Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IMED2002 UWA > Leucocytes: Production and Function > Flashcards

Leucocytes: Production and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the production of Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, platelets, and monocytes called?

A

Granulopoeisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 cell types that have granules?

A

Eosinophils

Basophils

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What stimulates granulopoeisis?

A

Cytokines with orderly sequence of maturation

IL-3

Granulocyte colony Stimulating Factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the band form?

A

The immediate precursor of the neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is granulopoeisis?

A

Hemopoeitic stem cell undergoes specific differentiation in response to cytokines with orderly sequence of maturation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where in the bone marrow does granulopoeisis take place?

A

Maturing forms deeper in the marrow space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is the nucleus positioned in the early precursor to granulocytes?

A

It is positioned eccentrically (off to one side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens to nucleus during granulopoeisis?

A

Nucleus shrinks and moves off to one side.

Early precursors are located adjacent to the bony trabeculae and then after maturation they form deeper in the marrow space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are early precursors located near the bony trabeculae?

A

Due to achieving cytokines from near that location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What early precursor do neutrophils develop from?

A

Primitive myeloblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the stages of neutrophil formation?

A

Myeloblast

Promyelocyte

Myelocyte

Metamyelocyte

Band form

Neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to neutrophils during maturation?

A

Reduction in size

Contain fine granules which develop (primary and secondary (specific) cytoplasmic)

Neutrophil nucleus segments (2 - 5 segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to neutrophils during maturation?

A

Reduction in size

Contain fine granules which develop (primary and secondary (specific) cytoplasmic)

Neutrophil nucleus shrinks and then segments (2 - 5 segments)

Neutrophil then leaves bone marrow and then acts as a phagocyte and discharges granules into bloodstream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to female neutrophil nucleus?

A

females have a drum stick like appendage (20% of the time)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are primary granules?

A

Early granules of many functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When are primary granules formed?

A

At promyelocyte stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do primary granules look on electron microscope and how do they differ from secondary granules?

A

They are electron dense and larger than secondary granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do primary granules contain?

A

Lysozyme

Defensins

Elastase

Cathepsins B, D and G

Proteinase 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do secondary granules contain?

A

Lysozyme

Transcobalamin I (vitB12 binding protein)

Collagenase

beta 2 microglobulin

Lactoferrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are secondary granules different to primary granules?

A

They are specific to neutrophils. Primary granules are also located in basophils and eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes variation in number and lifespan of neutrophils?

A

Age, gender, ethnicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does mature neutropil migrate from BM to blood?

A

It migrates through the sinusoidal endothelium (through diapedesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How long do neutrophils last in blood for?

A

Half life in blood is 2.6 - 11.8 hours (mean 7.2 hours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How long can neutrophils survive outside of the blood?

A

Up to 30 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Can neutrophils appear in secretions and tissues?

A

yes and they can live for 30 hours outside the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Are WBC counts higher at birth or at 18 years old?

A

They are highest at birth and drop by the time we are 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What causes neutrophil count to go up?

A

Infection

Acute inflammation

Stress

Pregnancy

Surgery

Trauma

Tissue damage

Infarction

Steroids and cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the second most frequent granulated cells?

A

Eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How is development of eosinophils different to neutrophils?

A

Eosinophils develop secondary granules at the myelocyte stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the diameter of eosinophils?

A

12 - 17 micrometers (slightly larger than neutrophils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do eosinophilic cytoplasm contain?

A

Large round granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What colour do eosinophils look with romanowsky stains?

A

Red-orange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How many lobes do eosinophil nuclei contain?

A

2 lobes that look like glasses and a bridge

34
Q

What is the half life of eosinophils in circulation?

A

4.5 - 8 hours

35
Q

How long can eosinophils survive in tissues?

A

8 - 12 days

36
Q

What percentage of WBCs are eosinophils?

A

1 - 5%

37
Q

What causes acute allergic response?

A

Eosinophils (their count increases in response to allergies)

38
Q

What do eosinophil granules contain?

A

Phospholipases

Histaminase

Ribonuclease

Beta glucuronidase

Cathepsin

Collagenase

39
Q

What guides the mobility of eosinophils?

A

Chemotactic agents, phagocytose and kill microorganisms

40
Q

How effective are eosinophils at phagocytosis compared to neutrophils?

