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402 Exam 2 > Leukocytes > Flashcards

Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology of eosinophils?

A
  • Highly basic (cationic) proteins: MBP and ECP
  • Granules varies in size and shape.
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2
Q

What stage of leukopoesis is eosinophil recognize/differentiate?

A

After promyelocyte or myelocyte stage

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3
Q

Development of eosinophils: precursor? time? cytokines that promote maturation and survival?

A
  • Develop from CFU-Eo in marrow
  • 2-6 days for development
  • IL-3, GM-CSF, IL-5
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4
Q

What unpopular pool exists in eosinophils?

A

Storage pool and marginal pool

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5
Q

How long does eosinophil live in blood? in tissue?

A

30 mins to less than an hour in blood; 6+ days in tissue. Numbers can be increased if influenced by cytokines.

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6
Q

Do eosinophil recirculate?

A

No. Same as neutrophils.

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7
Q

Where on the body do eosinophils preferentially reside?

A

Skin, gut, lung.

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8
Q

List products of eosinophils

A

Chemokines (eotaxin)
Antigen/antibody complexes
ECF-A (mast cells)
Histamine
LTB4
C5a, C567
PAF
Parasite and damaged tissue products

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9
Q

3 functions of eosinophils

A
  • Helminth killing (by obsonization)
  • Type 1 hypersensitivity / allergic reactions (by phagocytose immune complexes and neutralize mast cell products.)
  • Phagocytose and kill bacteria.
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10
Q

What event causes eosinopenia?

A

Corticosteroid (see in stress leukogram) decrease eosinophilia of other causes.

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11
Q

What causes eosinophilia?

A
  • Parasitism
  • Allergies or hypersensitivities (skin, gut, lung)
  • Fungal disease
  • “Sensitized” T cell produced more eosinophilia at second exposure
  • Paraneoplastic (MCT, lymphoma)
  • Eosinophilic leukemia.
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12
Q

CBC does not yield eosinophilia. Is it a negative indication for eosinophilic inflammation?

A

No. Eosinophilic inflammation does not show eosinophilia all the time. Never r/o eosinophilic dz when having normal eosinophile.

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13
Q

What is the morphology of basophils?

A
  • Staining due to highly acidic (negatively charged) protein in granules.
  • Granules seen in cytoplasm, less numerous in dogs and paler in cats.
  • Cytoplasm stain darker and is not as bright pink as eosinophils.
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14
Q

What is basophil progenitor? Cytokines that involved in production?

A
  • Basophil progenitor is CFU-Baso.
  • Cytokines IL-3, GM-CSF, IL-5.
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15
Q

How long do basophils last in blood? What is the relationship between them and mast cell numbers in tissue?

A

Basophil lasts for 6 hours in blood, 2 weeks in tissue.
Inversely relationship between basophils and tissue mast cell numbers.

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16
Q

What is basophil function?

A
  • Basophil has similar content to mast cell, hence similar function.
  • Degranulation in response to antigen binding and cross-linking surface Ig.
  • Source of heparin.
  • Activators of lipoprotein lipase.
17
Q

What causes basopenia?

A

no such thing!

18
Q

What causes basophilia?

A

(often accompanied with eosinophilia)
- Lipid disorders, myeloid neoplasm.
- Heartworm disease in cats!!!

19
Q

What is morphology of monocytes?

A
  • Largest cells in blood smear.
  • Ameboid nuclei with blue-gray cytoplasm, often VACUOLATED.
20
Q

The origin of monocytes: progenitor cell, major factors, time last, time circulation.

A
  • Progenitor CFU-GM
  • Factors IL-3, GM-CSF, M-CSF.
  • Marrow production is 2-3 days, and no storage pool. Blood is storage pool.
  • Marginal pool only in human, mouse, dog, rabbit.
  • Blood circulate for 24 hours.
  • Leave blood to become marcophages tissues “fixed” and “wandering”. They do not recirculate.
21
Q

Monocyte function

A
  • Immature macrophages
  • Macrophages function: phagocytosis, APC, cytokine production, destruction of debris, pinocytosis and catabolism of plasma proteins, specialized “fixed” function (Kupffer cells).
22
Q

What causes monocytosis?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Tissue macrophage accumulations
  • Corticosteroids only in dogs.
  • Persistent inflammation relating to viral, fungal, atypical bacterial infections.
  • Disease w/ tissue demand for macrophages (immune mediated, necrosis, malignancy, hemolysis, pyogranulomatous disease).
23
Q

What cause monocytopenia?

A

No one cares!

24
Q

What does >4000 monocytes tell you?

A

It’s more than just a stress leukogram!

25
Q

Leukocyte morphology?

A
  • High N:C ratio with very thin/tiny cytoplasm.
  • If they got activated, they have bigger nuclei and cytoplasm.
  • Lymphocytes predominant in ruminants blood (still less than neutrophils).
26
Q

Recognize lymphocyte containing azurophilic granules (granular lymphocyte) vs. a monocyte

A

Any toxic trend always happens in cytoplasm. It should look like a dot (or multiple dots) in the cytoplasm.

27
Q

Recognize granular lymphocyte in dogs vs. cats

A

Cat has more pink with vacuole granule and they are bigger granules than dog.

28
Q

How do lymphocytes get differentiated?

A

By CD antigens

29
Q

What kind of lymphocyte can be morphologically recognizable?

A

Plasma cell = nucleus to the side, sometimes mistaken with erythroid precursor. Very blue stain in cytoplasm.

30
Q

Does lymphocytes recirculate? If yes, what molecules are involved? How long do they stay inside the blood?

A
  • Lymphocytes recirculates from blood to thymus, marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissue).
  • molecules involves: selectins, integrins, ICAMs, chemokines, lymphatics and HEV’s.
  • They live in blood for years!!
31
Q

Why does recirculation important?

A

They are important for generalized distribution and relocation for immune surveillance.

32
Q

Where does recirculation usually occur?

A

Via lymphatics and specialized vasculatures (HEV’s = high endothelial venules).

33
Q

What kind of molecules can lymphocytes produce? And how do lymphocytes look like when they are producing those molecules?

A
  • Lymphocytes produce Ig, cytokines, cytotoxicity.
  • Lymphocytes become reactive (appearance change) when antigenic or cytokine stimulation.
34
Q

What cells are subtypes of lymphocytes? What % are their distributions?

A

T cells 70%
B cells 20%
NK cells 10%

35
Q

What causes lymphopenia?

A

Seen in sick animals (more common to find than lymphocytosis)
- Corticosteroid (500-1000 are classic for stress leukogram).
- Depletion = lymph loss (chylothorax, lymphagiectasia, lymphatic obstruction in intestinal dz)
- Lymphoid hypoplasia or aplasia (can be hereditary)
- Immunosuppressive therapy
- Acute systemic infections (viral: distemper, parvo, FIP).
- Disruption of lymph node architecture (lymphoma, granulomatous dz)

36
Q

What causes lymphocytosis?

A
  • Young animals - haven’t encountered much antigens.
  • Epinephrine
  • Immune stimulation (rare)
  • Persistent inflammation (increase lymphopoiesis, lymph node hyperplasia)
  • Reactive lymphocytosis (due to persistent infection such as viral, bacterial, fungal, rickettsial, protozoal infection)
  • Concurrent hematologic abnormality (also include neutrophilia and monocytes).
  • Neoplasia
  • Lymphocytic leukemia
37
Q

What disease might it be when plasma cell is seen in blood?

A

Cancer!! Plasma cell should not be seen in blood.

402 Exam 2 (3 decks)

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