

Leukon #2: Kinetics Flashcards

1
Q

Sequence of Granulopoiesis

A

Three main pools:

  1. Proliferation
  2. Maturation
  3. Storage (then release into circulation and/or marginal pool from the BM when needed)
    - -Technically part of the maturation pool
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2
Q

Granulopoiesis - Proliferation pool

A

Myeloblast

  • Has vacuoles and nucleoli
  • Nucleoli is metabolically active
  • Nucleus has very open chromatin

Promyelocyte
-Granulation noticeable

Myelocyte
-Can tell which granulocyte it will become based on the color of the granules

Size - gets smaller
Cytoplasm - gets less basophilic
Nucleus - gets more lobulated
Chromatin - gets more coarse and condensed

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3
Q

Granulopoiesis - Maturation pool

A
  • Metamyelocyte

- Band

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4
Q

Granulopoiesis - Storage pool

A

Neutrophil

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5
Q

Granulopoiesis - Marginal Pool

A

-Cells are loosely attached to blood vessels, but not circulating
~50% of neutrophils can be found in this pool

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6
Q

Histopathology of the bone marrow

A
  • Younger cells can be found along the edges

- Mature cells can be found towards the middle

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7
Q

Neutrophil - Kinetics - Pool Timeframes

A

Bone Marrow (4-6 days to respond)

  • Proliferative pool (2-3 days)
  • Maturation pool (2-3 days)
  • Storage pool (5 days supply)

Blood (8-10 hours to respond)
-Marginal pool/circulating pool

Tissue (2-3 days to respond)
-Tissue pool

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8
Q

Neutrophil - Kinetics - Species Differences

A

Dog, horse, cow:

  • Marginal pool: circulating pool
  • 1:1

Cat:

  • Marginal pool: circulating pool
  • 3:1
  • Marginal pool is only loosely attached to vasculature (not adhered)
  • Differentiate: is CBC due to inflammation or physiologic response
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9
Q

Neutrophil - Kinetics

A

Movement of margination pool to tissue pool
-Neutrophil may roll, adhere, and bounce back into circulation
OR
-Neutrophil may roll, adhere, and transmigrate into tissue pool
–In tissue: random movement unless chemical attractants (then –> chemotaxis)
–Removed by macrophages in 2-3 days

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10
Q

Eosinophil - Kinetics

A

Marrow

  • Production parallels neutrophil pools
  • Takes 2-6 days to respond
  • Important cytokines: IL-3, IL-5*, and GM-CSF

Blood

  • Transit half-life: varied
  • -Dog: ~30 minutes (assume rapid half-life for all vet med species)
  • -Humans: 8-18 hours

Tissues
-Long half-life in tissues (lungs, GI, skin)

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11
Q

Basophil - Kinetics

A

Marrow

  • Parallel to neutrophil stages
  • Present in low numbers
  • Maturation time is unclear, not clinically relevant
  • Important cytokines: IL-3*, IL-5, and GM-CSF
  • Minimal storage pool

Blood

  • Half-life is ~6 hours
  • Present in low numbers

Tissues
-Survive up to ~2 weeks

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12
Q

Monocyte - Kinetics

A

Marrow

  • Arise from CFU-GM
  • Monoblast –> promonocyte –> monocyte
  • Marrow time: 24-36 hours (faster than neutrophils)
  • No storage pool
  • Release stage is analogous to neutrophilic myelocyte

Blood

  • Transit time: 18-24 hours
  • Marginating pool exists, esp. in lungs

Tissues

  • Monocytes transform into macrophages or dendritic cells
  • -Antigen presenting cells
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13
Q

Lymphocyte - Kinetics - Bone Marrow

A

Derived progenitor cells develop and mature in the bone marrow (B cells) or thymus (T cells)

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14
Q

Lymphocyte - Kinetics - Adults

A

Production location shifts to the secondary lymphoid sites

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15
Q

Lymphocyte - Kinetics - Circulation

A
  • 2-5% of all lymphocytes are found in blood circulation
  • Includes:
  • -50-75% of all T cells
  • -10-40% of all B cells
  • -5-10% of all NK cells
  • Most lymphocytes are found in secondary lymphoid tissues
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16
Q

Lymphocyte - Kinetics - Life Span

A
  • Most last ~2 weeks
  • Memory cells last weeks, months, or years
  • Recirculation of lymphocytes is normal
17
Q

Lymphocyte - Production

A
  • Lymphocyte precursors are formed in the bone marrow
  • Maturation occurs in the thymus and bone marrow
  • Once mature, lymphocytes travel to secondary lymphoid organs where they wait to encounter antigens –> resulting in activation (if do not encounter antigen, may recirculate)
  • Once activated, they can proliferate and differentiate
18
Q

Lymphocyte - Kinetics - Recirculation

A
  • Blood flows from arterial to venous side of the capillaries
  • Fluid “leaks” into interstitial spaces
  • -Most of the fluid is reabsorbed due to oncotic pressure (driven by albumin)
  • Remaining fluid is collected by lymphatic capillaries
  • Antigens are picked up by the lymphocytes
  • Lymphocytes are then picked up by afferent lymphatics and carried to the lymph nodes
  • From the lymph nodes, they exit via efferent lymphatics, then the thoracic lymphatic duct
  • From the thoracic duct, lymph flows into the venous system via the left brachiocephalic vein, jugular, or anterior vena cava

Hematology and Cytology (6 decks)

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