A

Slower at ingesting and killing bacteria than neutrophils

41
Q

What type of pathogens and immunoglobulins do eosinophils bind to?

A

IgG and C3 coated helminths

42
Q

Which cells are involved in immediate -type hypersensitivity reactions / allergies?

A

Eosinophils

43
Q

What causes an increase in eosinophil count?

A

Allergy

Drugs

Asthma

Dermatitis

Parasites

Neoplastic syndromes (They can get cancer)

44
Q

What are the most infrequent Leucocytes seen?

A

Basophils (<1%)

45
Q

What do basophil nuclei look like?

A

Has 2 segments but often hard to see due to being covered by purple-black cytoplasmic granules

46
Q

What cell surface receptors do basophils have? Why?

A

IgE, IgG, C5a, histamine, chemokines

47
Q

What do basophils have in their granules?

A

Histamine

Mucopolysaccharides

Peroxidase

Chymase (a serine protease)

Tryptase

48
Q

When do we see more basophils?

A

Chronic myeloid leukaemia and in this condition they have reduced number of granules

49
Q

Are monocytes granulocytes?

A

They have granules but are not called granulocytes

50
Q

What percentage of white blood cells are monocytes?

A

2 - 8%

51
Q

What influences maturation of monocytes from stem cells?

A

IL-3 and GMC

52
Q

What stem cells do monocytes come from?

A

Monoblast

53
Q

What does the nucleus look like on monocytes?

A

Horseshoe shaped

54
Q

How long is monocyte half life in the circulation?

A

70 hours and then they move into tissues to become macrophages

55
Q

What is the largest leucocyte?

A

Monocytes/macrophages

56
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Collect debris from blood and tissue

Store iron

57
Q

What do monocyte granules contain?

A

Enzymes: Acid phosphatase, esterases, galactosidases

Lysozyme, MPO, Elastase, defensins, collagenase

Coagulation system proteins (TF, Factors V, VII, X, and XIII, plasminogen activator)

58
Q

Where are monocytes most effective?

A

In long-term conditions and inflammation

59
Q

When do we see a large number of monocytes?

A

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

Chronic infections / inflammation

60
Q

What chemical messengers do monocytes react to?

A

IgG-Fc and C3 membrane receptors

Chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5

61
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Cell mediated immunity and antibody secretion

62
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow and some move to thymus and continue there.

63
Q

What is normal T:B ratio?

A

6:1

64
Q

What percentage of BM cells are lymphocytes?

A

10 - 15%

65
Q

What percentage of WBCs are lymphocytes?

A

20 - 45%

66
Q

What shape are lymphocytes?

A

Round cells with a round nucleus that is slightly indented

67
Q

What ages are lymphocyte counts at their highest? What is favoured at early and late ages B cells or T cells?

A

Early childhood with B cells being favoured initially over T cells and then that switches in adulthood.

68
Q

What percentage of lymphocytes are T cells, B cells, and NK cells?

A

T (70 - 85) B (5 - 25) NK (<5)

69
Q

What is the most common leukemia?

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

70
Q

What cells secrete antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

71
Q

What percentage of plasma cells are located in the marrow?

A

<3%

72
Q

Where in the bone marrow do plasma cells line up?

A

Near the blood vessel (presumably to produce antibodies directly into the circulation)

73
Q

What do plasma cells look like?

A

Eccentric (non centered) nucleus.

Clumped chromatin

74
Q

What kind of antibodies do plasma cells produce?

A

Monoclonal antibodies (CD138 and cytoplasmic light chains)

75
Q

What kind of malignancies can plasma cells undergo?

A

Multiple myeloma

Plasmacytoma

76
Q

What organelles are abundant in plasma cells?

A

Golgi apparatus and Rough ER which are present all in a pale region within the cell

77
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

Large cells with hyperlobated nucleus.

78
Q

What do megakaryocytes do?

A

They generate platelets (cytoplasmic fragments)

79
Q

What kind of mytosis produces platelets from megakaryocytes?

A

Endomitosis (nuclei undergo huge number of copies (128+ copies))

80
Q

Where are megakaryocytes located?

A

They are centrally located intratrabecular and peri sinusoidal.

81
Q

Where do megakaryocytes come from?

A

Come from common myeloid progenitor cells

82
Q

What cytokines influence platelet production?

A

IL-3 and thrombopoietin

IMED2002 UWA (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions