Leukocyte response to diseases Flashcards
Name the five types of leucocytes in circulation and their major functions.
Innate immunity - phagocytosis of micro-organisms
- Neutrophils
- Monocytes Adaptive immunity
- Lymphocytes Parasitic immunity/ allergy
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Which leucocytes are considered PMNs?
NeutrophilEosinophilBasophil
What is the average maturation time of neutrophils in bone marrow?
7 days
What is the average blood transit time of a neutrophil?
6-10 hrs
How are mature neutrophils removed from circulation?
Lost across mucosal surfacesRemoved by macrophages in the liver/spleen
What do you expect to manifest first with a sudden arrest of haemopoiesis?
- Anaemia
- Thrombocytopenia
- Lymphopenia
- Neutropenia
- Monocytopenia
Neutropenia - they have the shortest blood transit time
What neutrophilresponses are seen during inflammation?
Neutrophils
- Neutrophilia most common (usually more cells are released than consumed)
- Left shift
- Toxic change
- Neutropenia - overwhelming inflammation/infection
Left shift.
Increased number of immature neutrophils (band or earlier stages)
Toxic change neutrophils
- Increased basophilia (blue)
- Dohle bodies - blue granules
- Vacuoles - foamy appearance
- Less condensed chromatin
Due to reduced maturation time - intense stimulation of myelopoiesis
Describe the lymphocyte responses to inflammation.
Lymphopenia
- Acute viral infections Lymphocytosis
- Chronic inflammation - lymphoid hyperplasia
Describe the haematological responses to adrenaline release.
Lymphocytosis
- Splenic contraction
- Mature small lymphocytes seen Neutrophilia
- Shift from marginated pool to circulating pool
- No band neutrophils
Stress leucogram…
- Neutrophilia - reduced margination, hypersegmentation (longer time in circulation)
- Lymphopenia results from retention of lymphocytes in lymphoid organs and lymphocyte lysis. Common and prolonged
- Eosinopenia
- Monocytosis - movement of monocytes from the marginating to circulating pool.
What haematological responses are seen due to bone marrow injury?What are some examples of causes of this?
Neutropenia - bone marrow hypoplasia.Eventually pancytopenia is seen but neutropenia is the first to be seen.Causes:
- Parvovirus
- Chemo drugs
- Chronic ehrlichiosis
- Neoplasia
- Drug reaction - antifungal, phenobarb
Describe the haematological changes seen with haematopoietic neoplasia..
Leukaemia
- Leucocytosis
- Lymphoid leukaemia - clonal expansion of neoplastic cells
- Myeloid leukaemia
What leucocyte quantitative alteration is most suggestive of acute inflammation?
Neutrophilia with left shift
